UN Human Rights Council (2021). Countering Islamophobia/anti-Muslim hatred to eliminate discrimination and intolerance based on religion or belief Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Ahmed Shaheed.

Country

Albania Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czechia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands North Macedonia Poland Portugal Romania Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden

Title

UN Human Rights Council (2021). Countering Islamophobia/anti-Muslim hatred to eliminate discrimination and intolerance based on religion or belief Report of the Special Rapporteur on freedom of religion or belief, Ahmed Shaheed.

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Year

2021

Publication type

Report - unofficial (CSO) data on incidents

Geographical coverage

International

Area/location of interest

Not applicable - European level

Type of Institution

UN body

Institution

International, Human Rights Council

Thematic focus

Hate crime Racism & xenophobia Discrimination Hate speech: Public incitement to hatred or violence Religious freedom Harassment

Groups

Muslims

Key findings

This report examines how anti-Muslim hatred violate freedom of religion or belief and other human rights across the world. It analyses the processes of essentialization, racialization and othering of Islam and Muslims. The report looks into the (online) dissemination of intolerant narratives, as well as into different forms of discrimination and violence. The report also addresses approaches to counter anti-Muslim hatred, including legal frameworks, online hate speech policies and best practices.

Methodology (Qualitative/Quantitative and exact type used, questionnaires etc)

Analysis of round table consultations, bilateral meetings and submissions from different stakeholders

Sample details and representativeness

12 online round/table consultations, 15 online bilateral meetings with stakeholders representing 5 geographical regions, as well as submissions from: from civil society (78), national human rights and equality bodies (3), States (26) and multilateral organisations (3)

DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.