eu-charter

Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union

Artikel 11 - Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung und Informationsfreiheit

Artikel 11 - Freiheit der Meinungsäußerung und Informationsfreiheit

  1. Jede Person hat das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung. Dieses Recht schließt die Meinungsfreiheit und die Freiheit ein, Informationen und Ideen ohne behördliche Eingriffe und ohne Rücksicht auf Staatsgrenzen zu empfangen und weiterzugeben.
  2. Die Freiheit der Medien und ihre Pluralität werden geachtet.
    • Text:

      1. Artikel 11 entspricht Artikel 10 EMRK, der wie folgt lautet:
        1. Jede Person hat das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung. Dieses Recht schließt die Meinungsfreiheit und die Freiheit ein, Informationen und Ideen ohne behördliche Eingriffe und ohne Rücksicht auf Staatsgrenzen zu empfangen und weiterzugeben. Dieser Artikel hindert die Staaten nicht, für Hörfunk-, Fernseh- oder Kinounternehmen eine Genehmigung vorzuschreiben.
        2. Die Ausübung dieser Freiheiten ist mit Pflichten und Verantwortung verbunden; sie kann daher Formvorschriften, Bedingungen, Einschränkungen oder Strafdrohungen unterworfen werden, die gesetzlich vorgesehen und in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft notwendig sind für die nationale Sicherheit, die territoriale Unversehrtheit oder die öffentliche Sicherheit, zur Aufrechterhaltung der Ordnung oder zur Verhütung von Straftaten, zum Schutz der Gesundheit oder der Moral, zum Schutz des guten Rufes oder der Rechte anderer, zur Verhinderung der Verbreitung vertraulicher Informationen oder zur Wahrung der Autorität und der Unparteilichkeit der Rechtsprechung.“

        Nach Artikel 52 Absatz 3 der Charta hat dieses Recht die gleiche Bedeutung und Tragweite wie das durch die EMRK garantierte Recht. Die möglichen Einschränkungen dieses Rechts dürfen also nicht über die in Artikel 10 Absatz 2 vorgesehenen Einschränkungen hinausgehen, allerdings unbeschadet der Beschränkungen, die die Möglichkeit der Mitgliedstaaten, Genehmigungsregelungen nach Artikel 10 Absatz 1 Satz 3 der EMRK einzuführen, durch das Wettbewerbsrecht der Union erfahren kann.

      2. Absatz 2 dieses Artikels erläutert die Auswirkungen von Absatz 1 hinsichtlich der Freiheit der Medien. Er stützt sich insbesondere auf die Rechtsprechung des Gerichtshofs bezüglich des Fernsehens, insbesondere in der Rechtssache C-288/89 (Urteil vom 25. Juli 1991, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda u. a.; Slg. 1991, I-4007), und auf das Protokoll über den öffentlich-rechtlichen Rundfunk in den Mitgliedstaaten, das dem EGV und nunmehr den Verträgen beigefügt ist, sowie auf die Richtlinie 89/552/EWG des Rates (siehe insbesondere Erwägungsgrund 17).
      Quelle:
      Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Die Erläuterungen wurden ursprünglich unter der Verantwortung des Präsidiums des Konvents, der die Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ausgearbeitet hat, formuliert. Sie wurden unter der Verantwortung des Präsidiums des Europäischen Konvents aufgrund der von diesem Konvent vorgenommenen Anpassungen des Wortlauts der Charta (insbesondere der Artikel 51 und 52) und der Fortentwicklung des Unionsrechts aktualisiert. Diese Erläuterungen haben als solche keinen rechtlichen Status, stellen jedoch eine nützliche Interpretationshilfe dar, die dazu dient, die Bestimmungen der Charta zu verdeutlichen.
    • - Commissioner for Human Rights (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) v Tuszów Narodowy Commune Council (Rada Gminy Tuszów Narodowy)
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      ECLI (European case law identifier):
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      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
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      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:54
    • A. G. v Lietuvos Respublikos generalinė prokuratūra
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      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
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    • Group of Members of the National Assembly
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      Constitutional Court of the Republic of Slovenia
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      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:SI:USRS:2023:U.I.144.19
    • RE. The application of N.M. from Nicosia for the issue of a Certioriary Order
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      Supreme Court
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      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:CY:AD:2023:D50
    • Singular person vs. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. and unknown
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      National Court/Tribunal
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      Court of Appeal of Lisbon
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      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
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      Court (Third Chamber)
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      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2023:13
    • Claimants: National Public Prosecutor (Prokurator Generalny), Istebna Municipality (gmina Istebna), “Ordo Iuris” Foundation. Participants: - Polish Ombudsman (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich), Campaign Against Homophobia (Kampania Przeciwko Homofobii), Zbigniew Hołda Association (Stowarzyszenie im. Zbigniewa Hołdy), Signs of Equality Federation (Federacja Znaki Równości)
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      National Court/Tribunal
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      Supreme Administrative Court
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    • DILIA, theatrical, literary, audiovisual agency against the defendant Uloz.to cloud a.s.
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      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
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      Supreme Court
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      Decision
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      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:CZ:NS:2022:23.CDO.1840.2021.3
    • Private person vs. operator of the internet search engine “Google.de”
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Federal Court of Justice
      Typ:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:DE:BGH:2022:030522UVIZR832.20.0

