eu-charter

EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder

Artikel 21 - Ikke-forskelsbehandling

Artikel 21 - Ikke-forskelsbehandling

  1. Enhver forskelsbehandling på grund af køn, race, farve, etnisk eller social oprindelse, genetiske anlæg, sprog, religion eller tro, politiske eller andre anskuelser, tilhørsforhold til et nationalt mindretal, formueforhold, fødsel, handicap, alder, seksuel orientering eller ethvert andet forhold er forbudt.
  2. Inden for traktaternes anvendelsesområde og med forbehold af deres særlige bestemmelser er enhver forskelsbehandling på grund af nationalitet forbudt.
    • Text:

      Stk. 1 bygger på artikel 13 i EF-traktaten, nu erstattet af artikel 19 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde, artikel 14 i EMK samt artikel 11 i konventionen om menneskerettigheder og biomedicin for så vidt angår arvemassen. I det omfang det falder sammen med artikel 14 i EMK, anvendes det i overensstemmelse hermed.
      Der er ikke nogen modstrid eller uforenelighed mellem stk. 1 og artikel 19 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde, der har et andet anvendelsesområde og formål: artikel 19 tildeler Unionen beføjelser til at vedtage retsakter, herunder harmonisering af medlemsstaternes love og bestemmelser, og til at bekæmpe visse former for forskelsbehandling, der er angivet udtømmende i denne artikel. Sådan lovgivning kan omfatte de nationale myndigheders indsats (samt forbindelserne mellem privatpersoner), der ligger inden for EU's beføjelser. Til gengæld indeholder artikel 21, stk. 1, ikke hjemmel til at vedtage love mod forskelsbehandling udøvet af medlemsstaterne eller privatpersoner på disse områder, og det indfører heller ikke et omfattende forbud mod forskelsbehandling på disse vidtrækkende områder. I stedet behandler det kun forskelsbehandling fra EU's institutioners og organers side, når de selv udøver beføjelser, de har fået tildelt i henhold til traktaterne, og af medlemsstaterne, når de gennemfører EU-retten. Stk. 1 ændrer således ikke omfanget af de beføjelser, der tildeles i henhold til artikel 19 eller fortolkningen af denne.
      Stk. 2 svarer til artikel 18, stk. 1, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde og skal anvendes i overensstemmelse med denne artikel.

      Source:
      Den Europæiske Unions Tidende C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Disse forklaringer blev oprindelig udarbejdet under præsidiet for den forsamling, der udarbejdede chartret om grundlæggende rettigheder. De er blevet ajourført under Det Europæiske Konvents præsidiums ansvar i lyset af de udkast til tilpasninger, som konventet har foretaget i charterteksten (især i artikel 51 og 52) og videreudviklingen af EU-retten. Selv om forklaringerne ikke i sig selv har retskraft, udgør de et værdifuldt fortolkningsinstrument beregnet til nærmere præcisering af chartrets bestemmelser.
    • European Commission vs Hungary
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:408
    • European Commission v Hungary
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:408
    • Request of the Government of the Republic of Lithuania (applicant) and the Seimas (Parliament)
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Jakub Cupriak-Trojan, Mateusz Trojan v Wojewoda Mazowiecki
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:235
    • TĆ v Croatian Health Insurance Fund
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Administrative Court in Osijek
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Person 1 and the National Health Fund (Caisse Nationale de Santé)
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Constitutional Court
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • HJ v US and MU
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Employment and social policy
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:1050
    • Rechtsanwältin und Notarin v Präsidentin des Oberlandesgerichts Hamm
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:901
    • Novo Banco SA - Sucursal en España and Others v C.F.O. and Others
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (Fourth Chamber)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:686
    • Statement of the Commissioner for Human Rights before the Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Non-judicial body
      Deciding body:
      Commissioner for Human Rights
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):

    57 results found

    • Constitution of Ireland
      Land:
      Ireland

      Article 40.1. All citizens shall, as human persons, be held equal before the law. This shall not be held to mean that the State shall not in its enactments have due regard to differences of capacity, physical and moral, and of social function. Article 40.6.2. Laws regulating the manner in which the right of forming associations and nions and the right of free assembly may be exercised shall contain no political, religious or class discrimination.

    • Magyarország Alaptörvénye
      Land:
      Hungary

      XV. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) [...] (2) Magyarország az alapvető jogokat mindenkinek bármely megkülönböztetés, nevezetesen faj, szín, nem, fogyatékosság, nyelv, vallás, politikai vagy más vélemény , nemzeti vagy társadalmi származás, vagyoni, születési vagy egyéb helyzet szerinti kűlönbségtétel nélkül biztosítja. [...] (4)Magyarország az esélyegyenlőség és a társadalmi felzárkózás megvalósulását külön intézkedésekkel segíti.

