eu-charter

Carta drepturilor fundamentale a Uniunii Europene

Articolul 47 - Dreptul la o cale de atac eficientă și la un proces echitabil

Articolul 47 - Dreptul la o cale de atac eficientă și la un proces echitabil

Orice persoană ale cărei drepturi și libertăți garantate de dreptul Uniunii sunt încălcate are dreptul la o cale de atac eficientă în fața unei instanțe judecătorești, în conformitate cu condițiile stabilite de prezentul articol. Orice persoană are dreptul la un proces echitabil, public și într-un termen rezonabil, în fața unei instanțe judecătorești independente și imparțiale, constituită în prealabil prin lege. Orice persoană are posibilitatea de a fi consiliată, apărată și reprezentată. Asistența juridică gratuită se acordă celor care nu dispun de resurse suficiente, în măsura în care aceasta este necesară pentru a-i asigura accesul efectiv la justiție.

  • Text:

    Primul paragraf se întemeiază pe articolul 13 din CEDO:

    `Orice persoană ale cărei drepturi şi libertăţi recunoscute de prezenta Convenţie sunt încălcate are dreptul să se adreseze efectiv unei instanţe naţionale, chiar şi atunci când încălcarea s-ar datora unor persoane care au acţionat în exercitarea atribuţiilor lor oficiale`.

    Cu toate acestea, protecţia din dreptul Uniunii este mai extinsă, deoarece aceasta garantează dreptul de a apela efectiv la un judecător. Curtea de Justiţie a consacrat acest drept, ca principiu general de drept al Uniunii, prin hotărârea din 15 mai 1986 (cauza 222/84, Johnston, Rec. 1986, p. 1651; a se vedea şi hotărârea din 15 octombrie 1987, cauza 222/86, Heylens, Rec. 1987, p. 4097 şi hotărârea din 3 decembrie 1992, C-97/91, Borelli, Rec. 1992, p. I-6313). Potrivit Curţii, acest principiu general de drept al Uniunii se aplică şi statelor membre în cazul în care acestea aplică dreptul Uniunii. Menţionarea acestei jurisprudenţe în cartă nu avea ca obiect modificarea sistemului de control jurisdicţional prevăzut în tratate şi, în special, a normelor privind admisibilitatea acţiunilor formulate direct în faţa Curţii de Justiţie a Uniunii Europene. Convenţia Europeană a examinat sistemul de control jurisdicţional al Uniunii, inclusiv normele privind admisibilitatea, şi l-a confirmat, modificând însă anumite aspecte, după cum se arată la articolele 251-281 din Tratatul privind funcţionarea Uniunii Europene şi, în special, la articolul 263 alineatul (4). Articolul 47 se aplică instituţiilor Uniunii şi ale statelor membre în cazul în care acestea pun în aplicare dreptul Uniunii pentru toate drepturile garantate de dreptul Uniunii.

    Al doilea paragraf corespunde articolului 6 alineatul (1) din CEDO, cu următorul text:

    `Orice persoană are dreptul la judecarea în mod echitabil, în mod public şi într-un termen rezonabil a cauzei sale, de către o instanţă independentă şi imparţială, instituită de lege, care va hotărî fie asupra încălcării drepturilor şi a obligaţiilor sale cu caracter civil, fie asupra temeiniciei oricărei acuzaţii în materie penală îndreptate împotriva sa.
    Hotărârea trebuie să fie pronunţată în mod public, dar accesul în sala de şedinţă poate fi interzis presei şi publicului pe întreaga durată a procesului sau a unei părţi a acestuia, în interesul moralităţii, al ordinii publice ori al securităţii naţionale într-o societate democratică, atunci când interesele minorilor sau protecţia vieţii private a părţilor la proces o impun, sau în măsura considerată absolut necesară de către instanţă, atunci când, în împrejurări speciale, publicitatea ar fi de natură să aducă atingere intereselor justiţiei`.
    În dreptul Uniunii, dreptul de a se adresa unei instanţe nu se aplică numai pentru plângerile privind drepturile şi obligaţiile cu caracter civil. Aceasta este una dintre consecinţele faptului că Uniunea este o comunitate de drept, după cum a constatat Curtea de Justiţie în cauza 294/83, `Verzii`/Parlamentul European (hotărârea din 23 aprilie 1986, Rec. 1986, p. 1339). Cu toate acestea, cu excepţia domeniului lor de aplicare, garanţiile oferite de CEDO se aplică în mod similar în Uniune.

