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MS Institution Year TITLE FOCUS GROUPS Key findings - Short summary id
Sweden ECRI | European Commission against Racism and Intolerance | Council of Europe 2020 ECRI Report, ECRI CONCLUSIONS
ON THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS
IN RESPECT OF SWEDEN SUBJECT TO INTERIM FOLLOW-UP, Adopted on 30 September 2020
Discrimination General population

In its report on Sweden in 2018, ECRI recommended that adequate powers and expertise to investigate discrimination by all public authorities, including law enforcement agencies, be vested in the Ombuds institutions. ECRI noted in the 2020 report that the recommendation had not been implemented as no such changes had been made. In 2018 ECRI also recommended the authorities to review the Introduction Programme for refugees and beneficiaries of subsidiary protection in order to achieve higher success rates in labour market participation, addressing in particular the needs of women. In 2020, ECRI noted that the gender gap persists and considered the recommendation only partially implemented.

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Spain SPAIN, OBERAXE (in Spanish acronyms), Spanish Observatory on Racism and Xenophobia of the State Secretariat for Migration of the Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration (Observatorio español del racismo y la xenofobia (OBERAXE) de la Secreta 2020 Spain, Aparicio, R., Results of the survey on intolerance and discrimination against Muslims in Spain (Resultados encuesta sobre intolerancia y discriminación hacia las personas musulmanas en España) Observatorio español del racismo y la xenofobia (OBERAXE), Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, press release, 2020. Hate crime, Incitement to hatred or violence, Discrimination, Integration & inclusion, Hate speech, Islamophobia, Ethnic profiling, Public perceptions & attitudes Ethnic minorities, Muslims, Migrants, Right-wing extremists, Religious minorities, People with migrant background

62.6% of the answers obtained confirm that in Spain there are high feelings of rejection towards Muslims. Eighty-five percent of those surveyed consider that they have increased in recent years due to the media, terrorist acts, and the discourse of politicians. This rejection is motivated by the negative image of their values and culture since it is considered to be an attack against democratic values and especially against women. The rejection of Muslims is manifested in almost all areas of daily life, especially in the neighborhood and at work, but also in the health and school environments. There is a greater degree of intolerance towards women who make their Muslim identity visible by wearing the veil.

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Spain SPAIN, OBERAXE (in Spanish acronyms), Spanish Observatory on Racism and Xenophobia of the State Secretariat for Migration of the Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration (Observatorio español del racismo y la xenofobia (OBERAXE) de la Secreta 2020 Spain, Aparicio, R., and Domenech, C. Report on intolerance and discrimination against Muslims in Spain: gathering information and practices to combat Islamophobia (Informe sobre la intolerancia y la discriminación hacia los musulmanes en España: recopilación de información y prácticas de lucha contra la islamofobia) Observatorio español del racismo y la xenofobia (OBERAXE), Ministerio de Inclusión, Seguridad Social y Migraciones, press release, 2020. Hate crime, Incitement to hatred or violence, Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination, Integration & inclusion, Hate speech, Islamophobia, Ethnic profiling, Religious freedom, Public perceptions & attitudes Ethnic minorities, Muslims, Migrants, Right-wing extremists, Religious minorities, People with migrant background

According to the reviewed bibliography, the current use of the term Islamophobia describes the attitude of rejection of the colonial authorities towards the colonized Muslims by applying to them the qualifiers of irrational, fanatic, and retrograde. According to data from the Union of Islamic Communities, Muslims represent approximately 4% of the total Spanish population and Sunni rites are the most widespread in Spain for the practice of Islamic worship. In this context, Islamophobia ranges from hate crime to denialism. Ministry of Interior and entities such as the Citizen Platform Against Islamophobia agree in pointing out that the internet and social networks are the areas where the highest incidence of hate speech is registered (70% of those registered in 2017).

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Slovakia Slovakia, Ministerstvo vnútra Slovenskej republiky, Ministry of Interior of the Slovak Republic 2022 Slovakia, Ministerstvo vnútra (Ministry of Interior) `Monitorovacia správa o stave extrémizmu v Slovenskej republike za obdobie rokov 2020 – 2021` (Monitoring report on the state of extremism in the Slovak Republic for the period 2020 - 2021) Hate crime Ethnic minorities, Migrants, Muslims, religious minorities, Attitudes, manifestations and actions of right-wing extremists motivated by extremist ideology were more present in 2020 and 2021 than in the previous period. The COVID-19 pandemic has contributed greatly to the escalation of tensions and the deepening of a more common polarisation. The result was a 28.4% year-on-year increase in extremist crime in 2020. While 109 prosecutions for extremism offences were initiated in 2019, the number increased to 140 in 2020. In general, on average in 2020 and 2021, extremist attacks were most often directed against Roma (43.1%), Jews (27.7%), foreigners and migrants, including people of other colour (12.7%), Muslims and because of their religious affiliation to Islam (5.5%), and members of the LGBTI minority because of their sexual orientation (4.9%). View more
Romania Romania, National Council for Combating Discrimination (Consiliul Național pentru Combaterea Discriminării, CNCD) Study on perceptions and efficiency of anti -discrimination tools in the field of education education (Studiu privind percepțiile și efic 2021 National Council for Combating Discrimination (Consiliul Național pentru Combaterea Discriminării, CNCD) Study on perceptions and efficiency of anti -discrimination tools in the field of education education (Studiu privind percepțiile și eficiența instrumentelor antidiscriminare în domeniul educației educației) 2021 Discrimination Ethnic minorities, Muslims, Migrants, Refugees & asylum seekers, Religious minorities, People with migrant background, People of African descent & Black Europeans, General population

According to the interviewed teachers the most common form of discrimination they saw was against Roma (23%) or LGBTQI (12%) whilst the least common incidents observed concern the Muslim people (3%), those infected with HIV/AIDS (3%), those of German ethnicity (2%) or Jewish people(2%).

