Besides mapping relevant FRA reseach in this field, the Agency’s presentation focused on border surveillance scenarios at the sea when non-refoulement violations might occur. The conference was jointly organised by the Queen Mary University of London’s School of Law and Macquarie University (Australia). The aim of the conference was to provide a platform for mutual engagement and discussion between various stakeholders (academics, NGOs, international organisations and EU agencies) on current trends regarding irregular maritime crossings. It was also a chance to explore options for developing a research-led, evidence-based observatory of search and rescue at sea in the Mediterranean.