    • The Fundamental Law of Hungary
      Land:
      Hungary

      Article XV (Freedom and Responsibility) [...] (2) Hungary shall guarantee fundamental rights to everyone without discrimination and in particular without discrimination on grounds of race, colour, sex, disability, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or any other status. [...]
      (4) By means of separate measures, Hungary shall help to achieve equality of
      opportunity and social inclusion.

    • Constitution of the Hellenic Republic
      Land:
      Greece

      Article 4 (5) Greek citizens contribute without distinction to public charges in proportion to their means. [...] Article 5 (2) All persons living within the Greek territory shall enjoy full protection of their life, honour and liberty irrespective of nationality, race or language and of religious or political beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases provided by international law. [...]

    • Το Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας
      Land:
      Greece

      Άρθρο 4 (5) Oι Έλληνες πoλίτες συνεισφέρoυν χωρίς διακρίσεις στα δημόσια βάρη, ανάλoγα με τις δυνάμεις τoυς. […] Άρθρο 5 (2) Όλoι όσoι βρίσκoνται στην Eλληνική Eπικράτεια απoλαμβάνoυν την απόλυτη πρoστασία της ζωής, της τιμής και της ελευθερίας τoυς, χωρίς διάκριση εθνικότητας, φυλής, γλώσσας και θρησκευτικών ή πoλιτικών πεπoιθήσεων. Eξαιρέσεις επιτρέπoνται στις περιπτώσεις πoυ πρoβλέπει τo διεθνές δίκαιo. [...]

    • Allgemeines Gleichbehandlungsgesetz
      Land:
      Germany

       

       

       

    • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
      Land:
      Germany

      Article 3 (... ) (3) No person shall be favoured or disfavoured because of sex, parentage, race, language, homeland and origin, faith, or religious or political opinions. No person shall be disfavoured because of disability. Article 33 (1) Every German shall have in every Land the same political rights and duties. (2) Every German shall be equally eligible for any public office according to his aptitude, qualifications and professional achievements. (3) Neither the enjoyment of civil and political rights, nor eligibility for public office, nor rights acquired in the public service shall be dependent upon religious affiliation. No one may be disadvantaged by reason of adherence or non-adherence to a particular religious denomination or philosophical creed.

    • General Equal Treatment Act
      Land:
      Germany

       

       

       

    • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
      Land:
      Germany

      Artikel 3 (...) (3) Niemand darf wegen seines Geschlechtes, seiner Abstammung, seiner Rasse, seiner Sprache, seiner Heimat und Herkunft, seines Glaubens, seiner religiösen oder politischen Anschauungen benachteiligt oder bevorzugt werden. Niemand darf wegen seiner Behinderung benachteiligt werden. Artikel 33 (1) Jeder Deutsche hat in jedem Lande die gleichen staatsbürgerlichen Rechte und Pflichten. (2) Jeder Deutsche hat nach seiner Eignung, Befähigung und fachlichen Leistung gleichen Zugang zu jedem öffentlichen Amte. (3) Der Genuß bürgerlicher und staatsbürgerlicher Rechte, die Zulassung zu öffentlichen Ämtern sowie die im öffentlichen Dienste erworbenen Rechte sind unabhängig von dem religiösen Bekenntnis. Niemandem darf aus seiner Zugehörigkeit oder Nichtzugehörigkeit zu einem Bekenntnisse oder einer Weltanschauung ein Nachteil erwachsen.

    • Constitution
      Land:
      France

      Article 1 La France est une République indivisible, laïque, démocratique et sociale. Elle assure l'égalité devant la loi de tous les citoyens sans distinction d'origine, de race ou de religion. Elle respecte toutes les croyances. Son organisation est décentralisée. La loi favorise l'égal accès des femmes et des hommes aux mandats électoraux et fonctions électives, ainsi qu'aux responsabilités professionnelles et sociales.

    • Constitution
      Land:
      France

      Article 1 France shall be an indivisible, secular, democratic and social Republic. It shall ensure the equality of all citizens before the law, without distinction of origin, race or religion. It shall respect all beliefs.