    În ceea ce priveşte paragraful al treilea, trebuie observat faptul că, în conformitate cu jurisprudenţa Curţii Europene a Drepturilor Omului, trebuie acordată asistenţă juridică în cazurile în care absenţa acesteia ar face ineficientă garantarea accesului efectiv la justiţie (hotărârea CEDO din 9 octombrie 1979, Airey, seria A, volumul 32, p. 11). Există, de asemenea, şi un sistem de asistenţă judiciară pentru cazurile de la Curtea de Justiţie a Uniunii Europene.

    Source:
    Jurnalul Oficial al Uniunii Europene C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Explicaţiile redate în continuare au fost redactate iniţial sub autoritatea prezidiului Convenţiei care a elaborat Carta drepturilor fundamentale a Uniunii Europene. Acestea au fost actualizate sub autoritatea prezidiului Convenţiei Europene, având în vedere adaptarea de către respectiva Convenţie a textului cartei (în special la articolele 51 şi 52), precum şi evoluţia dreptului Uniunii. Cu toate că aceste explicaţii nu au valoare juridică în sine, acestea constituie un preţios instrument de interpretare destinat clarificării dispoziţiilor cartei.
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61 results found

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Țara:
    Poland

    Art. 45.1. Każdy ma prawo do sprawiedliwego i jawnego rozpatrzenia sprawy bez nieuzasadnionej zwłoki przez właściwy, niezależny, bezstronny i niezawisły sąd.2. Wyłączenie jawności rozprawy może nastąpić ze względu na moralność, bezpieczeństwo państwa i porządek publiczny oraz ze względu na ochronę życia prywatnego stron lub inny ważny interes prywatny. Wyrok ogłaszany jest publicznie.Art. 77.1. Każdy ma prawo do wynagrodzenia szkody, jaka została mu wyrządzona przez niezgodne z prawem działanie organu władzy publicznej.2. Ustawa nie może nikomu zamykać drogi sądowej dochodzenia naruszonych wolności lub praw.

  • Constitution of Malta
    Țara:
    Malta

    Article 39(1) Whenever any person is charged with a criminal offence he shall, unless the charge is withdrawn, be afforded a fair hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial court established by law.(2) Any court or other adjudicating authority prescribed by law for the determination of the existence or the extent of civil rights or obligations shall be independent and impartial; and, where proceedings for such a determination are instituted by any person before such a court or other adjudicating authority, the ease shall be given a fair hearing within a reasonable time.(3) Except with the agreement of all the parties thereto, all proceedings of every court and proceedings relating to the determination of the existence or the extent of a person's civil rights or obligations before any other adjudicating authority, including the announcement of the decision of the court or other authority, shall be held in public. (...)

  • Constitution du Grand Duche de Luxembourg
    Țara:
    Luxembourg

    Article 13. Nul ne peut être distrait contre son gré du juge que la loi lui assigne. Article 86. Nul tribunal, nulle juridiction contentieuse ne peuvent être établis qu’en vertu d’une loi. Il ne peut être créé de commissions ni de tribunaux extraordinaires, sous quelque dénomination que ce soit. Article 88. Les audiences des tribunaux sont publiques, à moins que cette publicité ne soit dangereuse pour l’ordre ou les moeurs, et, dans ce cas, le tribunal le déclare par un jugement. Article 89. Tout jugement est motivé. Il est prononcé en audience publique.

  • Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
    Țara:
    Luxembourg

    Article 13. No one may be deprived against his will of the judge that the law assigns to him. Article 86. A tribunal or a jurisdiction in contentious matters may only be established by virtue of a law. No extraordinary commissions or tribunals may be created under whatever denomination that may be. Article 88. The hearings of the tribunals are public, unless such publicity is a threat to order and morality, and in which case, the tribunal so declares by a judgment. Article 89. Every judgment is substantiated. It is pronounced in public hearing.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
    Țara:
    Lithuania

    Article 20(...) No one may be arbitrarily detained or held arrested. No one may be deprived of his freedom otherwise than on the grounds and according to the procedures which have been established by law.A person detained in flagrante delicto must, within 48 hours, be brought before a court for the purpose of deciding, in the presence of the detainee, on the validity of the detention. If the court does not adopt a decision to arrest the person, the detainee shall be released immediately.Article 29All persons shall be equal before the law, the court, and other State institutions and officials.Article 30The person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are violated shall have the right to apply to court.Compensation for material and moral damage inflicted upon a person shall be established by law.Article 31(...) A person charged with the commission of a crime shall have the right to a public and fair hearing of his case by an independent and impartial court.Article 20. No one may be arbitrarily apprehended or detained. No one may be deprived of his liberty otherwise than on the grounds and according to the procedures established by law. A person apprehended in flagrante delicto must, within 48 hours, be brought before a court for the purpose of deciding, in the presence of this person, on the validity of the apprehension. If the court does not adopt a decision to detain the person, the apprehended person shall be released immediately.
    Article 30. A person whose constitutional rights or freedoms are violated shall have the right to apply to a court. Compensation for material and moral damage inflicted upon a person shall be established by law.
    Article 31. A person charged with committing a crime shall have the right to a public and fair hearing of his case by an independent and impartial court. A person suspected of committing a crime, as well as the accused, shall be guaranteed, from the moment of his apprehension or first interrogation, the right to defence, as well as the right to an advocate.
    Article 109. In the Republic of Lithuania, justice shall be administered only by courts. When administering justice, judges and courts shall be independent. When considering cases, judges shall obey only the law. Courts shall adopt decisions in the name of the Republic of Lithuania.

  • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
    Țara:
    Lithuania

    20 straipsnis. Niekas negali būti savavališkai sulaikytas arba laikomas suimtas. Niekam neturi būti atimta laisvė kitaip, kaip tokiais pagrindais ir pagal tokias procedūras, kokias yra nustatęs įstatymas. Nusikaltimo vietoje sulaikytas asmuo per 48 valandas turi būti pristatytas į teismą, kur sulaikytajam dalyvaujant sprendžiamas sulaikymo pagrįstumas. Jeigu teismas nepriima nutarimo asmenį suimti, sulaikytasis tuojau pat paleidžiamas.
    30 straipsnis. Asmuo, kurio konstitucinės teisės ar laisvės pažeidžiamos, turi teisę kreiptis į teismą. Asmeniui padarytos materialinės ir moralinės žalos atlyginimą nustato įstatymas.31 straipsnis Asmuo, kaltinamas padaręs nusikaltimą, turi teisę, kad jo bylą viešai ir teisingai išnagrinėtų nepriklausomas ir bešališkas teismas.
    109 straipsnis. Teisingumą Lietuvos Respublikoje vykdo tik teismai. Teisėjas ir teismai, vykdydami teisingumą, yra nepriklausomi. Teisėjai, nagrinėdami bylas, klauso tik įstatymo. Teismas priima sprendimus Lietuvos Respublikos vardu.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
    Țara:
    Latvia

    92. Everyone has the right to defend his or her rights and lawful interests in a fair court. Everyone shall be presumed innocent until his or her guilt has been established in accordance with law. Everyone, where his or her rights are violated without basis, has a right to commensurate compensation. Everyone has a right to the assistance of counsel.

  • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    Țara:
    Latvia

    92. Ikviens var aizstāvēt savas tiesības un likumiskās intereses taisnīgā tiesā. Ikviens uzskatāms par nevainīgu, iekams viņa vaina nav atzīta saskaņā ar likumu. Nepamatota tiesību aizskāruma gadījumā ikvienam ir tiesības uz atbilstīgu atlīdzinājumu. Ikvienam ir tiesības uz advokāta palīdzību.

