European Observatory of Online Hate (2023). Online Hate Speech in 2023. Periodical report.

Country

Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden

Title

European Observatory of Online Hate (2023). Online Hate Speech in 2023. Periodical report.

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Year

2023

Publication type

Report - unofficial (CSO) data on incidents

Geographical coverage

EU

Area/location of interest

Not applicable - European level

Type of Institution

EU body

Institution

European Union, European Observatory of Online Hate

Thematic focus

Hate speech: Public incitement to hatred or violence

Groups

Muslims

Key findings

In January to September 2023, there was an increase of more than 30% in online toxicity (i.e. the undesirability of an online message with a score from 0 being harmless and 1 containing illegal hate speech). The data shows a particularly high level of toxicity regarding the topics Judaism (0.28 average toxicity score) and Islam (0.19 average toxicity score) (in comparison with the topics Ukraine and Refugees). Toxic messages (from merely undesirable to illegal hate speech) have been on the rise, most notably regarding (the intersection of) politics, violence, racism and religion.

Methodology (Qualitative/Quantitative and exact type used, questionnaires etc)

N/A - not applicable/available

Sample details and representativeness

N/A - not applicable/available

DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.