    • Preamble to the Constitution of 27 October 1946
      Land:
      France

      1 In the morrow of the victory achieved by the free peoples over the regimes that had sought to enslave and degrade humanity, the people of France proclaim anew that each human being, without distinction of race, religion or creed, possesses sacred and inalienable rights. They solemnly reaffirm the rights and freedoms of man and the citizen enshrined in the Declaration of Rights of 1789 and the fundamental principles acknowledged in the laws of the Republic. 3 The law guarantees women equal rights to those of men in all spheres. 5 Each person has the duty to work and the right to employment. No person may suffer prejudice in his work or employment by virtue of his origins, opinions or beliefs. 12 The Nation proclaims the solidarity and equality of all French people in bearing the burden resulting from national calamities.

    • Préambule de la Constitution du 27 octobre 1946
      Land:
      France

      1. Au lendemain de la victoire remportée par les peuples libres sur les régimes qui ont tenté d'asservir et de dégrader la personne humaine, le peuple français proclame à nouveau que tout être humain, sans distinction de race, de religion ni de croyance, possède des droits inaliénables et sacrés. Il réaffirme solennellement les droits et libertés de l'homme et du citoyen consacrés par la Déclaration des droits de 1789 et les principes fondamentaux reconnus par les lois de la République. 3. La loi garantit à la femme, dans tous les domaines, des droits égaux à ceux de l'homme. 5. Chacun a le devoir de travailler et le droit d'obtenir un emploi. Nul ne peut être lésé, dans son travail ou son emploi, en raison de ses origines, de ses opinions ou de ses croyances. 12. La Nation proclame la solidarité et l'égalité de tous les Français devant les charges qui résultent des calamités nationales.

    • Constitution of Finland
      Land:
      Finland

      Section 6 Equality Everyone is equal before the law. No one shall, without an acceptable reason, be treated differently from other persons on the ground of sex, age, origin, language, religion, conviction, opinion, health, disability or other reason that concerns his or her person. Children shall be treated equally and as individuals and they shall be allowed to influence matters pertaining to themselves to a degree corresponding to their level of development. Equality of the sexes is promoted in societal activity and working life, especially in the determination of pay and the other terms of employment, as provided in more detail by an Act. 

    • Non-Discrimination Act (21/2004)
      Land:
      Finland
    • Suomen perustuslaki
      Land:
      Finland

      6 § Yhdenvertaisuus Ihmiset ovat yhdenvertaisia lain edessä. Ketään ei saa ilman hyväksyttävää perustetta asettaa eri asemaan sukupuolen, iän, alkuperän, kielen, uskonnon, vakaumuksen, mielipiteen, terveydentilan, vammaisuuden tai muun henkilöön liittyvän syyn perusteella. Lapsia on kohdeltava tasa-arvoisesti yksilöinä, ja heidän tulee saada vaikuttaa itseään koskeviin asioihin kehitystään vastaavasti. Sukupuolten tasa-arvoa edistetään yhteiskunnallisessa toiminnassa sekä työelämässä, erityisesti palkkauksesta ja muista palvelussuhteen ehdoista määrättäessä, sen mukaan kuin lailla tarkemmin säädetään.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
      Land:
      Estonia

      Article 12. Everyone is equal before the law. No one may be discriminated against on the basis of nationality, race, colour, sex, language, origin, religion, political or other views, property or social status, or on other grounds.
      Incitement to ethnic, racial, religious or political hatred, violence or discrimination is prohibited and punishable by law. Incitement to hatred and violence between social classes or to discrimination against a social class is also prohibited and punishable by law.

    • Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
      Land:
      Estonia

      § 12. Kõik on seaduse ees võrdsed. Kedagi ei tohi diskrimineerida rahvuse, rassi, nahavärvuse, soo, keele, päritolu, usutunnistuse, poliitiliste või muude veendumuste, samuti varalise ja sotsiaalse seisundi või muude asjaolude tõttu. Rahvusliku, rassilise, usulise või poliitilise vihkamise, vägivalla ja diskrimineerimise õhutamine on seadusega keelatud ja karistatav. Samuti on seadusega keelatud ja karistatav õhutada vihkamist, vägivalda ja diskrimineerimist ühiskonnakihtide vahel.

    • Equal Treatment Act
      Land:
      Estonia

      § 1. Purpose and scope of Act
      (1) The purpose of this Act is to ensure the protection of persons against discrimination on grounds of nationality (ethnic origin), race, colour, religion or other beliefs, age, disability or sexual orientation.
      (2) In order to achieve the purpose specified in subsection (1) of this section, this Act provides for:
      1) the principles of equal treatment;
      2) duties upon implementation and promotion of the principle of equal treatment;
      3) resolution of discrimination disputes.

