Bayer, J., Bárd, P., European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2020), Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches, Brussels
Country
Hungary
Title
Year
Type of publication
Geographical coverage
EU comparative
Area/location of interest
Type of Institution
Public authority
Institution
Main Thematic Focus
Hate speech
Target Population
Ethnic minorities
Key findings
The cross-country comparison incorporates the study of Hungary as well. Systematic soft and hard law measures are discussed in the report. The research in relation to Hungary found that „xenophobic, anti- migrant and anti-refugee state sponsored campaigns” were launched and used as “direct marketing tools” by the Hungarian government. Also, the centrality of anti-migrant rhetoric of the governmental politics is discussed (77. p.). As an anti-muslim sentiment, the document also reports about the Muslim students who were accused by the Hungarian authorities to be the culprits of COVID-19 (80.p.).
Methodology (Qualitative/Quantitative and exact type used, questionnaires etc)
The analysis relies on desk research and “responses by national experts to the questionnaires that were designed for the present project” (23. p.). The study provides “the assessment of relevant national legal materials, case-law, and statistical data related to hate speech and hate crimes in Germany (DE), Hungary (HU), Italy (IT), Malta (MT), and Poland (PL)” (24. p.).
Sample details and representativeness
A snow-ball sampling method (non-probability sampling) was used in the research. “86 experts from state authorities, non-governmental organisations, universities, research groups and institutions were contacted” (24. p.). In the case of Hungary 6 hate speech and 2 hate crime experts have been contacted, while 4 and 2 filled out the questionnaires.