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MS Institution Year TITLE FOCUS GROUPS Key findings - Short summary id
Netherlands
The Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens)
2020 The Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens) (2020), 'Ervaringen met discriminerend gedrag in de openbare ruimte', in: Netherlands Institute for Human Rights (College voor de Rechten van de Mens), Veilig jezelf zijn in het openbaar : Jaarlijkse Rapportage Mensenrechten in Nederland 2019, Utrecht, College voor de Rechten van de Mens, available at:https://publicaties.mensenrechten.nl/file/9053346b-6477-4a79-a476-286bf0b10530.pdf Discrimination General population

Of a sample of 910 persons who experienced discrimination in public space in 2019, 126 persons (14%) experienced discrimination on the ground religion and 258 persons (28%) experienced discrimination on the ground race. 90% of these incidents concerned verbal insults.

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Cyprus Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities | Council of Europe 2015 Council of Europe, Advisory Committee on the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities , Fourth Opinion on Cyprus adopted on 18 March 2015, published 2 November 2015. Discrimination, Hate speech Muslims, Migrants, Ethnic minorities, People with migrant background

The report highlights that in order to gain votes, political parties, amplified by media outlets, have been nurturing xenophobic sentiments by publicly blaming migrants for unemployment. It found there is an upsurge in racial crime against migrants, refugees, Turkish Cypriots and Roma by neo-Nazis, which is underreported, and condemned the lack of accountability of perpetrators. It found that the police and law enforcement officers are not sufficiently aware of their role in recording racial crime and identifying otivation. It added that victims are reluctant to turn to the police, fearing that the involvement of the police may exacerbate their situation, adding that there are recurrent reports of discriminatory conduct and excessive use of force by the police.

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Albania Albania, Council of Europe in Albania, Tirana 2021 Council of Europe in Albania, Beyond Definitions a call for action against hate speech, A comprehensive study (November 2021) Hate speech General population The data instrument included a question on religion and result showed that 53% identified as Islamic, 14% as Bektashi, 10% as Catholic, and 9% as Orthodox. About 10% had no religious orientation. Around 60% knew what hate speech meant, while 30% knew offensive/discriminatory speech. 6% didn't know either term (56% female, 44% male). 40% associated hate speech with offense, 20% with hatred, and 10% with religious-based discrimination. Respondents were asked about the most common motivation for hate speech. Over half believed poverty/homelessness triggered it. Around 32% cited religion as a motive, and 13% mentioned xenophobia. Among Muslims, 31% saw religion as a main motive. 14% personally experienced hate speech (209 respondents), 108 of whom were Muslims. View more
Austria Austria, Association ZARA – Civil Courage & Anti-Racism Work(Verein ZARA – Zivilcourage & Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit) 2022 Austria, Association ZARA – Civil Courage & Anti-Racism Work (Verein ZARA – Zivilcourage & Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit) (2022), Racism Report 2021: Institutional and Structural Racism, Analysis of racist attacks and structures in Austria. Racism & xenophobia General population

In 2021, ZARA documented and handled 1,977 reports of racism. Day-to-day counselling operations have shown that racist and anti-Muslim attacks in public affect women in particular. Here, both racism and sexism play a role.

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Austria Austria, Association ZARA – Civil Courage & Anti-Racism Work(Verein ZARA – Zivilcourage & Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit) 2021 Austria, Association ZARA – Civil Courage & Anti-Racism Work (Verein ZARA – Zivilcourage & Anti-Rassismus-Arbeit) (2021), Racism Report 2020: Institutional and Structural Racism, Analysis of racist attacks and structures in Austria. Racism & xenophobia General population

In 2020, 3,039 people experienced, perceived, and reported racist incidents to ZARA. That are 1,089 more reports than in the previous year. The terrorist attack in Vienna on 2 November has also contributed to fuelling prejudice against Muslims, anti-Muslim racism, and Islamophobia.

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Austria Austria, Documentation and Counselling Centre Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism (Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle Islamfeindlichkeit & antimuslimischer Rassismus ) 2021 Documentation and Counselling Centre Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism (Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle Islamfeindlichkeit & antimuslimischer Rassismus ) (2021), Antimuslim Racism Report 2020 (Antimuslimischer Rassismus Report 2020).
Hate speech Muslims

In 2020, 1,402 cases of Anti-Muslim racism were reported. The three main offences reported concern spreading of hate/incitement (80.4%), racist insults (10.3%) and property damage (3.9%).

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Austria Austria, Documentation and Counselling Centre Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism (Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle Islamfeindlichkeit & antimuslimischer Rassismus ) 2021 Documentation and Counselling Centre Islamophobia and Anti-Muslim Racism (Dokumentations- und Beratungsstelle Islamfeindlichkeit & antimuslimischer Rassismus ) (2022), Antimuslim Racism Report 2021 (Antimuslimischer Rassismus Report 2021). Hate speech Muslims

In 2021, 1,061 cases of Anti-Muslim racism were reported. The three main offences reported concern spreading of hate (68.3%), incitement (10.2%), and racist insults (9.1%).

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Austria Austria, Federal Ministry for the Interior (Bundesministerium für Inneres) 2021 Austria, Federal Ministry for the Interior (2021), Pilot Report - Hate crime in Austria. Hate crime General population

The identification and recognition of bias motives has become an integral part of the work routine of the Austrian police since November 2020. The first half year of police recognition (November 2020 to April 2021) was statistically evaluated. The key results are: In 1,936 bias-motivated crimes, 2,401 bias motives were registered. The categories “national/ethnic origin”, “ideology/ political views” and “religion” were the ones most frequently assigned to the offences. In terms of bias motivations, “gender”, “sexual orientation”, Muslim faith and “disability” dominated in offences against life and limb, freedom, honour or sexual integrity and self-determination.

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Austria Austria, Federal Ministry for the Interior (Bundesministerium für Inneres) 2021 Austria, Federal Ministry for the Interior (2022), Hate crime in Austria: Annual Report 2021. Hate crime General population More than one third of antisemitically motivated hate crimes were committed online, especially incitement. In contrast, more than half of all antimuslim prejudice motives were registered in (semi-)public and private spaces. The bias motive "Muslim" has been flagged by the police 283 times in 2021. In these cases, there have been 241 suspects and 158 violent offences with a total of 190 victims of violent offences. The clearance rate in these cases was 77%. View more
Austria Austria, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counterterrorism (Bundesministerium für Inneres, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung) 2021 Austria, Federal Ministry of the Interior, Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution and Counterterrorism (Bundesministerium für Inneres, Bundesamt für Verfassungsschutz und Terrorismusbekämpfung) (2020), Annual Report on the Protection of the Constitution (Verfassungsschutzbericht 2020).
Hate crime Right-wing extremists

In 2020, the security authorities in Austria were informed of a total of 895 right-wing extremist, xenophobic/racist, Islamophobic, anti-Semitic and unspecific or other offences in which relevant offences were reported. An offence can include several offences with separate reports. Compared to 2019 (954 offences), this means a numerical decrease of 6.2 per cent. In 2020, 1,364 offences were reported nationwide in connection with the offences listed, which is 18.7 per cent less than in 2019 (1,678 offences).

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DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.