    • Võrdse kohtlemise seadus
      Land:
      Estonia

      § 1. Seaduse eesmärk ja reguleerimisala
      (1) Seaduse eesmärk on tagada isikute kaitse diskrimineerimise eest rahvuse (etnilise kuuluvuse), rassi, nahavärvuse, usutunnistuse või veendumuste, vanuse, puude või seksuaalse sättumuse alusel.
      (2) Käesoleva paragrahvi lõikes 1 nimetatud eesmärgi saavutamiseks sätestab seadus:
      1) võrdse kohtlemise põhimõtted;
      2) ülesanded võrdse kohtlemise põhimõtte rakendamisel ja edendamisel;
      3) diskrimineerimisvaidluste lahendamise.

    33 results found

    • Directive 2006/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2006 on the implementation of the principle of equal opportunities and equal treatment of men and women in matters of employment and occupation (recast)

      Preamble 


      (5) Articles 21 and 23 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union also prohibit any discrimination on grounds of sex and enshrine the right to equal treatment between men and women in all areas, including employment, work and pay.


      (6) Harassment and sexual harassment are contrary to the principle of equal treatment between men and women and constitute discrimination on grounds of sex for the purposes of this Directive. These forms of discrimination occur not only in the workplace, but also in the context of access to employment, vocational training and promotion. They should therefore be prohibited and should be subject to effective, proportionate and dissuasive penalties.

      (7) In this context, employers and those responsible for vocational training should be encouraged to take measures to combat all forms of discrimination on grounds of sex and, in particular, to take preventive measures against harassment and sexual harassment in the workplace and in access to employment, vocational training and promotion, in accordance with national law and practice.

      (8) The principle of equal pay for equal work or work of equal value as laid down by Article 141 of the Treaty and consistently upheld in the case-law of the Court of Justice constitutes an important aspect of the principle of equal treatment between men and women and an essential and indispensable part of the acquis communautaire, including the case-law of the Court concerning sex discrimination. It is therefore appropriate to make further provision for its implementation.


      (11) The Member States, in collaboration with the social partners, should continue to address the problem of the continuing gender-based wage differentials and marked gender segregation on the labour market by means such as flexible working time arrangements which enable both men and women to combine family and work commitments more successfully. This could also include appropriate parental leave arrangements which could be taken up by either parent as well as the provision of accessible and affordable child-care facilities and care for dependent persons.


      (26) In the Resolution of the Council and of the Ministers for Employment and Social Policy, meeting within the Council, of 29 June 2000 on the balanced participation of women and men in family and working life , Member States were encouraged to consider examining the scope for their respective legal systems to grant working men an individual and non‐transferable right to paternity leave, while maintaining their rights relating to employment.

      Article 2: Definitions

      1.   For the purposes of this Directive, the following definitions shall apply:

      (a) ‘direct discrimination’: where one person is treated less favourably on grounds of sex than another is, has been or would be treated in a comparable situation;

      (b) ‘indirect discrimination’: where an apparently neutral provision, criterion or practice would put persons of one sex at a particular disadvantage compared with persons of the other sex, unless that provision, criterion or practice is objectively justified by a legitimate aim, and the means of achieving that aim are appropriate and necessary;

      (c) ‘harassment’: where unwanted conduct related to the sex of a person occurs with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, and of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment;

      (d) ‘sexual harassment’: where any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature occurs, with the purpose or effect of violating the dignity of a person, in particular when creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment;

      (e)‘pay’: the ordinary basic or minimum wage or salary and any other consideration, whether in cash or in kind, which the worker receives directly or indirectly, in respect of his/her employment from his/her employer;

      (f) ‘occupational social security schemes’: schemes not governed by Council Directive 79/7/EEC of 19 December 1978 on the progressive implementation of the principle of equal treatment for men and women in matters of social security (16) whose purpose is to provide workers, whether employees or self-employed, in an undertaking or group of undertakings, area of economic activity, occupational sector or group of sectors with benefits intended to supplement the benefits provided by statutory social security schemes or to replace them, whether membership of such schemes is compulsory or optional.

      2.   For the purposes of this Directive, discrimination includes:

      (a) harassment and sexual harassment, as well as any less favourable treatment based on a person's rejection of or submission to such conduct;

      (b) instruction to discriminate against persons on grounds of sex;

      (c) any less favourable treatment of a woman related to pregnancy or maternity leave within the meaning of Directive 92/85/EEC.

      CHAPTER 1: Equal pay

      Article 4: Prohibition of discrimination

      For the same work or for work to which equal value is attributed, direct and indirect discrimination on grounds of sex with regard to all aspects and conditions of remuneration shall be eliminated.

      In particular, where a job classification system is used for determining pay, it shall be based on the same criteria for both men and women and so drawn up as to exclude any discrimination on grounds of sex.