  • Constitution of the Italian Republic
    Țara:
    Italy

    Art. 24. Anyone may bring cases before a court of law in order to protect their rights under civil and administrative law. Defense is an inviolable right at every stage and instance of legal proceedings. The poor are entitled by law to proper means for action or defense in all courts. The law shall define the conditions and forms of reparation in case of judicial errors. Art. 25. No case may be removed from the court seized with it as established by law. No punishment may be inflicted except by virtue of a law in force at the time tehe offence was committed. No restriction may be placed on a person's liberty save for as provided by law. Art. 101. Justice is administered in the name of the people. Judges are subject only to the law. Art. 104. The Judiciary is a branch that is autonomous and independent of all other powers. (...) Art. 111. Jurisdiction is implemented through due process regulated by law. All court trials are conducted with adversary proceedings and the parties. are entitled to equal conditions before an impartial judge in third party position. The law provides for the reasonable duration of trials. In criminal law trials, the law provides that the alleged offender shall be
    promptly informed confidentially of the nature and reasons for the charges that are brought and shall have adequate time and conditions to prepare a
    defence. The defendant shall have the right to cross-examine or to have cross-examined before a judge the persons making accusations and to
    summon and examine persons for the defence in the same conditions as the prosecution, as well as the right to produce all other evidence in favour of
    the defence. The defendant is entitled to the assistance of an interpreter in the case that he or she does not speak or understand the language in which
    the court proceedings are conducted. In criminal law proceedings, the formation of evidence is based on the principle of adversary hearings. The guilt of the defendant cannot be established on the basis of statements by persons who, out of their own free choice, have always voluntarily avoided undergoing cross-examination by
    the defendant or the defence counsel. The law regulates the cases in which the formation of evidence does not occur in an adversary proceeding with the consent of the defendant or owing to reasons of ascertained objective impossibility or proven illicit conduct. All judicial decisions shall include a statement of reasons. Appeals to the Court of Cassation in cases of violations of the law are always allowed against sentences and against measures affecting personal freedom pronounced by ordinary and special courts. This rule can only be waived in cases of sentences by military tribunals in time of war. Appeals to the Court of Cassation against decisions of the Council of State
    and the Court of Accounts are permitted only for reasons of jurisdiction. Art. 112. The public prosecutor has the obligation to institute criminal proceedings. Art. 113. The judicial safeguarding of rights and legitimate interests before the bodies of ordinary or administrative justice is always permitted against acts of the public administration. Such judicial protection may not be excluded or limited to particular kinds of appeal or for particular categories of acts. The law determines which judicial bodies are empowered to annul acts of public administration in the cases and with the consequences provided for by the law itself.

  • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
    Țara:
    Italy

    Art. 24. Tutti possono agire in giudizio per la tutela dei propri diritti e interessi legittimi.La difesa è diritto inviolabile in ogni stato e grado del procedimento.Sono assicurati ai non abbienti, con appositi istituti, i mezzi per agire e difendersi davanti ad ogni giurisdizione.La legge determina le condizioni e i modi per la riparazione degli errori giudiziari. Art. 25. Nessuno può essere distolto dal giudice naturale precostituito per legge. Nessuno può essere punito se non in forza di una legge che sia entrata in vigore prima del fatto commesso. Nessuno può essere sottoposto a misure di sicurezza se non nei casi previsti dalla legge. Art. 101. La giustizia è amministrata in nome del popolo. I giudici sono soggetti soltanto alla legge. Art. 104. La magistratura costituisce un ordine autonomo e indipendente da ogni altro potere. (...) Art. 111. La giurisdizione si attua mediante il giusto processo regolato dalla legge. Ogni processo si svolge nel contraddittorio tra le parti, in condizioni di parità, davanti a giudice terzo e imparziale. La legge ne assicura la ragionevole durata. Nel processo penale, la legge assicura che la persona accusata di un reato sia, nel più breve tempo possibile, informata riservatamente della natura e dei motivi dell'accusa elevata a suo carico; disponga del tempo e delle condizioni necessari per preparare la sua difesa; abbia la facoltà, davanti al giudice, di interrogare o di far interrogare le persone che rendono dichiarazioni a suo carico, di ottenere la convocazione e l'interrogatorio di persone a sua difesa nelle stesse condizioni dell'accusa e l'acquisizione di ogni altro mezzo di prova a suo favore; sia assistita da un interprete se non comprende o non parla la lingua impiegata nel processo. Il processo penale è regolato dal principio del contraddittorio nella formazione della prova. La colpevolezza dell'imputato non può essere provata sulla base di dichiarazioni rese da chi, per libera scelta, si è sempre volontariamente sottratto all'interrogatorio da parte dell'imputato o del suo difensore. La legge regola i casi in cui la formazione della prova non ha luogo in contraddittorio per consenso dell'imputato o per accertata impossibilità di natura oggettiva o per effetto di provata condotta illecita. Tutti i provvedimenti giurisdizionali devono essere motivati. Contro le sentenze e contro i provvedimenti sulla libertà personale, pronunciati dagli organi giurisdizionali ordinari o speciali, è sempre ammesso ricorso in cassazione per violazione di legge. Si può derogare a tale norma soltanto per le sentenze dei tribunali militari in tempo di guerra.Contro le decisioni del Consiglio di Stato e della Corte dei conti il ricorso in cassazione è ammesso per i soli motivi inerenti alla giurisdizione. Art. 112. Il pubblico ministero ha l'obbligo di esercitare l'azione penale. Art. 113. Contro gli atti della pubblica amministrazione è sempre ammessa la tutela giurisdizionale dei diritti e degli interessi legittimi dinanzi agli organi di giurisdizione ordinaria o amministrativa.Tale tutela giurisdizionale non può essere esclusa o limitata a particolari mezzi di impugnazione o per determinate categorie di atti.La legge determina quali organi di giurisdizione possono annullare gli atti della pubblica amministrazione nei casi e con gli effetti previsti dalla legge stessa.

