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Work on rights
Rechtspraak, rechten van slachtoffers en justitiële samenwerking
Slachtofferrechten
Rechten van de verdachte
Civiel recht
Justitiële samenwerking en rechtsstaat
Beveiliging
Bedrijfsleven en mensenrechten
Gelijkheid, non-discriminatie en racisme
Kinderen, jongeren en ouderen
Mensen met een handicap
Haatmisdrijf
Ras en etnische afstamming
Godsdienst en overtuiging
Roma
Geslacht, seksuele geaardheid en gender
Asiel, migratie en grenzen
Toegang tot asiel
Grenzen en informatiesystemen
Kinderbescherming
Irreguliere migratie, terugkeer en immigratiedetentie
Legale migratie en integratie
Mensenhandel en arbeidsuitbuiting
Gegevensbescherming, privacy en nieuwe technologieën
Kunstmatige intelligentie en big data
Grenzen en informatiesystemen
Gegevensbescherming
Onrechtmatige profilering
Steun voor mensenrechtensystemen en mensenrechtenverdedigers
Handvest van de grondrechten van de EU
Intergouvernementele mensenrechtensystemen
Nationale mensenrechtensystemen en -organen
Maatschappelijk middenveld
Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
Wat zijn grondrechten?
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
Preambule
Titel I: Waardigheid
1 - De menselijke waardigheid
2 - Het recht op leven
3 - Het recht op menselijke integriteit
4 - Het verbod van folteringen en van onmenselijke of vernederende behandelingen of bestraffingen
5 - Het verbod van slavernij en dwangarbeid
Titel II: Vrijheden
6 - Het recht op vrijheid en veiligheid
7 - De eerbiediging van het privé-leven en van het familie
8 - De bescherming van persoonsgegevens
9 - Het recht te huwen en het recht een gezin te stichten
10 - De vrijheid van gedachte, geweten en godsdienst
11 - De vrijheid van meningsuiting en van informatie
12 - De vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging
13 - De vrijheid van kunsten en wetenschappen
14 - Het recht op onderwijs
15 - De vrijheid van beroep en het recht te werken
16 - De vrijheid van ondernemerschap
17 - Het recht op eigendom
18 - Het recht op asiel
19 - Bescherming bij verwijdering, uitzetting en uitlevering
Titel III: Gelijkheid
20 - Gelijkheid voor de wet
21 - Non-discriminatie
22 - Verscheidenheid van cultuur, godsdienst en taal
23 - De gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen
24 - De rechten van het kind
25 - De rechten van ouderen
26 - De integratie van personen met een handicap
Titel IV: Solidariteit
27 - Het recht op informatie en raadpleging van de werknemers binnen de onderneming
28 - Het recht op collectieve onderhandelingen en op collectieve actie
29 - Het recht op toegang tot arbeidsbemiddeling
30 - Bescherming bij kennelijk onredelijk ontslag
31 - Rechtvaardige en billijke arbeidsomstandigheden en -voorwaarden
32 - Het verbod van kinderarbeid en de bescherming van jongeren op het werk
33 - Het beroeps
34 - Sociale zekerheid en sociale bijstand
35 - De gezondheidszorg
36 - De toegang tot diensten van algemeen economisch belang
37 - Milieubescherming
38 - Consumentenbescherming
Titel V: Burgerschap
39 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de verkiezingen voor het Europees Parlement
40 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen
41 - Recht op behoorlijk bestuur
42 - Recht van inzage in documenten
43 - Europees Ombudsman
44 - Recht van petitie
45 - Vrijheid van verkeer en van verblijf
46 - Diplomatieke en consulaire bescherming
Titel VI: Rechtspleging
47 - Recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte en op een onpartijdig gerecht
48 - Vermoeden van onschuld en rechten van de verdediging
49 - Legaliteitsbeginsel en evenredigheidsbeginsel inzake delicten en straffen
50 - Recht om niet tweemaal in een strafrechtelijke procedure voor hetzelfde delict te worden berecht of gestraft
Titel VII: Algemene bepalingen
51 - Toepassingsgebied
52 - Reikwijdte en uitlegging van de gewaarborgde rechten en beginselen
53 - Beschermingsniveau
54 - Verbod van misbruik van recht
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Work on rights
Rechtspraak, rechten van slachtoffers en justitiële samenwerking
Slachtofferrechten
Rechten van de verdachte
Civiel recht
Justitiële samenwerking en rechtsstaat
Beveiliging
Bedrijfsleven en mensenrechten
Gelijkheid, non-discriminatie en racisme
Kinderen, jongeren en ouderen
Mensen met een handicap
Haatmisdrijf
Ras en etnische afstamming
Godsdienst en overtuiging
Roma
Geslacht, seksuele geaardheid en gender