    63 results found

    • Liberte D’expression Dans Les Medias Loi Du 8 Juin 2004 Sur La Liberté D’expression Dans Les Médias
      Land:
      Luxembourg

      Art. 1er. La présente loi vise à assurer la liberté d'expression dans le domaine des médias. Art. 2. Conformément à l'article 10 de la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales, signée à Rome, le 4 novembre 1950 et approuvée par la loi du 29 août 1953, toute restriction ou ingérence en la matière doit être prévue par la loi, poursuivre un but légitime et être nécessaire dans une société démocratique, c'est-à-dire répondre à un besoin social impérieux et être proportionnée au but légitime poursuivi.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
      Land:
      Lithuania

      Article 25. Everyone shall have the right to have his own convictions and freely express them. No one must be hindered from seeking, receiving, or imparting information and ideas. The freedom to express convictions, as well as to receive and impart information, may not be limited otherwise than by law when this is necessary to protect human health, honour or dignity, private life, or morals, or to defend the constitutional order. The freedom to express convictions and to impart information shall be incompatible with criminal actions—incitement to national, racial, religious, or social hatred, incitement to violence or to discrimination, as well as defamation and disinformation. Citizens shall have the right to receive, according to the procedure established by law, any information held about them by state institutions. Article 44. Censorship of mass information shall be prohibited.The State, political parties, political and public organisations, and other institutions or persons may not monopolise the mass media.

    • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
      Land:
      Lithuania

      25 straipsnis. Žmogus turi teisę turėti savo įsitikinimus ir juos laisvai reikšti. Žmogui neturi būti kliudoma ieškoti, gauti ir skleisti informaciją bei idėjas. Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus, gauti ir skleisti informaciją negali būti ribojama kitaip, kaip tik įstatymu, jei tai būtina apsaugoti žmogaus sveikatai, garbei ir orumui, privačiam gyvenimui, dorovei ar ginti konstitucinei santvarkai.Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus ir skleisti informaciją nesuderinama su nusikalstamais veiksmais - tautinės, rasinės, religinės ar socialinės neapykantos, prievartos bei diskriminacijos kurstymu, šmeižtu ir dezinformacija.Pilietis turi teisę įstatymo nustatyta tvarka gauti valstybės įstaigų turimą informaciją apie jį. 44 straipsnis. Masinės informacijos cenzūra draudžiama.Valstybė, politinės partijos, politinės ir visuomeninės organizacijos, kitos institucijos ar asmenys negali monopolizuoti masinės informacijos priemonių.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
      Land:
      Latvia

      100. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression, which includes the right to freely receive, keep and distribute information and to express their views. Censorship is prohibited.

    • Freedom of Information Law
      Land:
      Latvia

      Section 2. (1) The purpose of this Law is to ensure public access to information which is under the control of State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions for the performance of their specified functions as prescribed in regulatory enactments. This Law determines a uniform procedure by which natural and legal persons are entitled to obtain information from State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions (hereinafter - institutions), and to utilise it.(2) This Law applies to documented information which is within the circulation of information of institutions.

    • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
      Land:
      Latvia

      100. Ikvienam ir tiesības uz vārda brīvību, kas ietver tiesības brīvi iegūt, paturēt un izplatīt informāciju, paust savus uzskatus. Cenzūra ir aizliegta. 