  • Constitution of Ireland
    Țara:
    Ireland

    Article 34.1. Justice shall be administered in courts established by law by judges appointed in the manner provided by this Constitution, and, save in such special and limited cases as may be prescribed by law, shall be administered in public.Article 38.1No person shall be tried on any criminal charge save in due course of law.

  • A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya
    Țara:
    Hungary

    57 § (1) A Magyar Köztársaságban a bíróság előtt mindenki egyenlő, és mindenkinek joga van ahhoz, hogy az ellene emelt bármely vádat, vagy valamely perben a jogait és kötelességeit a törvény által felállított független és pártatlan bíróság igazságos és nyilvános tárgyaláson bírálja el.(…) (5) A Magyar Köztársaságban a törvényben meghatározottak szerint mindenki jogorvoslattal élhet az olyan bírósági, közigazgatási és más hatósági döntés ellen, amely a jogát vagy jogos érdekét sérti. A jogorvoslati jogot - a jogviták ésszerű időn belüli elbírálásának érdekében, azzal arányosan - a jelen lévő országgyűlési képviselők kétharmadának szavazatával elfogadott törvény korlátozhatja.70/K § Az alapvető jogok megsértése miatt keletkezett igények, továbbá a kötelességek teljesítésével kapcsolatban hozott állami döntések elleni kifogások bíróság előtt érvényesíthetők.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Hungary
    Țara:
    Hungary

    Article 57(1) In the Republic of Hungary everyone is equal before the law and has the right to have the accusations brought against him, as well as his rights and duties in legal proceedings, judged in a just, public trial by an independent and impartial court established by law. (…) (5) In the Republic of Hungary everyone may seek legal remedy, in accordance with the provisions of the law, to judicial, administrative or other official decisions, which infringe on his rights or justified interests. A law passed by a majority of two-thirds of the votes of the Members of Parliament present may impose restrictions on the right to legal remedy in the interest of, and in proportion with, adjudication of legal disputes within a reasonable period of time.Article 70/KClaims arising from infringement on fundamental rights, and objections to the decisions of public authorities regarding the fulfilment of duties may be brought before a court of law.