Asiel, migratie en grenzen
Toegang tot asiel
Grenzen en informatiesystemen
Kinderbescherming
Irreguliere migratie, terugkeer en immigratiedetentie
Legale migratie en integratie
Mensenhandel en arbeidsuitbuiting
Gegevensbescherming, privacy en nieuwe technologieën
Kunstmatige intelligentie en big data
Grenzen en informatiesystemen
Gegevensbescherming
Onrechtmatige profilering
Steun voor mensenrechtensystemen en mensenrechtenverdedigers
Handvest van de grondrechten van de EU
Intergouvernementele mensenrechtensystemen
Nationale mensenrechtensystemen en -organen
Maatschappelijk middenveld
Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
Wat zijn grondrechten?
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
Preambule
Titel I: Waardigheid
1 -
De menselijke waardigheid
2 -
Het recht op leven
3 -
Het recht op menselijke integriteit
4 -
Het verbod van folteringen en van onmenselijke of vernederende behandelingen of bestraffingen
5 -
Het verbod van slavernij en dwangarbeid
Titel II: Vrijheden
6 -
Het recht op vrijheid en veiligheid
7 -
De eerbiediging van het privé-leven en van het familie
8 -
De bescherming van persoonsgegevens
9 -
Het recht te huwen en het recht een gezin te stichten
10 -
De vrijheid van gedachte, geweten en godsdienst
11 -
De vrijheid van meningsuiting en van informatie
12 -
De vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging
13 -
De vrijheid van kunsten en wetenschappen
14 -
Het recht op onderwijs
15 -
De vrijheid van beroep en het recht te werken
16 -
De vrijheid van ondernemerschap
17 -
Het recht op eigendom
18 -
Het recht op asiel
19 -
Bescherming bij verwijdering, uitzetting en uitlevering
Titel III: Gelijkheid
20 -
Gelijkheid voor de wet
21 -
Non-discriminatie
22 -
Verscheidenheid van cultuur, godsdienst en taal
23 -
De gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen
24 -
De rechten van het kind
25 -
De rechten van ouderen
26 -
De integratie van personen met een handicap
Titel IV: Solidariteit
27 -
Het recht op informatie en raadpleging van de werknemers binnen de onderneming
28 -
Het recht op collectieve onderhandelingen en op collectieve actie
29 -
Het recht op toegang tot arbeidsbemiddeling
30 -
Bescherming bij kennelijk onredelijk ontslag
31 -
Rechtvaardige en billijke arbeidsomstandigheden en -voorwaarden
32 -
Het verbod van kinderarbeid en de bescherming van jongeren op het werk
33 -
Het beroeps
34 -
Sociale zekerheid en sociale bijstand
35 -
De gezondheidszorg
36 -
De toegang tot diensten van algemeen economisch belang
37 -
Milieubescherming
38 -
Consumentenbescherming
Titel V: Burgerschap
39 -
Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de verkiezingen voor het Europees Parlement
40 -
Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen
41 -
Recht op behoorlijk bestuur
42 -
Recht van inzage in documenten
43 -
Europees Ombudsman
44 -
Recht van petitie
45 -
Vrijheid van verkeer en van verblijf
46 -
Diplomatieke en consulaire bescherming
Titel VI: Rechtspleging
47 -
Recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte en op een onpartijdig gerecht
48 -
Vermoeden van onschuld en rechten van de verdediging
49 -
Legaliteitsbeginsel en evenredigheidsbeginsel inzake delicten en straffen
50 -
Recht om niet tweemaal in een strafrechtelijke procedure voor hetzelfde delict te worden berecht of gestraft
Titel VII: Algemene bepalingen
51 -
Toepassingsgebied
52 -
Reikwijdte en uitlegging van de gewaarborgde rechten en beginselen
53 -
Beschermingsniveau
54 -
Verbod van misbruik van recht
Tools
Tools
EU Fundamental Rights Information System - EFRIS
Criminal detention database
Anti-Muslim hatred database
Case-law database
Charterpedia
FRA e-learning platform
Data visualisation
Equality data collection: promising practices
Fighting hate crime: promising practices
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Work On Rights
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Children, youth and older people
Fundamental rights of older people: ensuring access to public services in digital societies
13
September
2023
Fundamental rights of older people: ensuring access to public services in digital societies
Children, youth and older people
