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Præambel
Afsnit I: Værdighed
1 - Den menneskelige værdighed
2 - Ret til livet
3 - Ret til respekt for menneskets integritet
4 - Forbud mod tortur og umenneskelig eller nedværdigende behandling eller straf
5 - Forbud mod slaveri og tvangsarbejde
Afsnit II: Friheder
6 - Ret til frihed og sikkerhed
7 - Respekt for privatliv og familieliv
8 - Beskyttelse af personoplysninger
9 - Ret til at indgå ægteskab og ret til at stifte familie
10 - Ret til at tænke frit og til samvittigheds
11 - Ytrings
12 - Forsamlings
13 - Frihed for kunst og videnskab
14 - Ret til uddannelse
15 - Erhvervsfrihed og ret til at arbejde
16 - Frihed til at oprette og drive egen virksomhed
17 - Ejendomsret
18 - Asylret
19 - Beskyttelse i tilfælde af udsendelse, udvisning og udlevering
Afsnit III: Ligestilling
20 - Lighed for loven
21 - Ikke-forskelsbehandling
22 - Kulturel, religiøs og sproglig mangfoldighed
23 - Ligestilling mellem kvinder og mænd
24 - Børns rettigheder
25 - Ældres rettigheder
26 - Integration af mennesker med handicap
Afsnit IV: Solidaritet
27 - Ret til information og høring af arbejdstagerne i virksomheden
28 - Forhandlingsret og ret til kollektive skridt
29 - Ret til arbejdsformidling
30 - Beskyttelse i tilfælde af ubegrundet opsigelse
31 - Retfærdige og rimelige arbejdsforhold
32 - Forbud mod børnearbejde og beskyttelse af unge på arbejdspladsen
33 - Familieliv og arbejdsliv
34 - Social sikring og social bistand
35 - Sundhedsbeskyttelse
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38 - Forbrugerbeskyttelse
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39 - Stemmeret og valgbarhed til Europa-Parlamentet
40 - Stemmeret og valgbarhed til kommunale valg
41 - Ret til god forvaltning
42 - Ret til aktindsigt
43 - Den Europæiske Ombudsmand
44 - Ret til at indgive andragender
45 - Fri bevægelighed og opholdsret
46 - Diplomatisk og konsulær beskyttelse
Afsnit VI: Retfærdighed i retssystemet
47 - Adgang til effektive retsmidler og til en upartisk domstol
48 - Uskyldsformodning og ret til et forsvar
49 - Legalitetsprincippet og princippet om proportionalitet mellem lovovertrædelse og straf
50 - Ret til ikke at blive retsforfulgt eller straffet to gange for samme lovovertrædelse
Afsnit VII: Almindelige bestemmelser
51 - Anvendelsesområde
52 - Rækkevidde og fortolkning af rettigheder og principper
53 - Beskyttelsesniveau
54 - Forbud mod misbrug af rettigheder
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Work on rights
Work on rights
Retfærdighed, ofres rettigheder og retligt samarbejde
Ofrenes rettigheder
Forsvarets rettigheder
Civilret
Retligt samarbejde og retssamfund
Sikkerhed
Erhvervslivet og menneskerettigheder
Ligestilling, ikkeforskelsbehandling og racisme
Børn, unge og ældre
Mennesker med handicap
Hadforbrydelser
Racemæssig eller etnisk baggrund
Religion og tro
Roma
Sex, seksuel orientering og kønsidentitet
Asyl, migration og grænser
Adgang til asyl
Grænser og informationssystemer
Beskyttelse af børn
Irregulær migration, tilbagesendelse og tilbageholdelse i forbindelse med immigration
Regulær migration og integration
Ulovlig handel og udnyttelse af arbejdskraften
Databeskyttelse, privatlivets fred og ny teknologi
Kunstig intelligens og big data
Grænser og informationssystemer
Databeskyttelse
Ulovlig profilering
Støtte til menneskerettighedssystemer og -forkæmpere
EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder
Mellemstatslige menneskerettighedssystemer
Nationale menneskerettighedssystemer og -organer
Civilsamfundet
EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder
EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder
Hvad er grundlæggende rettigheder?