  • Magyarország Alaptörvénye
    Țara:
    Hungary

    XXVIII. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Mindenkinek joga van ahhoz, hogy az ellene emelt bármely vádat vagy valamely perben a jogait és kötelezettségeit törvény által felállított, független és pártatlan bíróság tisztességes és nyilvános tárgyaláson, ésszerű határidőn belül bírálja el.
    […]
    (3) A büntetőeljárás alá vont személynek az eljárás minden szakaszában joga van a védelemhez. A védő nem vonható felelősségre a védelem ellátása során kifejtett véleménye miatt.
    […]
    (7) Mindenkinek joga van ahhoz, hogy jogorvoslattal éljen az olyan bírósági, hatósági és más közigazgatási döntés ellen, amely a jogát vagy jogos érdekét sérti.

  • The Fundamental Law of Hungary
    Țara:
    Hungary

    Article XXVIII (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to have any charge against him or her, or his or her rights and obligations in any litigation, adjudicated within a reasonable time in a fair and public trial by an independent and impartial court established by an Act. […]
    (3) Persons subject to criminal proceedings shall have the right to defence at all stages of the procedure. Defence counsels shall not be held liable for their opinion expressed while providing legal defence. […]
    (7) Everyone shall have the right to seek legal remedy against any court, authority or other administrative decision which violates his or her rights or legitimate interests.

  • Constitution of the Hellenic Republic
    Țara:
    Greece

    Article 8 No person shall be deprived of the judge assigned to him by law against his will. Judicial committees or extraordinary courts, under any name whatsoever, shall not be constituted. [...] .Article 20 (1) Every person shall be entitled to receive legal protection by the courts and may plead before them his views concerning his rights or interests, as specified by law. (2). The right of a person to a prior hearing also applies in any administrative action or measure adopted at the expense of his rights or interests. [...] .Article 87 (1). Justice shall be administered by courts composed of regular judges who shall enjoy functional and personal independence. (2). In the discharge of their duties, judges shall be subject only to the Constitution and the laws; in no case whatsoever shall they be obliged to comply with provisions enacted in violation of the Constitution. (3). Regular judges shall be inspected by judges of a superior rank, as well as by the Public Prosecutor and the Deputy Prosecutor of the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court; Public Prosecutors shall be inspected by the Supreme Civil and Criminal Court judges and Public Prosecutors of a superior rank, as specified by law [...] Article 97 (1). Felonies and political crimes shall be tried by mixed jury courts composed of ordinary judges and jurors, as specified by law. The judgments of these courts shall be subject to the legal remedies specified by law. (2). Felonies and political crimes which prior to the date of entry into force of this Constitution have, by constituent acts, parliamentary resolutions and special statutes, come under the jurisdiction of courts of appeal shall continue to be tried by the said courts, as long as a statute does not transfer them to the jurisdiction of mixed jury courts. Other felonies may be transferred to the jurisdiction of the same courts of appeal by statute. (3). Crimes of any degree committed through the press shall be under the jurisdiction of ordinary criminal courts, as specified by law. [...]