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Europe’s ageing population is ever-increasing, and our societies are becoming more digitalised. Many public services are now available online, with many more services in the process of being digitalised. But the digitalisation of public services poses a risk of exclusion for older persons. In this new report, FRA explores the impact of digitalisation on the fundamental rights of older persons. The report maps the current legislation, policies and practices fostering digital inclusion. It provides an overview of the laws at the national level that provide for equal access to public services, both online and offline. The findings show how Member States safeguard older person’s rights to access services undergoing digitalisation. It outlines how Member States can support digital skills and ensure older people can fully participate in public life.
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Abbreviations
Key findings
Introduction
Why is this report needed?
Legal and policy context
Research methodology and definition of ‘older persons’
Structure of the report
1. Ageing and digital societies: leaving no one behind
1.1 Ageing societies: the demographic change and its consequences
1.1.1 Increasing share of older persons
1.1.2 Drivers of population ageing
1.1.3 Consequences of population ageing
1.2 Digital societies
1.2.1 Social and digital inequalities
1.2.2 Digital divide(s)
1.3 The grey digital divide in equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation
1.3.1 The divide in the ‘grey divide’ and the impact of education
1.3.2 Access of older persons to the internet and preferred devices
1.3.3 Internet use by older persons
1.3.4 Older persons’ digital skills
1.3.5 General and health-related digital activities of older persons
1.3.6 Older persons’ use of digital public services
2. Legal and policy instruments at EU and international levels
2.1 Legal framework
2.1.1 European Union legal framework
2.1.2 Council of Europe legal framework
2.1.3 International legal framework
2.2 Policy framework
2.2.1 European Union policy framework
2.2.2 Council of Europe policy framework
2.2.3 International policy framework
3. Legal and policy instruments at national level
3.1 National laws regulating equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation
3.1.1 Approach 1: E-government law guarantees equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation
3.1.2 Approach 2: Sectoral law guarantees equal access to particular public services that are undergoing digitalisation
3.2 Laws addressing certain groups’ particular risks of digital exclusion
3.2.1 Addressing age-based digital exclusion in law
3.2.2 Addressing disability-based digital exclusion in law
3.3 Complaint mechanisms and systematic monitoring concerning equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation
3.4 National policy frameworks on digitalising public services
3.4.1 Explicit mention of equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation in national policies and strategies
3.4.2 Explicit recognition of non-discrimination in national policies and strategies
3.4.3 Retaining offline public service options in policy documents
3.4.4 Recognising groups at risk of digital exclusion in policy
3.5 Financial resources for the implementation of national policies addressing digitalisation
4. Targeted individual and structural measures to promote older persons’ equal access to public services that are undergoing digitalisation
4.1 First-level digital divide: closing the gap by increasing affordability
4.2 Second-level digital divide: enabling users through training
4.2.1 Addressing digital exclusion of older persons by implementing digital inclusion measures
4.2.2 Promoting digital literacy across the life cycle
4.2.3 Providing targeted offline and digital support services
4.2.4 Providing targeted digital support services
4.2.5 Fostering inclusive and user-centred service design through co-creation, co-design and participatory design
4.3 Third-level digital divide: empowering users
5. Ways forward: anchoring equal access to public services and non-discrimination in national law, policies and measures
5.1 Taking a fundamental rights perspective on ageing
5.2 Combatting ageism through the participation of older persons of all ages
5.3 Reaching out and motivating people of all ages to achieve basic digital skills
5.4 Monitoring digital decade targets for all ages through inclusive data collection
5.5 Preparing for the future of an ageing and digitalising Europe
Annex 1: Glossary
About this publication
Annex 1: Glossary
For the purposes of this report, the following definitions of terms apply.
