MS | Institution | Year | TITLE | FOCUS | GROUPS | Key findings - Short summary | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hungary | Hungary, National University of Public Services and Subjective Values Foundation | 2021 | Dombos, T., Takács, B., Shelter project (2021), National report. Hungary, European Comission, European Union’s Rights, Equality and Citizenship Programme (2014-2020). | Hate crime | Migrants | The Shelter project surveys how prepared the Hungarian health care system is to deal with hate crimes. The report summarizes its findings as follows: „In relation to the question of which groups they think are most at risk of becoming victims of hate crimes in Hungary, Roma and homeless people were mentioned most frequently, followed by LGBTQI people, and Arab and African migrants. Only a few professionals mentioned people with disabilities and Muslim people.” The authors conclude that hate crime is indeed present, but it is also realised that „two out of three respondents think that victims never or rarely report hate crimes” (35.p.). Recommendations are formulated for the government, healthcare providers, universities and research institutions and civil society organizations. | View more |
Hungary | Europian Union, European Parliament's Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs at the request of the LIBE Committee | 2020 | Bayer, J., Bárd, P., European Parliament's Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs (2020), Hate speech and hate crime in the EU and the evaluation of online content regulation approaches, Brussels, European Parliament, Policy Department for Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affaris. | Hate speech | Ethnic minorities |
The cross-country comparison incorporates the study of Hungary as well. Systematic soft and hard law measures are discussed in the report. The research in relation to Hungary found that „xenophobic, anti- migrant and anti-refugee state sponsored campaigns” were launched and used as “direct marketing tools” by the Hungarian government. Also, the centrality of anti-migrant rhetoric of the governmental politics is discussed (77. p.). As an anti-muslim sentiment, the document also reports about the Muslim students who were accused by the Hungarian authorities to be the culprits of COVID-19 (80.p.). |
View more |
Hungary |
UN, Human Rights Council, Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review Thirty-ninth session |
2021 | United Nations (UN), Human Rights Council Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review (2021), Compilation on Hungary Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 25 August 2021. | Racism & xenophobia | General population | The report states that racists hate speech against „Roma, migrants, refugees, asylum seekers and other minorities, in particular by public figures” is prevalent in Hungary. In accordance with the opinion of the Special Rapporteur on the human rights of migrants it was noted that also media contributes to xenophobia and anti-migrant attitudes. Concluding these facts the recommendation is made to “improve the reporting, investigation, prosecution and punishment of hate crimes and criminal hate speech, strengthen its efforts to eradicate stereotyping and discrimination against migrants, refugees, Jews and Roma and ensure that State officials responsible for discriminatory behaviour towards Roma and other minority groups were held accountable in all instances.” (2.p.) | View more |
Germany | Germany, Federal Mnistry of Justice (Bundesministerium für Justiz) | 2021 |
Germany, Federal Mnistry of Justice (Bundesministerium für Justiz), Survey of the State Justice Administrations on Proceedings for Right-Wing Extremist/Foreign Enemy Crimes in the Federal Republic of Germany, 21 April 2021 (Erhebung der Landesjustizverwaltungen über Verfahren wegen rechtsextremistischer/ fremdenfeindlicher Straftaten in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland) |
Racism & xenophobia, Discrimination | Ethnic minorities, Muslims, Migrants, People of African descent & Black Europeans |
The statistics show how many preliminary proceedings were initiated in 2019 due to xenophobic motivation of the perpetrator with regard to certain types of offenses. For example, 2,097 preliminary proceedings were initiated for Section 130 of the Criminal Code (sedition) and Section 130a of the Criminal Code (incitement to commit criminal acts). There were 5 preliminary proceedings on xenophobic homicides and 328 preliminary proceedings on violent crimes (page 3 of the statistics). A total of 5,208 preliminary proceedings were initiated against perpetrators with xenophobic motivation. Of these, 2,795 cases were dropped, there were 981 convictions and 51 acquittals (page 10 of the statistics). |
View more |
Germany | Germany, Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat), overview on hate crimes registered by the German police from 2001 to 2021, including a brief section on hate crimes allegedly motivated by "hostility t | 2022 | Germany, Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat), Overview "Hate Crime: Development of case numbers 2001 - 2021 , Berlin 22 April 2022 (Übersicht "Hasskriminalität": Entwicklung der Fallzahlen 2001-2021) | Hate crime, Islamophobia | Muslims and/or religious groups |
The overview on hate crime registered by the police between 2017 and 2021 includes a section on crimes registered as "hostile to Islam". Accordingly, the overall figures of such crimes were 1,075 in 2017, 910 in 2018, 950 in 2019, 1.026 in 2020 and 732 in 2021. Thereof, the figures for violent crimes were 56 in 2017, 74 in 2018, 60 in 2019, 71 in 2020 and 45 in 2021. |
View more |
