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MS Institution Year TITLE FOCUS GROUPS Key findings - Short summary id
Serbia United Nations, Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights 2022 United Nations (UN), Committee on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (CESC) (2022), Concluding observations on Serbia, 6 April 2022. Discrimination General population The Committee expressed concerns about discrimination against disadvantaged and marginalized Roma and national minorities, in access to work, social protection, housing, health-care, and education. It urged Serbia to intensify its efforts to promote equality and eliminate discrimination against Roma and persons belonging to national minority groups, among others. The Committee was also concerned about shortcomings of the asylum procedure and continued inadequate reception conditions for asylum seekers. It underscored the lack of complete and disaggregated data that would enable proper assessment of the state of economic, social, and cultural rights. View more
Bulgaria United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees I United Nations 2020 UNHCR Bulgaria (2020), Public attitudes towards refugees and asylum seekers in Bulgaria, Sofia, UNHCR, 11 November 2020 Public perceptions & attitudes Migrants The report examines the perceptions towards refugees and asylum seekers and includes several questions related to religion. It notes that the fear of refugees spreading their cultural and religious beliefs is the second most widespread concern (45 % in 2018, 44 % in 2019 and 52 % in 2020) after the fear of committing a crime. The share of people who consider it important that refugees living next to them are Christian is also growing (34 % in 2018, 33 % in 2019 and 39 % in 2020) but remains lower compared to the importance of other factors such as the acceptance of the local way of living, professional skills, education and speaking of Bulgarian. View more
Ireland United Nations (UN) Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. 2020 United Nations (UN). Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (2020), (CERD/C/IRL/CO/5-9), Concluding observations on the combined fifth to ninth reports of Ireland, 23 January 2020. Racism & xenophobia General population

Alternative' submission from civil society organisations made specific reference to the expereinces of Muslim communities vis hostility and/or discrimination. The Concluding Observations of CERD refered to here made reference to religion as a basis upon which one may experience hostility/discrimination alone/at intersection.
The following details key concerns and recommendations raised by the Committee:
Legislative framework. The Committee reiterated that the State:
1) incorporates the convention in its legal order.

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Slovenia United Nations (UN) | Human Rights Council 2019 United Nations (UN), Human Rights Council (2019), Visit to Slovenia: Report of the Special Rapporteur on minority issues, 8 January 2019 Hate speech Ethnic minorities, Religious minorities, Roma, Migrants

Upon the visit to Slovenia, the Special Rapporteur on minority issues reported, among other things, that disaggregated data by groups targeted by hate speech or incitement to violence were not readily available, preventing the identification of groups most at risk, while anecdotal evidence suggested that minorities had been particularly vulnerable. After a rapid rise of hate speech at the time of mass arrival of refugees to Slovenia in 2015, instances of hate speech were less common in the subsequent period.

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Belgium UNIA 2016 UNIA,Annual figures report, year 2016 (Rapport annuel chiffres, année 2016) Incitement to hatred or violence, Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination General population

UNIA publishes in this report various figures for the year.
For race discrimination, 698 cases were opened, mostly about incitement to hatred on the internet (exact number unspecified).
For the ROMA, 18 cases were opened with 22% of them about incitement to hatred.
For religious beliefs, 390 cases were opened with 90% of them related to Islam. 40% of those cases concerned incitement to hatred in the medias (social media, website,...)

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Belgium UNIA 2014 UNIA, Annual figures report, year 2014 (Rapport annuel chiffres, année 2014) Incitement to hatred or violence, Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination Muslims, Migrants, Ethnic minorities, Religious minorities

UNIA publishes in this report various figures for the year.
For race discrimination, 764 cases were opened, 28% concerned the domain of media, 22% the domain of goods and services and 21% the domain of employment.
For the ROMA, 30 cases were opened.
For religious beliefs, 297 cases were opened with 88% of them related to Islam. 43% of those cases concerned incitement to hatred in the media (social media, website,...)

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Belgium UNIA 2017 UNIA, Discrimination towards persons of subsaharian origin: a colonial past that leaves marks (Discrimination envers les personnes d'origine subsaharienne: un passé colonial qui laisse des traces), May 2017 Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination People of African descent & Black Europeans

This study report is aimed at better understanding the reality of racism targeted towards people of sub-Saharan origin, The study is based on concrete cases of racism which UNIA dealt with.

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Belgium UNIA 2015 UNIA, Annual figures report, year 2015 (Rapport annuel chiffres, année 2015) Incitement to hatred or violence, Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination Muslims, Migrants, Ethnic minorities, Religious minorities

UNIA publishes in this report various figures for the year.
For race discrimination, 661 cases were opened, 31% concerned the domain of media and 23% the domain of employment.
For the ROMA, 22 cases were opened.
For religious beliefs, 330 cases were opened with 92% of them related to Islam. 55% of those cases concerned incitement to hatred in the medias (social media, website,...)

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Hungary UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2012 UNHCR Hungary (2012): Hungary as a country providing asylum (Magyarország mint menedéket nyújtó ország) Racism & xenophobia, Public perceptions & attitudes General population

The report finds Hungarians xenophobic and not welcoming to refugees and asylum seekers. While the number of reported hate crimes is not significant, refugees and asylum seekers have to face xenophobia, racism and intolerance in their everyday activities. This attitude is also experienced in schools. Bus drivers, supermarket employees and workers in the service sector also show a negative attitude towards refugees and asylum seekers. National measures and practices against xenophobia are premature and not sufficient to change the attitude of the population. The media often links refugees and asylum seekers to criminals, and labels them as parasites that induces fear in Hungary.

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Estonia UNHCR | United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 2016 Integration of Refugees in Estonia - Participation and Empowerment, Stockholm, UNHCR Regional Representation for Northern Europe, December 2016 Hate speech, Hate crime, Racism & xenophobia Refugees & asylum seekers

The report briefly touches the subject of anti-immigrant hate crime and hate speech in Estonia. It iterates that Estonia should amend the Penal Code, by including a specific provision ensuring that the motive of hatred is seen as an aggravating circumstance in proceedings under criminal law. A similar recommendation was also proposed by Estonian Human Rights Centre.

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DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.