  • Το Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας
    Țara:
    Greece

    Άρθρο 8 Κανένας δεν στερείται χωρίς τη θέλησή του το δικαστή που του έχει ορίσει ο νόμος. Δικαστικές επιτροπές και έκτακτα δικαστήρια, με οποιοδήποτε όνομα, δεν επιτρέπεται να συσταθούν.[...] Άρθρο 20 (1).Καθένας έχει δικαίωμα στην παροχή έννομης προστασίας από τα δικαστήρια και μπορεί να αναπτύξει σ' αυτά τις απόψεις του για τα δικαιώματα ή συμφέροντά του, όπως νόμος ορίζει. (2).Το δικαίωμα της προηγούμενης ακρόασης του ενδιαφερομένου ισχύει και για κάθε διοικητική ενέργεια ή μέτρο που λαμβάνεται σε βάρος των δικαιωμάτων ή συμφερόντων του [...].Άρθρο 87 (1).Η δικαιοσύνη απονέμεται από δικαστήρια συγκροτούμενα από τακτικούς δικαστές, που απολαμβάνουν λειτουργική προσωπική ανεξαρτησία.(2).Οι δικαστές κατά την άσκηση των καθηκόντων τους υπόκεινται μόνο στο Σύνταγμα και στους νόμους και σε καμία περίπτωση δεν υποχρεούνται να συμμορφώνονται με διατάξεις που έχουν τεθεί κατά κατάλυση του Συντάγματος.(3).Η επιθεώρηση των τακτικών δικαστών ενεργείται από δικαστές ανώτερου βαθμού καθώς και από τον Εισαγγελέα, τους Αντεισαγγελείς του Αρείου Πάγου, των δε εισαγγελέων από αρεοπαγίτες και εισαγγελείς ανώτερου βαθμού, σύμφωνα με τους ορισμούς του νόμου. [...] Άρθρο 97(1).Τα κακουργήματα και τα πολιτικά εγκλήματα δικάζονται από μικτά ορκωτά δικαστήρια που συγκροτούνται από τακτικούς δικαστές και ενόρκους, όπως νόμος ορίζει. Οι αποφάσεις των δικαστηρίων αυτών υπόκεινται στα ένδικα μέσα που ορίζει ο νόμος.(2).Κακουργήματα και πολιτικά εγκλήματα, που με συντακτικές πράξεις, ψηφίσματα και ειδικούς νόμους έχουν υπαχθεί έως την ισχύ του Συντάγματος στη δικαιοδοσία των εφετείων, εξακολουθούν να δικάζονται από αυτά, εφόσον δεν υπαχθούν με νόμο στην αρμοδιότητα των μικτών ορκωτών δικαστηρίων. Με νόμο μπορεί να υπαχθούν στη δικαιοδοσία των ίδιων εφετείων και άλλα κακουργήματα.(3).Τα εγκλήματα κάθε βαθμού που διαπράττονται δια του Τύπου υπάγονται στα τακτικά ποινικά δικαστήρια, όπως νόμος ορίζει. [...]

  • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    Țara:
    Germany

    Article 19 (...) (4) Should any person’s rights be violated by public authority, he may have recourse to the courts. If no other jurisdiction has been established, recourse shall be to the ordinary courts. The second sentence of paragraph (2) of Article 10 shall not be affected by this paragraph. Article 97 (1) Judges shall be independent and subject only to the law. (...) Article 101 (1) Extraordinary courts shall not be allowed. No one may be removed from the jurisdiction of his lawful judge. (2) Courts for particular fields of law may be established only by a law. Article 103 (1) In the courts every person shall be entitled to a hearing in accordance with law. (2) An act may be punished only if it was defined by a law as a criminal offence before the act was committed. (3) No person may be punished for the same act more than once under the general criminal laws.

  • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Țara:
    Germany

    Artikel 19 (...) (4) Wird jemand durch die öffentliche Gewalt in seinen Rechten verletzt, so steht ihm der Rechtsweg offen. Soweit eine andere Zuständigkeit nicht begründet ist, ist der ordentliche Rechtsweg gegeben. Artikel 10 Abs. 2 Satz 2 bleibt unberührt. Artikel 97 (1) Die Richter sind unabhängig und nur dem Gesetze unterworfen. (...) Artikel 101 (1) Ausnahmegerichte sind unzulässig. Niemand darf seinem gesetzlichen Richter entzogen werden. (2) Gerichte für besondere Sachgebiete können nur durch Gesetz errichtet werden. Artikel 103 (1) Vor Gericht hat jedermann Anspruch auf rechtliches Gehör. (...)

  • Constitution
    Țara:
    France

    Article 64 The President of the Republic shall be the guarantor of the independence of the
    Judicial Authority (...)

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  • Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings

    Article 1

    Subject matter

    This Directive lays down minimum rules concerning the rights of suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings and of persons subject to proceedings pursuant to Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (‘European arrest warrant proceedings’) to have access to a lawyer, to have a third party informed of the deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/693 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Justice Programme and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1382/2013

    Article 1

    Subject matter

    This Regulation establishes the Justice Programme (the ‘Programme’) for the duration of the multiannual financial framework 2021-2027, as laid down in Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2093.

    It lays down the objectives of the Programme, the budget for the period 2021–2027, the forms of Union funding and the rules for providing such funding.

  • Directive 2012/13/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2012 on the right to information in criminal proceedings

    Article 1

    Subject matter

    This Directive lays down rules concerning the right to information of suspects or accused persons, relating to their rights in criminal proceedings and to the accusation against them. It also lays down rules concerning the right to information of persons subject to a European Arrest Warrant relating to their rights.