    • Constitution of the Italian Republic
      Land:
      Italy

      Art. 21. Anyone has the right to freely express their thoughts in speech, writing, or any other form of communication. The press may not be subjected to any authorisation or censorship. Seizure may be permitted only by judicial order stating the reason and only for offences expressly determined by the law on the press or in case of
      violation of the obligation to identify the persons responsible for such offences. In such cases, when there is absolute urgency and timely intervention of the Judiciary is not possible, a periodical may be confiscated by the criminal police, which shall immediately and in no case later than 24 hours refer the matter to the Judiciary for validation. In default of such validation in the following 24 hours, the measure shall be revoked and considered null and void. The law may introduce general provisions for the disclosure of financial sources of periodical publications. Publications, performances, and other exhibits offensive to public morality shall be prohibited. Measures of preventive and repressive measure against such violations shall be established by law.

    • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
      Land:
      Italy

      Art. 21. Tutti hanno diritto di manifestare liberamente il proprio pensiero con la parola, lo scritto e ogni altro mezzo di diffusione. La stampa non può essere soggetta ad autorizzazioni o censure. Si può procedere a sequestro soltanto per atto motivato dell'autorità giudiziaria nel caso di delitti, per i quali la legge sulla stampa espressamente lo autorizzi, o nel caso di violazione delle norme che la legge stessa prescriva per l'indicazione dei responsabili. In tali casi, quando vi sia assoluta urgenza e non sia possibile il tempestivo intervento dell'autorità giudiziaria, il sequestro della stampa periodica può essere eseguito da ufficiali di polizia giudiziaria, che devono immediatamente, e non mai oltre ventiquattro ore, fare denunzia all'autorità giudiziaria. Se questa non lo convalida nelle ventiquattro ore successive, il sequestro si intende revocato e privo d'ogni effetto. La legge può stabilire, con norme di carattere generale, che siano resi noti i mezzi di finanziamento della stampa periodica. Sono vietate le pubblicazioni a stampa, gli spettacoli e tutte le altre manifestazioni contrarie al buon costume. La legge stabilisce provvedimenti adeguati a prevenire e a reprimere le violazioni.

    • Constitution of Ireland
      Land:
      Ireland

      Article 40.6 1. The State guarantees liberty for the exercise of the following rights, subject to public order and morality: i. The right of the citizens to express freely their convictions and opinions. The education of public opinion being, however, a matter of such grave import to the common good, the state shall endeavour to ensure that organs of public opinion, such as the radio, the press, the cinema, while preserving their rightful
      liberty of expression, including criticism
      of Government policy, shall not be used
      to undermine public order or morality or
      the authority of the state.

    • Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003
      Land:
      Ireland
    • Magyarország Alaptörvénye
      Land:
      Hungary

       IX. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Mindenkinek joga van a véleménynyilvánítás szabadságához.
      (2) Magyarország elismeri és védi a sajtó szabadságát és sokszínűségét, biztosítja a demokratikus közvélemény kialakulásához szükséges szabad tájékoztatás feltételeit.
      (3) A demokratikus közvélemény kialakulásához választási kampányidőszakban szükséges megfelelő tájékoztatás érdekében politikai reklám médiaszolgáltatásban kizárólag ellenérték nélkül, az esélyegyenlőséget biztosító, sarkalatos törvényben meghatározott feltételek mellett közölhető.
      (4) A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának a gyakorlása nem irányulhat mások emberi méltóságának a megsértésére.
      (5) A véleménynyilvánítás szabadságának a gyakorlása nem irányulhat a magyar nemzet, a nemzeti, etnikai, faji vagy vallási közösségek méltóságának a megsértésére. Az ilyen közösséghez tartozó személyek – törvényben meghatározottak szerint – jogosultak a közösséget sértő véleménynyilvánítás ellen, emberi méltóságuk megsértése miatt igényeiket bíróság előtt érvényesíteni.
      (6) A sajtószabadságra, valamint a médiaszolgáltatások, a sajtótermékek és a hírközlési piac felügyeletét ellátó szervre vonatkozó részletes szabályokat sarkalatos törvény határozza meg.