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
Præambel
Afsnit I: Værdighed
1 -
Den menneskelige værdighed
2 -
Ret til livet
3 -
Ret til respekt for menneskets integritet
4 -
Forbud mod tortur og umenneskelig eller nedværdigende behandling eller straf
5 -
Forbud mod slaveri og tvangsarbejde
Afsnit II: Friheder
6 -
Ret til frihed og sikkerhed
7 -
Respekt for privatliv og familieliv
8 -
Beskyttelse af personoplysninger
9 -
Ret til at indgå ægteskab og ret til at stifte familie
10 -
Ret til at tænke frit og til samvittigheds
11 -
Ytrings
12 -
Forsamlings
13 -
Frihed for kunst og videnskab
14 -
Ret til uddannelse
15 -
Erhvervsfrihed og ret til at arbejde
16 -
Frihed til at oprette og drive egen virksomhed
17 -
Ejendomsret
18 -
Asylret
19 -
Beskyttelse i tilfælde af udsendelse, udvisning og udlevering
Afsnit III: Ligestilling
20 -
Lighed for loven
21 -
Ikke-forskelsbehandling
22 -
Kulturel, religiøs og sproglig mangfoldighed
23 -
Ligestilling mellem kvinder og mænd
24 -
Børns rettigheder
25 -
Ældres rettigheder
26 -
Integration af mennesker med handicap
Afsnit IV: Solidaritet
27 -
Ret til information og høring af arbejdstagerne i virksomheden
28 -
Forhandlingsret og ret til kollektive skridt
29 -
Ret til arbejdsformidling
30 -
Beskyttelse i tilfælde af ubegrundet opsigelse
31 -
Retfærdige og rimelige arbejdsforhold
32 -
Forbud mod børnearbejde og beskyttelse af unge på arbejdspladsen
33 -
Familieliv og arbejdsliv
34 -
Social sikring og social bistand
35 -
Sundhedsbeskyttelse
36 -
Adgang til tjenesteydelser af almen økonomisk interesse
37 -
Miljøbeskyttelse
38 -
Forbrugerbeskyttelse
Afsnit V: Borgerrettigheder
39 -
Stemmeret og valgbarhed til Europa-Parlamentet
40 -
Stemmeret og valgbarhed til kommunale valg
41 -
Ret til god forvaltning
42 -
Ret til aktindsigt
43 -
Den Europæiske Ombudsmand
44 -
Ret til at indgive andragender
45 -
Fri bevægelighed og opholdsret
46 -
Diplomatisk og konsulær beskyttelse
Afsnit VI: Retfærdighed i retssystemet
47 -
Adgang til effektive retsmidler og til en upartisk domstol
48 -
Uskyldsformodning og ret til et forsvar
49 -
Legalitetsprincippet og princippet om proportionalitet mellem lovovertrædelse og straf
50 -
Ret til ikke at blive retsforfulgt eller straffet to gange for samme lovovertrædelse
Afsnit VII: Almindelige bestemmelser
51 -
Anvendelsesområde
52 -
Rækkevidde og fortolkning af rettigheder og principper
53 -
Beskyttelsesniveau
54 -
Forbud mod misbrug af rettigheder
Tools
Tools
EU Fundamental Rights Information System - EFRIS
Criminal detention database
Anti-Muslim hatred database
Case-law database
Charterpedia
FRA e-learning platform
Data visualisation
Equality data collection: promising practices
Fighting hate crime: promising practices
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CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
International Transport Workers’ Federation and Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti
Deciding body type
Court of Justice of the European Union
Deciding body
European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber)
Type
Decision
Decision date
11/12/2007
Den Europæiske Unions charter om grundlæggende rettigheder
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Title IV: Solidarity
Article 28 - Right of collective bargaining and action
VIEW FULL CASE
CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
Key facts of the case:
Viking Line, a Finnish shipping company, indented to reflag the Rosella, a ferry flying the Finnish flag and plying the route between Tallinn and Helsinki by registering it in Estonia in order to be able to enter into a new collective agreement with a trade union established in that State and to employ an Estonian crew, whose wages are lower than those paid in Finland.