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Romania The Council of Europe’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) conclusions on the implementation of the recommendations in respect of Romania 2022 The Council of Europe’s European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI) conclusions on the implementation of the recommendations in respect of Romania, subject to interim follow-up, adopted on 7 December 20211, published on 3 March 2022 Hate crime, Hate speech anti-muslim hatred, discrimination, Ethnic minorities, ethnic origin, ethnic profiling, General population, hate crime, hate speech, hatred, integration and inclusion, islamophobia, Migrants, Muslims, nationality, People of African descent & Black Europeans, People with migrant background, public perceptions and attitudes, race, racism and xenophobia, Refugees & asylum seekers, religion, Religious minorities, third country nationals Romania does not have a system to collect data and produce statistics offering an integrated and consistent view of cases of racist and homo/transphobic hate speech and hate crime brought to the attention of the police and pursued through the courts. View more
Portugal Portugal, Observatório de Cibersegurança (Observatory of Cybersecurity). 2022 Observatório de Cibersegurança (Observatory of Cybersecurity) (2022), Relatório Cibersegurança em Portugal - Riscos e conflitos (Cybersecurity Report in Portugal - Cybersecurity in Portugal - Risks and Conflicts ), Lisbon, Centro Nacional de Cibersegurança (National Cyber Security Centre) Public perceptions & attitudes General population

The 2022 edition of the Cybersecurity in Portugal - Risks and Conflicts Report analyses the main cybersecurity incidents and cybercrime indicators, as well as the threat actors, in cyberspace of national interest and the major national and international trends. Regarding the most frequent criminality based on the registry of denunciations to the Cybercrime Office, of the General Prosecutor of the Republic, in 2020 and 2021, hate crimes occupied respectively the 10th and 11th position. The Report also informs that, in the Platform for Reporting Illegal Content of the Portuguese Association for Victim Support, in the years 2020 and 2021, the reported hate speech were respectively 216 and 380, corresponding to 28% and 33% of the total records.

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Portugal Portugal, Comissão para a Igualdade e Contra a Discriminação Racial ( Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination) 2022 Comissão Para a Igualdade e Contra a Discriminação Racial (Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination). Relatório Anual 2021. Igualdade e não discriminação em razão da origem racial e étnca, cor, nacionalidade, ascendência e Território de origem (Annual Report 2020. Equality and non-discrimination on grounds of racial and ethnic origin, colour, nationality, descent and Territory of origin).Lisbon: (Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination Public perceptions & attitudes General population

The report publish the statistical data collected in 2021 by the Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination. In 2021, 408 complaints and denunciations were registered, a decrease of 37.7% compared to 2020. The vast majority were received via the electronic (58,3%). In the classification of the victims, 63.7% concern situations individuals, with no significant differences on the basis of gender, while 24.8% concern discriminatory practices against communities or social groups. The District of Lisbon was the one that registered the highest number of occurrences (24.5%). The area of commerce registered 15.0% of complaints.

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Portugal Portugal, Comissão para a Igualdade e Contra a Discriminação Racial ( Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination) 2021 Comissão Para a Igualdade e Contra a Discriminação Racial (Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination). Relatório Anual 2020. Igualdade e não discriminação em razão da origem racial e étnca, cor, nacionalidade, ascendência e Território de origem (Annual Report 2020. Equality and non-discrimination on grounds of racial and ethnic origin, colour, nationality, descent and Territory of origin).Lisbon: (Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination Public perceptions & attitudes General population

The report publish the statistical data collected in 2020 by the Commission for Equality and Against Racial Discrimination. In total, there were 655 complaints. Half of the complaints (49,6%) were presented by persons who had knowledge of or witnessed alleged discriminatory situations in which they were not directly complained about. Complaints addressed to persons corresponded to 47,2%, and 44,9% corresponded to discriminatory practices directed at communities or social groups. The District of Lisbon had the highest number of complaints (13.3%). The majority referred to situations of discrimination on the Internet/Social Media (48.7%).

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Netherlands The Netherlands, Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP) 2022 Dagevos, J., De Voogd-Hamelink, M. and Damen, R. (2022), Established in the Netherlands, but it’s not home. Initial findings of the Survey on Migrant Integration (sim2020) (Gevestigd, maar niet thuis. Eerste bevindingen uit de Survey integratie migranten(sim2020)), The Hague, The Netherlands Institute for Social Research (SCP). Discrimination Migrants

The report contains figures on perceived discrimination (answer to the question about whether respondents have experienced discrimination) by origin or migrant group, gender and generation.

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DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.