      CHAPTER 2 : Equal treatment in occupational social security schemes

      Article 5: Prohibition of discrimination

      Without prejudice to Article 4, there shall be no direct or indirect discrimination on grounds of sex in occupational social security schemes, in particular as regards:

      (a) the scope of such schemes and the conditions of access to them;

      (b) the obligation to contribute and the calculation of contributions;

      (c) the calculation of benefits, including supplementary benefits due in respect of a spouse or dependants, and the conditions governing the duration and retention of entitlement to benefits.

      Article 7: Material scope

      1.   This Chapter applies to:

      (a) occupational social security schemes which provide protection against the following risks:

      (i) sickness,

      (ii)invalidity,

      (iii) old age, including early retirement,

      (iv) industrial accidents and occupational diseases,

      (v) unemployment;

      (b) occupational social security schemes which provide for other social benefits, in cash or in kind, and in particular survivors' benefits and family allowances, if such benefits constitute a consideration paid by the employer to the worker by reason of the latter's employment.

      2.   This Chapter also applies to pension schemes for a particular category of worker such as that of public servants if the benefits payable under the scheme are paid by reason of the employment relationship with the public employer. The fact that such a scheme forms part of a general statutory scheme shall be without prejudice in that respect.

      CHAPTER 3 : Equal treatment as regards access to employment, vocational training and promotion and working conditions

      Article 14: Prohibition of discrimination

      1.   There shall be no direct or indirect discrimination on grounds of sex in the public or private sectors, including public bodies, in relation to:

      (a) conditions for access to employment, to self-employment or to occupation, including selection criteria and recruitment conditions, whatever the branch of activity and at all levels of the professional hierarchy, including promotion;

      (b) access to all types and to all levels of vocational guidance, vocational training, advanced vocational training and retraining, including practical work experience;

      (c) employment and working conditions, including dismissals, as well as pay as provided for in Article 141 of the Treaty;

      (d) membership of, and involvement in, an organisation of workers or employers, or any organisation whose members carry on a particular profession, including the benefits provided for by such organisations.

      2.   Member States may provide, as regards access to employment including the training leading thereto, that a difference of treatment which is based on a characteristic related to sex shall not constitute discrimination where, by reason of the nature of the particular occupational activities concerned or of the context in which they are carried out, such a characteristic constitutes a genuine and determining occupational requirement, provided that its objective is legitimate and the requirement is proportionate.

    • Action plan on Integration and Inclusion 2021-2027

      .

    • A Union of Equality: EU anti-racism action plan 2020–2025

      .

    • Union of Equality: EU Roma strategic framework on equality, inclusion and participation

      .

    • European Parliament resolution on the need for a strengthened post-2020 Strategic EU Framework for National Roma Inclusion Strategies and stepping up the fight against anti-Gypsyism (2019/2509(RSP))

      .

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 18

      (ex Article 12 TEC)

      Within the scope of application of the Treaties, and without prejudice to any special provisions contained therein, any discrimination on grounds of nationality shall be prohibited.

      The European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, may adopt rules designed to prohibit such discrimination.

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 19

      (ex Article 13 TEC)

      1. Without prejudice to the other provisions of the Treaties and within the limits of the powers conferred by them upon the Union, the Council, acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament, may take appropriate action to combat discrimination based on sex, racial or ethnic origin, religion or belief, disability, age or sexual orientation.

      2. By way of derogation from paragraph 1, the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, may adopt the basic principles of Union incentive measures, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States, to support action taken by the Member States in order to contribute to the achievement of the objectives referred to in paragraph 1.

    • Directive (EU) 2018/1808 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 amending Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law, regulation or administrative action in Member States concerning the provis

      .

    • Directive (EU) 2019/882 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 April 2019 on the accessibility requirements for products and services

      .

    • Directive (EU) 2018/1808 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 November 2018 amending Directive 2010/13/EU on the coordination of certain provisions laid down by law

      Article 6

      1. Without prejudice to the obligation of Member States to respect and protect human dignity, Member States shall ensure by appropriate means that audiovisual media services provided by media service providers under their jurisdiction do not contain any:

      (a) incitement to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of a group based on any of the grounds referred to in Article 21 of the Charter;

      (b) public provocation to commit a terrorist offence as set out in Article 5 of Directive (EU) 2017/541.

      2. The measures taken for the purposes of this Article shall be necessary and proportionate and shall respect the rights and observe principles set out in the Charter.’;

      [...]

      Article 28b

      ...

      (b) the general public from programmes, user-generated videos and audiovisual commercial communications containing incitement to violence or hatred directed against a group of persons or a member of a group based on any of the grounds referred to in Article 21 of the Charter;