Digital divide
The digital divide means that internet access has benefits and lack of access has negative consequences. The concept stems from a comparative perspective on social inequality.
Digital inclusion
Digital inclusion is a policy approach that promotes equal access to digital technologies that individuals need in order to participate in everyday social and economic life. It is an EU-wide effort aiming to empower everyone to contribute to and benefit from the digital world.
[
252
]
European Commission (n.d.), ‘
Digital Inclusion
’.
Digital inequality
Digital inequality refers to the disadvantages some groups face in accessing the internet and the ability to participate in a digital society. It has been described as a “unique status quo where groups differing in characteristics such as socioeconomic background, age and gender are disadvantaged in terms of access, knowledge, competency, and costs with respect to digital resources.”
[
253
]
Imran, A. (2023). ‘Why addressing digital inequality should be a priority’,
Electronic Journal of Information Systems in Developing Countries
, Vol. 89, No. 3, e12255.
The impact of digital inequality can be widespread. It can exacerbate existing inequalities including education, health and life expectancy. Some suggest that the true extent of the impact of digital inequality is difficult to predict as digital technology advances; “As economic and social divides are synergistic, we have to accept that as long as such divides persist, the digital divide cannot be bridged.”
[
254
]
Ibid
.
Digital literacy
Digital literacy is based on individuals’ capacity to search for, find, evaluate, create and communicate information digitally. The concept hence involves specific digital skills and competences, and general awareness of digitalisation.
[
255
]
Bawden, D. (2008), ‘Origins and concepts of digital literacy’ in: Lankshear, C. and Knobel, M. (eds.),
Digital literacies: Concepts, policies and practices
, Bern, Peter Lang Publishing, pp.
17–32.
Digital poverty
Digital poverty is the inability to access the online world when and how people need to.
[
256
]
See the
Digital Poverty Alliance website
.
Digitalisation
Digitalisation is the ongoing integration of digital technologies and digitised data. This report uses the terms digitalised public services and public services undergoing digitalisation, as the extent of digitalisation of key services varies widely across the EU. Therefore, this report refers to all public services, including those services that are not digital, and those that are in the process but are not yet fully digitalised, as well as fully digitalised public services, reflecting the various stages of digitalisation across Member States.
Digitalisation is an ongoing process; even if all services become available online, technology and skill needs will also continue to evolve.
The digitalisation of public services is one of the four cardinal points of the Digital Decade policy programme. The target is for 100
% of key public services to be digitalised by 2030.
E-government
E-government is a technology-enabled transformation of government. It aims to reduce costs, promote economic development, increase transparency, improve service delivery and public administration, and facilitate the advancement of an information society.
Electronic health record
The electronic health record is a system that gives citizens secure access to a comprehensive electronic record of their health data anywhere in the EU. Citizens should remain in control of their health data and be able to share them securely with authorised parties for medical treatment, preventive services, research or any other purpose they deem appropriate. This should be irrespective of where the data are located and in line with data protection legislation. Unauthorised access should be prevented.
Equal access to public services
Equal access means everyone having full access to public services provided by the local, regional or national administration, online and offline. Examples
include
pension services, health services and services related to social benefits.
European Digital Decade
The European Digital Decade is a policy programme that presents the objectives, targets and annual monitoring mechanism for measuring the progress (the DESI) of the European Commission’s vision for a digitally transformed Europe by 2030. The Commission proposed the programme in its communication ‘2030 digital compass: The European way for the digital decade’ of 9
March 2021. The European Declaration on Digital Rights and Principles for the Digital Decade was adopted on 15
December 2022 to ensure that European values are reflected in the digital transition process.