    • The Fundamental Law of Hungary
      Land:
      Hungary

       Article IX (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of expression.
      (2) Hungary shall recognise and protect the freedom and diversity of the press, and shall ensure the conditions for the free dissemination of information necessary for the formation of
      democratic public opinion.
      (3) In the interest of the appropriate provision of information as necessary during the electoral campaign period for the formation of democratic public opinion, political advertisements may only be published in media services free of charge, under conditions guaranteeing equal opportunities, laid down in a cardinal Act.
      (4) The right to freedom of expression may not be exercised with the aim of violating the human
      dignity of others.
      (5) The right to freedom of expression may not be exercised with the aim of violating the dignity of the Hungarian nation or of any national, ethnic, racial or religious community. Persons belonging to such communities shall be entitled to enforce their claims in court against the expression of an opinion which violates the community, invoking the violation of their human dignity, as provided for by an Act.
      (6) The detailed rules relating to the freedom of the press and the organ supervising media
      services, press products and the communications market shall be laid down in a cardinal Act.

    • Constitution of the Hellenic Republic
      Land:
      Greece

      Article 5 (1). All persons shall have the right to develop freely their personality and to participate in the social, economic and political life of the country, insofar as they do not infringe the rights of others or violate the Constitution and the good usages. (2). All persons living within the Greek territory
      shall enjoy full protection of their life, honour
      and liberty irrespective of nationality, race
      or language and of religious or political beliefs. Exceptions shall be permitted only in cases provided by international law. The extradition of aliens prosecuted for their
      action as freedom-fighters shall be prohibited. (3). Personal liberty is inviolable. No one shall be prosecuted, arrested, imprisoned or otherwise confined except when and as the law provides.[..]; Article 14 (1). Every person may express and propagate his thoughts orally, in writing and through the
      press in compliance with the laws of the State. (2). The press is free. Censorship and all other preventive measures are prohibited. (3). The seizure of newspapers and other
      publications before or after circulation is prohibited. Seizure by order of the public prosecutor shall be allowed exceptionally after circulation and in case of: a) an offence against the Christian or any other known religion, b) an insult against the person of the President of the Republic, c) a publication which discloses information on the composition, equipment and set-up of the armed forces or the fortifications of the country, or which aims at the violent overthrow of the regime or is directed against the territorial integrity of the State, d) an obscene publication which is obviously offensive to public decency, in the cases stipulated by law. [...] Article 15 (1). The protective provisions for the press in
      the preceding article shall not be applicable to films, sound recordings, radio, television or any other similar medium for the transmission of speech or images. (2). Radio and television shall be under the direct control of the State. The control and imposition of administrative sanctions belong to the exclusive competence of the National Radio and Television Council, which is an independent authority, as specified by law. The direct control of the State, which may also assume the form of a prior permission status, shall aim at the objective and on equal terms transmission of information and news reports, as well as of works of literature and art, at ensuring the quality level of programs mandated by the social mission of radio and television and by the cultural development of the Country, as well as at the respect of the value of the human being and the protection of childhood and youth. [...]