Germany | Germany, Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat), politically motivated crime in 2021, including a brief section on page 9 on crimes whose alleged motive was "hostility to Islam" | 2022 | Germany, Federal Ministry of the Interior and Community (Bundesministerium des Innern und für Heimat), politically motivated crime in 2021, nationwide case numbers (Politisch motivierte Kriminalität im Jahr 2021, bundesweite Fallzahlen) Berlin, 10th May 2022. | Hate crime, Islamophobia | Muslims and/or religious groups |
It is reported that in 2021, 732 crimes were registered as "hostile to Islam", 212 cases were linked to “hate crime” and 2.782 cases to “racist offenses”. Compared to the previous year 2020, there were 1.026 crimes registered as “hostile to Islam”, 98 to “Hate Crime” and 2.899 to “ racist offences”. For Islamophobia, this represents a 28.65% decrease in the number of cases; for hate crime, a 116.33% increase; and for racist crimes, a 4.04% decrease in the number of cases. According to the guidelines of the Federal Criminal Police Office, several subject areas can be assigned per offense. In this respect, the figures cannot simply be added together. |
View more |
Germany | Germany, German Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag), answer by the Federal Government (Bundesregierung) to a parliamentary request | 2022 | Germany, German Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag), Islamfeindlichkeit und antimuslimische Straftaten im dritten Quartal 2022. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Petra Pau, Nicole Gohlke, Clara Bünger, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion DIE LINKE. | Hate crime, Islamophobia | Muslims and/or religious groups |
According to official figures by the Federal Government, 120 crimes were registered by the police as “hostile to Islam” between 1st July and 30th September 2022, 11 of these crimes were attacks on mosques, 10 people were reported as "slightly injured". People who were seriously injured or killed were not reported. The offenses were recorded in the federal states of Baden-Württemberg, Berlin, Brandenburg, Hamburg, Hesse, North Rhine-Westphalia, Rhineland-Palatinate and Thuringia. Furthermore, no demonstration against "Germany’s Islamisation" that was alledly influenced by right-wing extremists was counted by the domestic intelligence authorities. |
View more |
Germany | Germany, German Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag), answer by the Federal Government (Bundesregierung) to a parliamentary request | 2022 |
Germany, German Bundestag (Deutscher Bundestag), Islamfeindlichkeit und antimuslimische Straftaten im ersten Quartal 2022. Antwort der Bundesregierung auf die Kleine Anfrage der Abgeordneten Petra Pau, Nicole Gohlke, Clara Bünger, weiterer Abgeordneter und der Fraktion DIE LINKE. – Drucksache 20/1939 –Printed Document 20/1939, 19 Mai 2022 |
Hate crime, Islamophobia | Muslims and/or religious groups |
According to official figures by the Federal Government, 83 crimes were registered by the police as “hostile to Islam” between 1st January and 31st March 2022, 8 of these crimes were attacks on mosques, 5 people were reported as "slightly injured". People who were seriously injured or killed were not reported. The offenses were recorded in the federal states of Berlin, Baden-Württemberg and Bavaria. Furthermore, 1 demonstration against "Germany’s Islamisation" that was alledly influenced by right-wing extremists was counted by the domestic intelligence authorities. |
View more |
France | France, Service central du renseignement territorial - direction générale de la Police nationale | Central Territorial Intelligence Service - General Directorate of the National Police | 2022 | Central Territorial Intelligence Service - General Directorate of the National Police (Service central du renseignement territorial - direction générale de la Police nationale) (2022), Number of anti-Muslim acts recorded by the SCRT in France 2010-2021 (Nombre d’actes antimusulmans recensés par le SCRT en France 2010-2021) | Hate crime | Muslims |
The Central Territorial Intelligence Service, which operates within the National Police General Directorate of the French Interior Ministry, has reported a significant fluctuation in the number of anti-Muslim acts recorded in France between 2010 and 2021. In 2021, 213 anti-Muslim acts were reported, indicating a slight decrease compared to 2020. The Muslim population was the most affected in 2015 with 430 anti-Muslim acts reported after the attack on the satirical newspaper Charlie Hebdo, followed by another terrorist attack on 13 November in Paris and Saint-Denis. |
View more |
France | France, National Consultative Commission of Human Rights | Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme | 2022 | National Consultative Commission of Human Rights (Commission nationale consultative des droits de l’homme) (2022), Report 2021 on the fight against racism, anti-Semitism and xenophobia (Rapport 2021 sur la lutte contre le racisme, l’antisémitisme et la xénophobie). | Racism & xenophobia | Ethnic minorities |
The statistical survey established that the Muslim religion is the least well perceived of the major religions present in France. Beyond the perception of the religion itself, Islam is also seen by about 40% of French people as a threat to French identity. More specifically, some practices are considered not to pose a problem for living in society (Ramadan fasting, prohibition of pork and alcohol, prayers, wearing of a headscarf), while others are still often perceived as problematic (wearing of a full ir partial veil, prohibition of showing an image of the Prophet Muhammad). |
View more |
DISCLAIMERThe information presented here is collected under contract by the FRA's research network FRANET. The information and views contained do not necessarily reflect the views or the official position of the FRA.