European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and Kádár, A. (2024) The legal framework to combat anti-Muslim hate in the European Union, Publications Office of the European Union.

Country

Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden

Title

European Commission: Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers and Kádár, A. (2024) The legal framework to combat anti-Muslim hate in the European Union, Publications Office of the European Union.

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Year

2024

Publication type

Research evidence/report

Geographical coverage

EU

Area/location of interest

Not applicable - European level

Type of Institution

Council of Europe body

Institution

European Union, European Commission, Directorate-General for Justice and Consumers

Thematic focus

Racism & xenophobia

Groups

Muslims

Key findings

The research carried out for this report has revealed several broad and closely connected patterns in anti-Muslim hate across Europe: the racialisation of Muslims, the systemic nature of anti-Muslim discrimination, the presence of anti-Muslim sentiment in mainstream politics, and the significant underreporting of anti-Muslim incidents. Racialisation refers to the process of assigning specific traits associated with a group to any individual perceived as part of that group, based on factors such as skin colour, ethnic or national background, or religion—traits presumed to be inherent to all members. The systemic nature of anti-Muslim discrimination indicates that it is not limited to isolated acts of personal animosity or prejudice; rather, it is embedded in the functioning of societies, manifesting through norms, routines, and behavioral patterns that hinder the achievement of genuine equality.

Methodology (Qualitative/Quantitative and exact type used, questionnaires etc)

Qualitative, data provided by national experts.

Sample details and representativeness

Research conducted by the author using various reports and data from the countries involved in the study.

DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.