    • Το Σύντγμα της Ελλάδος
      Land:
      Greece

      Άρθρο 5 (1). Kαθένας έχει δικαίωμα να αναπτύσσει ελεύθερα την πρoσωπικότητά τoυ και να συμμετέχει στην κoινωνική, oικoνoμική και πoλιτική ζωή της Xώρας, εφόσoν δεν πρoσβάλλει τα δικαιώματα των άλλων και δεν παραβιάζει τo Σύνταγμα ή τα χρηστά ήθη. (2). Όλoι όσoι βρίσκoνται στην Eλληνική Eπικράτεια απoλαμβάνoυν την απόλυτη πρoστασία της ζωής, της τιμής και της ελευθερίας τoυς, χωρίς διάκριση εθνικότητας, φυλής, γλώσσας και θρησκευτικών ή πoλιτικών πεπoιθήσεων. Eξαιρέσεις επιτρέπoνται στις περιπτώσεις πoυ πρoβλέπει τo διεθνές δίκαιo. Aπαγoρεύεται η έκδoση αλλoδαπoύ πoυ διώκεται για τη δράση τoυ υπέρ της ελευθερίας. (3). H πρoσωπική ελευθερία είναι απαραβίαστη. Kανένας δεν καταδιώκεται oύτε συλλαμβάνεται oύτε φυλακίζεται oύτε με oπoιoνδήπoτε άλλo τρόπo περιoρίζεται, παρά μόνo όταν και όπως oρίζει o νόμoς. [...] Άρθρο 14 (1). Kαθένας μπoρεί να εκφράζει και να διαδίδει πρoφoρικά, γραπτά και δια τoυ τύπoυ τoυς στoχασμoύς τoυ τηρώντας τoυς νόμoυς τoυ Kράτoυς. (2). O τύπoς είναι ελεύθερoς. H λoγoκρισία και κάθε άλλo πρoληπτικό μέτρo απαγoρεύoνται. (3). H κατάσχεση εφημερίδων και άλλων εντύπων, είτε πριν από την κυκλoφoρία είτε ύστερα από αυτή, απαγoρεύεται. Kατ’ εξαίρεση επιτρέπεται η κατάσχεση, με παραγγελία τoυ εισαγγελέα, μετά την κυκλoφoρία: α) για πρoσβoλή της χριστιανικής και κάθε άλλης γνωστής θρησκείας, β) για πρoσβoλή τoυ πρoσώπoυ τoυ Πρoέδρoυ της Δημoκρατίας, γ) για δημoσίευμα πoυ απoκαλύπτει πληρoφoρίες για τη σύνθεση, τoν εξoπλισμό και τη διάταξη των ενόπλων δυνάμεων ή την oχύρωση της Xώρας ή πoυ έχει σκoπό τη βίαιη ανατρoπή τoυ πoλιτεύματoς ή στρέφεται κατά της εδαφικής ακεραιότητας τoυ Kράτoυς, δ) για άσεμνα δημoσιεύματα πoυ πρoσβάλλoυν oλoφάνερα τη δημόσια αιδώ, στις περιπτώσεις πoυ oρίζει o νόμoς. [...] Άρθρο 15 (1). Oι πρoστατευτικές για τoν τύπo διατάξεις τoυ πρoηγoύμενoυ άρθρoυ δεν εφαρμόζoνται στoν κινηματoγράφo, τη φωνoγραφία, τη ραδιoφωνία, την τηλεόραση και κάθε άλλo παρεμφερές μέσo μετάδoσης λόγoυ ή παράστασης. (2). Η ραδιοφωνία και η τηλεόραση υπάγονται στον άμεσο έλεγχο του Κράτους. Ο έλεγχος και η επιβολή των διοικητικών κυρώσεων υπάγονται στην αποκλειστική αρμοδιότητα του Εθνικού Συμβουλίου Ραδιοτηλεόρασης που είναι ανεξάρτητη αρχή, όπως νόμος ορίζει. Ο άμεσος έλεγχος του Κράτους, που λαμβάνει και τη μορφή του καθεστώτος της προηγούμενης άδειας, έχει ως σκοπό την αντικειμενική και με ίσους όρους μετάδοση πληροφοριών και ειδήσεων, καθώς και προϊόντων του λόγου και της τέχνης, την εξασφάλιση της ποιοτικής στάθμης των προγραμμάτων που επιβάλλει η κοινωνική αποστολή της ραδιοφωνίας και της τηλεόρασης και η πολιτιστική ανάπτυξη της Χώρας, καθώς και το σεβασμό της αξίας του ανθρώπου και την προστασία της παιδικής ηλικίας και της νεότητας.[..]

    • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
      Land:
      Germany

      Article 5 (1) Every person shall have the right freely to express and disseminate his opinions in speech, writing and pictures, and to inform himself without hindrance from generally accessible sources. Freedom of the press and freedom of reporting by means of broadcasts and films shall be guaranteed. There shall be no censorship. (2) These rights shall find their limits in the provisions of general laws, in provisions for the protection of young persons, and in the right to personal honour. (...) Article 17a (1) Laws regarding military and alternative service may provide that the basic right of members of the Armed Forces and of alternative service freely to express and disseminate their opinions in speech, writing and pictures (first clause of paragraph (1) of Article 5), the basic right of assembly (Article 8), and the right of petition (Article 17) insofar as it permits the submission of requests or complaints jointly with others, be restricted during their period of military or alternative service. (...)

    • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
      Land:
      Germany

      Artikel 5 (1) Jeder hat das Recht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten und sich aus allgemein zugänglichen Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten. Die Pressefreiheit und die Freiheit der Berichterstattung durch Rundfunk und Film werden gewährleistet. Eine Zensur findet nicht statt. (2) Diese Rechte finden ihre Schranken in den Vorschriften der allgemeinen Gesetze, den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum Schutze der Jugend und in dem Recht der persönlichen Ehre. (...) Artikel 17a (1) Gesetze über Wehrdienst und Ersatzdienst können bestimmen, daß für die Angehörigen der Streitkräfte und des Ersatzdienstes während der Zeit des Wehr- oder Ersatzdienstes das Grundrecht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten (Artikel 5 Abs. 1 Satz 1 erster Halbsatz), das Grundrecht der Versammlungsfreiheit (Artikel 8) und das Petitionsrecht (Artikel 17), soweit es das Recht gewährt, Bitten oder Beschwerden in Gemeinschaft mit anderen vorzubringen, eingeschränkt werden. (...)

    • Constitution
      Land:
      France

      Article 4Les partis et groupements politiques concourent à l'expression du suffrage. Ils se forment et exercent leur activité librement. Ils doivent respecter les principes de la souveraineté nationale et de la démocratie. Ils contribuent à la mise en oeuvre du principe énoncé au second alinéa de l'article 1er dans les conditions déterminées par la loi. La loi garantit les expressions pluralistes des opinions et la participation équitable des partis et groupements politiques à la vie démocratique de la Nation.

    • Constitution
      Land:
      France

      Article 4Political parties and groups shall contribute to the exercise of suffrage. They shall be formed and carry on their activities freely. They shall respect the principles of national sovereignty and democracy.They shall contribute to the implementation of the principle set out in the second paragraph of article 1 as provided for by statute. Statutes shall guarantee the expression of diverse opinions and the equitable participation of political parties and groups in the democratic life of the Nation.

    • Freedom of Communication Act No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986
      Land:
      France

      Article 1 Audio-visual communication is free.The exercise of this freedom may be limited only, to the extent required, on the one hand, for the respect of human dignity, freedom and property of other people, the pluralistic nature of the expression of ideas and opinions and, on the other hand, for the safeguarding of law and order, for national defence, public service reasons, for technical reasons inherent to the means of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry.The Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, an independent authority, guarantees the exercise this freedom in accordance with the terms provided for in this Act.It ensures equality of treatment; it guarantees the independence and impartiality of the public radio and television broadcasting sector. It sees to the promotion of the free competition and the creation of non-discriminatory relations between producers and service distributors; it sees to the quality and diversity of programmes, the development of the national audio-visual production and creation as well as to the defence and illustration of the French language and culture. It may put forward proposals to improve the quality of programmes.It may send to the producers and distributors of audio-visual communication services recommendations relating to compliance with the principles set forth in this Act. Said recommendations shall be published in the Official Journal of the French Republic.

    • Loi n°86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication
      Land:
      France

      Article 1 La communication au public par voie électronique est libre. L'exercice de cette liberté ne peut être limité que dans la mesure requise, d'une part, par le respect de la dignité de la personne humaine, de la liberté et de la propriété d'autrui, du caractère pluraliste de l'expression des courants de pensée et d'opinion et, d'autre part, par la protection de l'enfance et de l'adolescence, par la sauvegarde de l'ordre public, par les besoins de la défense nationale, par les exigences de service public, par les contraintes techniques inhérentes aux moyens de communication, ainsi que par la nécessité, pour les services audiovisuels, de développer la production audiovisuelle. Les services audiovisuels comprennent les services de communication audiovisuelle telle que définie à l'article 2 ainsi que l'ensemble des services mettant à disposition du public ou d'une catégorie de public des oeuvres audiovisuelles, cinématographiques ou sonores, quelles que soient les modalités techniques de cette mise à disposition.

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    • Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)

      Article 34: Risk assessment

      1. Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall diligently identify, analyse and assess any systemic risks in the Union stemming from the design or functioning of their service and its related systems, including algorithmic systems, or from the use made of their services.

      They shall carry out the risk assessments by the date of application referred to in Article 33(6), second subparagraph, and at least once every year thereafter, and in any event prior to deploying functionalities that are likely to have a critical impact on the risks identified pursuant to this Article. This risk assessment shall be specific to their services and proportionate to the systemic risks, taking into consideration their severity and probability, and shall include the following systemic risks:

      [...]