  • Commission Recommendation of 27 November 2013 on procedural safeguards for vulnerable persons suspected or accused in criminal proceedings
  • Directive (EU) 2016/1919 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 October 2016 on legal aid for suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings and for requested persons in European arrest warrant proceedings

    Article 4 - Legal aid in criminal proceedings
    ‘1. Member States shall ensure that suspects and accused persons who lack sufficient resources to pay for the assistance of a lawyer have the right to legal aid when the interests of justice so require.
    2. Member States may apply a means test, a merits test, or both to determine whether legal aid is to be granted in accordance with paragraph 1.
    3. Where a Member State applies a means test, it shall take into account all relevant and objective factors, such as the income, capital and family situation of the person concerned, as well as the costs of the assistance of a lawyer and the standard of living in that Member State, in order to determine whether, in accordance with the applicable criteria in that Member State, a suspect or an accused person lacks sufficient resources to pay for the assistance of a lawyer.
    4. Where a Member State applies a merits test, it shall take into account the seriousness of the criminal offence, the complexity of the case and the severity of the sanction at stake, in order to determine whether the interests of justice require legal aid to be granted. In any event, the merits test shall be deemed to have been met in the following situations:
    (a) where a suspect or an accused person is brought before a competent court or judge in order to decide on detention at any stage of the proceedings within the scope of this Directive; and (b) during detention.
    5. Member States shall ensure that legal aid is granted without undue delay, and at the latest before questioning by the police, by another law enforcement authority or by a judicial authority, or before the investigative or evidence-gathering acts referred to in point (c) of Article 2(1) are carried out.
    6. Legal aid shall be granted only for the purposes of the criminal proceedings in which the person concerned is suspected or accused of having committed a criminal offence.‘
    Article 5 - Legal aid in European arrest warrant proceedings
    ‘1. The executing Member State shall ensure that requested persons have a right to legal aid upon arrest pursuant to a European arrest warrant until they are surrendered, or until the decision not to surrender them becomes final.
    2. The issuing Member State shall ensure that requested persons who are the subject of European arrest warrant proceedings for the purpose of conducting a criminal prosecution and who exercise their right to appoint a lawyer in the issuing Member State to assist the lawyer in the executing Member State in accordance with Article 10(4) and (5) of Directive 2013/48/EU have the right to legal aid in the issuing Member State for the purpose of such proceedings in the executing Member State, in so far as legal aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice.
    3. The right to legal aid referred to in paragraphs 1 and 2 may be subject to a means test in accordance with Article 4(3), which shall apply mutatis mutandis.‘

  • Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards children for who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings

    Article 6 - Assistance by a lawyer
    ‘1. Children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings have the right of access to a lawyer in accordance with Directive 2013/48/EU. Nothing in this Directive, in particular in this Article, shall affect that right.
    2. Member States shall ensure that children are assisted by a lawyer in accordance with this Article in order to allow them to exercise the rights of the defence effectively.
    3. Member States shall ensure that children are assisted by a lawyer without undue delay once they are made aware that they are suspects or accused persons. In any event, children shall be assisted by a lawyer from whichever of the following points in time is the earliest:
    (a) before they are questioned by the police or by another law enforcement or judicial authority;
    (b) upon the carrying out by investigating or other competent authorities of an investigative or other evidence-gathering act in accordance with point (c) of paragraph 4;
    (c) without undue delay after deprivation of liberty;
    (d) where they have been summoned to appear before a court having jurisdiction in criminal matters, in due time before they appear before that court. [...]
    Article 16 - Right of children to appear in person at, and participate in, their trial
    1. Member States shall ensure that children have the right to be present at their trial and shall take all necessary measures to enable them to participate effectively in the trial, including by giving them the opportunity to be heard and to express their views.
    2. Member States shall ensure that children who were not present at their trial have the right to a new trial or to another legal remedy, in accordance with, and under the conditions set out in, Directive (EU) 2016/343.‘
    Article 18 - Right to legal aid
    ‘Member States shall ensure that national law in relation to legal aid guarantees the effective exercise of the right to be assisted by a lawyer pursuant to Article 6.‘

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