Intersectionality
Intersectionality is described as
“a concept and theoretical framework that facilitate[s] recognition of the complex ways in which social identities overlap and, in negative scenarios, can create compounding experiences of discrimination”.
[
257
]
UN Network on Racial Discrimination and Protection of Minorities (2022),
Guidance
note on intersectionality, racial discrimination and protection of minorities
, 22 September 2022, p.
3.
For example, older persons’ enjoyment of their fundamental rights is therefore influenced by not only their age but a complex interaction of their social identities and experiences. These may combine to affect their ability to thrive in digitalising societies.
Life course approach/perspective
The life course approach is when researchers or policymakers focus on structural, social and cultural contexts across a person’s life span. The life course is hence understood as a socially constructed and dynamic process that interrelates with individual life trajectories.
[
258
]
Elder, G. H. (1994), ‘
Time, human agency, and social change: Perspectives on the life course
’,
Social Psychology Quarterly
, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 4–15.
Older persons, elderly persons and other age groups
Older persons, sometimes called elderly persons, are an open-ended age group; the minimum age is often 65
years. This aligns with the most widely used maximum working age: 64
years. This report uses the age of 65
years, because many people are no longer in employment at this age and therefore have less access to training, devices and internet through their workplaces.
However, policies, statistics and research often use different age groups for different purposes. For example, Eurostat data often allow breakdowns for 55 to 64
years, 65 to
74
years and 55 to 74
years. No data about people aged 75
years and older are available. See the text in the box on
Definition of ‘older persons’
in Chapter
1
Ageing and digital societies: leaving no one behind
.
Public administration
Public administration refers to all organisations of the executive authority at central, regional and local levels involved in the design, regulation or enforcement of public policies. Its role is to ensure access to high-quality public services. In the context of the digital transformation of public services, it is responsible for ensuring that all citizens have public services close at hand, and equal and easy access to them.
Public services
Public services are all interactions between the government and citizens, businesses and other service users, where some kind of exchange of information or funds takes place. For example, registering, licensing, applying and paying are considered public services. The most visible public services concern health, education, the police and welfare.
[
259
]
European Commission, Directorate-General for Employment, Social Affairs and Inclusion (2017),
Quality of public administration: A toolbox for practitioners
, 2017 edition
, Luxembourg, Publications Office.
Services need to ensure equality or universality by being available to all under the same conditions.
Social inequality
Social inequality is described as unequal access to, or allocation of, goods or resources in a society. It can result in disparities between different groups and/or individuals in a society and their wealth, power or privilege.
5. Ways forward: anchoring equal access to public services and non-discrimination in national law, policies and measures
About this publication
Country Research
13 September 2023
Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Country research
Children, youth and older people
Data protection, privacy and new technologies
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
These documents were commissioned under contract as background material for comparative analysis for the project ‘Ageing in digital societies: enablers and
barriers to older persons exercising their social rights‘. The information and views contained in the documents do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of FRA. The documents are made publicly available for transparency and information purposes only and do not constitute legal advice or legal opinion.
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Country research - Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Serbia
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13 September 2023
Country research - Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Slovakia
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13 September 2023
Country research - Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Slovenia
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13 September 2023
Country research - Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Spain
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Country research - Ageing in digital societies: enablers and barriers to older persons exercising their social rights - Sweden
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Coronavirus pandemic in the EU - Fundamental Rights Implications: Vaccine rollout and equality of access in the EU - Bulletin 7
This Coronavirus Bulletin focuses on equitable access to vaccines. It outlines the situation in the 27 EU Member States from 1 March to 30 April 2021. The bulletin looks at two main areas: planning and prioritisation in deploying Covid-19 vaccinations and their rollout in the countries. It covers information and communication campaigns, as well as (pre)registration channels for and the administration of vaccinations.
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Fundamental Rights Report
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Finnish version now available
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European societies are not getting any younger! It is a simple truth we must face both about ourselves and Europe as a whole. In two generations, by 2080, those aged 65 or above will account for almost 30% of the European Union’s population.