      (b) any actual or foreseeable negative effects for the exercise of fundamental rights, in particular the fundamental rights to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Charter, to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 7 of the Charter, to the protection of personal data enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter, to freedom of expression and information, including the freedom and pluralism of the media, enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter, to non-discrimination enshrined in Article 21 of the Charter, to respect for the rights of the child enshrined in Article 24 of the Charter and to a high-level of consumer protection enshrined in Article 38 of the Charter;

    • Council of the European Union: EU Human Rights Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline

      ‘14. The right to freedom of expression includes freedom to seek and receive information. It is a key component of democratic governance as the promotion of participatory decision-making processes is unattainable without adequate access to information. For example the exposure of human rights violations may, in some circumstances, be assisted by the disclosure of information held by State entities. Ensuring access to information can serve to promote justice and reparation, in particular after periods of grave violations of human rights. The UN Human Rights Council has emphasized that the public and individuals are entitled to have access, to the fullest extent practicable, to information regarding the actions and decision-making processes of their Government‘
      ‘15. Every individual should have the right to ascertain in an intelligible form, whether, and if so what, personal data is held and stored about them and for what purposes. Every individual should also be able to ascertain which public authorities or private individuals or bodies control or may take decisions affecting the processing of his or her personal data kept in electronic or manual files. If such files contain incorrect personal data or data that have been collected or processed contrary to the provisions of the law, every individual should have the right to have his or her records rectified and in certain circumstances erased. States should make every effort to ensure easy, prompt, effective and practical access to such information. It is recognised that it can be relevant to consider data protection in the context of freedom of expression.‘
      ‘16.The Internet and digital technologies have expanded the possibilities of individuals and media to exercise the right to freedom of expression and freely access online information. Any restriction that prevents the flow of information offline or online must be in line with permissible limitations as set out in international human rights law.‘

    • Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communicati...

      Article 3 - Safeguarding of open internet access
      ‘1. End-users shall have the right to access and distribute information and content, use and provide applications and services, and use terminal equipment of their choice, irrespective of the end-user’s or provider’s location or the location, origin or destination of the information, content, application or service, via their internet access service.
      This paragraph is without prejudice to Union law, or national law that complies with Union law, related to the lawfulness of the content, applications or services.‘
      ‘3. Providers of internet access services shall not engage in traffic management measures going beyond those set out in the second subparagraph, and in particular shall not block, slow down, alter, restrict, interfere with, degrade or discriminate between specific content, applications or services, or specific categories thereof, except as necessary, and only for as long as necessary, in order to:
      (a) comply with Union legislative acts, or national legislation that complies with Union law, to which the provider of internet access services is subject, or with measures that comply with Union law giving effect to such Union legislative acts or national legislation, including with orders by courts or public authorities vested with relevant powers;
      (b) preserve the integrity and security of the network, of services provided via that network, and of the terminal equipment of end-users;
      (c) prevent impending network congestion and mitigate the effects of exceptional or temporary network congestion, provided that equivalent categories of traffic are treated equally.‘

    • Regulation (EU) 2017/1128 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on cross-border portability of online content services in the internal market

      Article 1 - Subject matter and scope
      ‘1. This Regulation introduces a common approach in the Union to the cross-border portability of online content services, by ensuring that subscribers to portable online content services which are lawfully provided in their Member State of residence can access and use those services when temporarily present in a Member State other than their Member State of residence.‘
      Article 3 - Obligation to enable cross-border portability of online content services
      ‘1. The provider of an online content service provided against payment of money shall enable a subscriber who is temporarily present in a Member State to access and use the online content service in the same manner as in the Member State of residence, including by providing access to the same content, on the same range and number of devices, for the same number of users and with the same range of functionalities.‘

    • Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions on tackling illegal content online

      ‘2. [...] The guidelines and principles set out in this Communication therefore do not only target the detection and removal of illegal content; they also seek to address concerns in relation to removal of legal content, sometimes called ‘over-removal’, which in turn impacts freedom of expression and media pluralism. Adequate safeguards should therefore be foreseen, and adapted to the specific type of illegal content concerned.‘
      ‘4.2.1 Online platforms should disclose their detailed content policies in their terms of service and clearly communicate this to their users. These terms should not only define the policy for removing or disabling access to content, but also spell out the safeguards that ensure that content-related measures do not lead to over-removal. In particular, online platforms' terms of service should clearly spell out any possibility for the users to contest removal decisions as part of an enhanced transparency of the platforms' general removal policies. This should help reduce the potential negative effect on the users' fundamental right to freedom of expression and information‘