Following that notice, the ITF sent a circular to its affiliates asking them to refrain from entering into negotiations with Viking Line, as a result of which Viking Line was prevented from holding talks with Estonian trade unions. At the same time, the FSU announced its intention to strike, demanding inter
alia that a collective agreement be concluded which provided that, during the reflagging, Viking Line would continue to comply with Finnish employment law and not lay off the crew.
Viking Line then brought an action before the High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Queen's Bench Division (Commercial Court) in the United Kingdom, where the ITF has its headquarters, requesting that the ITF be ordered to withdraw the circular and the FSU be ordered not to infringe its right of establishment with regard to the reflagging of the Rosella. The Court of Appeal, before which an appeal against the decision granting Viking’s application was lodged, referred to the Court 10 questions for a preliminary ruling concerning the provisions on the freedom of establishment and the
restrictive nature of the measures adopted by the ITF and the FSU under those provisions.
Results (sanctions) and key consequences of the case:
The Court acknowledged that the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, constitutes a fundamental right which forms an integral part of the general principles of Community law (in this regard, reference is made
to the Charter of Fundamental Rights). It added that that right must, however, be reconciled with the fundamental freedoms within the internal market, such that exercise of that right may be subject to certain restrictions, in accordance with the principle of proportionality.
The ECJ held despite that the right to strike and take collective action is recognised as fundamental rights in EU law, they do not automatically override Treaty rights related to the freedom of establishment. A determination by a national court has to be made whether a restriction to such freedom can be justified on the basis of the protection of the fundamental rights concerned and that the restriction pursues “a legitimate aim compatible with the Treaty and is justified by overriding reasons of public interest. But even if that were the case, it would still have to be suitable for securing the attainment of the objective pursued and must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it” In reaching its judgment the ECJ considered the nature of the right to strike and take collective action within the EU’s legal framework..
Interpretation of article(s) and implications for the resolution of the case:
FRC - Article 28:
The ECJ held that “the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, is recognised both by various international instruments which the Member States have signed or cooperated in”. (para 43) “Although the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, must therefore be recognised as a fundamental right which forms an integral part of the general principles of Community law the observance of which the Court ensures, the exercise of that right may none the less be subject to certain restrictions. As is reaffirmed by Article 28 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, those rights are to be protected in accordance with Community law and national law and practices. In addition … under Finnish law the right to strike may not be relied on, in particular, where the strike is contra bonos mores or is prohibited under national law or Community law.” (para 44)
The ECJ went on to hold that “the fundamental nature of the right to take collective action is not such as to render Article 43 EC [Freedom of Establishment] inapplicable to the collective action at issue”.(para 47) “Article 43 EC is to be interpreted as meaning that, in principle, collective action initiated by a trade union or a group of trade unions against an undertaking in order to induce that undertaking to enter into a collective agreement, the terms of which are liable to deter it from exercising freedom of establishment, is not excluded from the scope of that article.” (para 55)
Finally, the ECJ held that “collective actions which seek to induce a private undertaking whose registered office is in a given Member State to enter into a collective work agreement with a trade union established in that State and to apply the terms set out in that agreement to the employees of a subsidiary of that undertaking established in another Member State, constitute restrictions within the meaning of Article 43. Such collective action has the effect of making less attractive, or even pointless, the exercise by an undertaking of its right to freedom of establishment, inasmuch as it prevents that undertaking from enjoying the same treatment in the host Member State as other economic operators established in that State. Similarly, such collective action, seeking to prevent shipowners from registering their vessels in a State other than that of which the beneficial owners of those vessels are nationals, must be considered to be at least liable to restrict an undertaking’s exercise of its right of freedom of establishment. Those restrictions may, in principle, be justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as the protection of workers, provided that it is established that the restriction is suitable for ensuring the attainment of the legitimate objective pursued and does not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective.” It is for the national court to determine the question on the facts.
Paragraphs referring to EU Charter
43, 44, 47, 55