1. Every citizen of the Union has the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States.
2. Freedom of movement and residence may be granted, in accordance with the Treaties, to nationals of third countries legally resident in the territory of a Member State.

    • Text:

      The right guaranteed by paragraph 1 is the right guaranteed by Article 20(2)(a) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (cf. also the legal base in Article 21; and the judgment of the Court of Justice of 17 September 2002, Case C-413/99 Baumbast [2002] ECR I-7091). In accordance with Article 52(2) of the Charter, those rights are to be applied under the conditions and within the limits defined by the Treaties.

      Paragraph 2 refers to the power granted to the Union by Articles 77, 78 and 79 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. Consequently, the granting of this right depends on the institutions exercising that power.

      Source:
      Official Journal of the European Union C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      These explanations were originally prepared under the authority of the Praesidium of the Convention which drafted the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Although they do not as such have the status of law, they are a valuable tool of interpretation intended to clarify the provisions of the Charter.
    • Aleksandra Melnichenko v Council of the European Union
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:T:2025:180
    • M.-A.A. v Direcţia de Evidenţă a Persoanelor Cluj and Others
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:845
    • A.A. v Public Prosecutor Service
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Union of Doctors of the National Organizationfor the Provision of Health Services’ (E.N.I.-E.O.P.Y.Y.), Private Diagnostic Laboratory of PrenatalMedicine, and 3 private private doctors (anonymous) v the Minister of Finance, the Minister for Labour and Social Affairs, the Minister of Health, and the Minister for Development and Investments
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • RL v Landeshauptstadt Wiesbaden
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:251
    • - Commissioner for Human Rights (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich) v Tuszów Narodowy Commune Council (Rada Gminy Tuszów Narodowy)
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • WA v Direcţia pentru Evidenţa Persoanelor şi Administrarea Bazelor de Date din Ministerul Afacerilor Interne
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:143
    • BV NORDIC INFO v Belgische Staat
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2023:951
    • Ministerio Fiscal v Juan
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2023:684
    • Claimants: National Public Prosecutor (Prokurator Generalny), Istebna Municipality (gmina Istebna), “Ordo Iuris” Foundation. Participants: - Polish Ombudsman (Rzecznik Praw Obywatelskich), Campaign Against Homophobia (Kampania Przeciwko Homofobii), Zbigniew Hołda Association (Stowarzyszenie im. Zbigniewa Hołdy), Signs of Equality Federation (Federacja Znaki Równości)
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Supreme Administrative Court
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):

    40 results found

    • Romania / Constitution of Romania
      Country:
      Romania

      Article 25(1) The right of free movement within the national territory and abroad is guaranteed. The law shall lay down the conditions for the exercise of this right. (2) Every citizen is guaranteed the right to establish his domicile or residence anywhere in the country, to emigrate, and to return to his country.

    • Sweden / Instrument of Government
      Country:
      Sweden

      Chapter 2 - Fundamental rights and freedom:

      Article 7 No Swedish citizen may be deported from or refused entry into the Realm. No Swedish citizen who is domiciled in the Realm or who has previously been domiciled in the Realm may be deprived of his or her citizenship. It may however be prescribed that children under the age of eighteen
      shall have the same nationality as their parents or as one parent;

      Article 8 Everyone shall be protected in their relations with the public institutions against deprivations of personal liberty. All Swedish citizens shall also in other respects be guaranteed freedom of movement within the Realm and freedom to depart the Realm.

    • Slovakia / Constitution of the Slovak Republic
      Country:
      Slovakia

      Article 23 (1) Freedom of movement and right of abode are guaranteed. (2) Everyone who is rightfully staying on the territory of the Slovak Republic has the right to freely leave this territory. (3) Freedoms under paragraphs 1 and 2 may be restricted by law, if it is necessary for the security of the state, to maintain public order, protect the health and the rights and freedoms of others, and, in designated areas, also in the interest of environmental protection. (4) Every citizen has the right to freely enter the territory of the Slovak Republic. A citizen may not be forced to leave the homeland and may not be deported. (5) A foreign national may be deported only in cases laid down by law.

    • Slovenia / Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
      Country:
      Slovenia

      Article 32 Everyone has the right to freedom of movement, to choose his place of residence, to leave the country and to return at any time.This right may be limited by law, but only where this is necessary to ensure the course of criminal proceedings, to prevent the spread of infectious diseases, to protect public order or if the defence of the state so demands.Entry into the country by aliens, and the duration of their stay in the country, may be limited on the basis of law.

    • Spain / Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain
      Country:
      Spain

      Section 19 Spaniards have the right to freely choose their place of residence, and to freely move about within the national territory. Likewise, they have the right to freely enter and leave Spain subject to the conditions to be laid down by the law. This right may not be restricted for political or ideological reasons.

    • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
      Country:
      Czechia

      Article 14 (1) The freedom of movement and of residence is guaranteed. (2) Everyone who is legitimately staying within the territory of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic has the right freely to leave it. (3) These freedoms may be limited by law if such is unavoidable for the security of the state, the maintenance of public order, the protection of the rights and freedoms of others or, in demarcated areas, for the purpose of protecting nature. (4) Every citizen is free to enter the territory of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. No citizen may be forced to leave her homeland. (5) An alien may be expelled only in cases specified by the law.

    • Netherlands / Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
      Country:
      Netherlands

      Article 2 (...) 4. Everyone shall have the right to leave the country, except in the cases laid down by Act of Parliament.

    • Constituição da República Portuguesa
      Country:
      Portugal

      Artigo 44.º (Direito de deslocação e de emigração) 1. A todos os cidadãos é garantido o direito de se deslocarem e fixarem livremente em qualquer parte do território nacional. 2. A todos é garantido o direito de emigrar ou de sair do território nacional e o direito de regressar. Article 44 (Right to travel and to emigrate) (1) The right of all citizens to travel and settle freely anywhere in the national territory is guaranteed. (2) The right to emigrate or leave the national territory and the right to return to it is guaranteed to everyone.

    • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
      Country:
      Portugal

      Article 44 (Right to travel and to emigrate) (1) The right of all citizens to travel and settle freely anywhere in the national territory is guaranteed. (2) The right to emigrate or leave the national territory and the right to return to it is guaranteed to everyone.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
      Country:
      Poland

      Article 52.1. Freedom of movement as well as the choice of place of residence and sojourn within the territory of the Republic of Poland shall be ensured to everyone.2. Everyone may freely leave the territory of the Republic of Poland.3. The freedoms specified in paras. 1 and 2 above may be subject to limitations specified by statute.4. A Polish citizen may not be expelled from the country nor forbidden to return to it.5. Anyone whose Polish origin has been confirmed in accordance with statute may settle permanently in Poland.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
      Country:
      Poland

      Article 52.1. Freedom of movement as well as the choice of place of residence and sojourn within the territory of the Republic of Poland shall be ensured to everyone.2. Everyone may freely leave the territory of the Republic of Poland.3. The freedoms specified in paras. 1 and 2 above may be subject to limitations specified by statute.4. A Polish citizen may not be expelled from the country nor forbidden to return to it.5. Anyone whose Polish origin has been confirmed in accordance with statute may settle permanently in Poland.

    • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
      Country:
      Poland

      Art. 52.1. Każdemu zapewnia się wolność poruszania się po terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej oraz wyboru miejsca zamieszkania i pobytu.2. Każdy może swobodnie opuścić terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej.3. Wolności, o których mowa w ust. 1 i 2, mogą podlegać ograniczeniom określonym w ustawie. 4. Obywatela polskiego nie można wydalić z kraju ani zakazać mu powrotu do kraju.5. Osoba, której pochodzenie polskie zostało stwierdzone zgodnie z ustawą, może osiedlić się na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej na stałe.

    • Constitution of Malta
      Country:
      Malta

      Article 44(1) No citizen of Malta shall be deprived of his freedom of movement, and for the purpose of this article the said freedom means the right to move freely throughout Malta, the right to reside in any part of Malta, the right to leave and the right to enter Malta. (2) Any restriction on a citizen’s freedom of movement that is involved in his lawful detention shall not be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this article.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
      Country:
      Lithuania

      Article 32. Citizens may move and choose their place of residence in Lithuania freely and may leave Lithuania freely. These rights may not be restricted otherwise than by law when this is necessary for the protection of the security of the State or the health of people, or for the administration of justice. Citizens may not be prohibited from returning to Lithuania. Everyone who is Lithuanian may settle in Lithuania.

    • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
      Country:
      Lithuania

      32 straipsnis. Pilietis gali laisvai kilnotis ir pasirinkti gyvenamąją vietą Lietuvoje, gali laisvai išvykti iš Lietuvos. Šios teisės negali būti varžomos kitaip, kaip tik įstatymu ir jeigu tai būtina valstybės saugumui, žmonių sveikatai apsaugoti, taip pat vykdant teisingumą. Negalima drausti piliečiui grįžti į Lietuvą. Kiekvienas lietuvis gali apsigyventi Lietuvoje.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
      Country:
      Latvia

      97. Everyone residing lawfully in the territory of Latvia has the right to freely move and to choose his or her place of residence.98. Everyone has the right to freely depart from Latvia. Everyone having a Latvian passport shall be protected by the State when abroad and has the right to freely return to Latvia. A citizen of Latvia may not be extradited to a foreign country, except in the cases provided for in international agreements ratified by the Saeima if by the extradition the basic human rights specified in the Constitution are not violated.

    • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
      Country:
      Latvia

      97. Ikvienam, kas likumīgi uzturas Latvijas teritorijā, ir tiesības brīvi pārvietoties un izvēlēties dzīvesvietu.98. Ikvienam ir tiesības brīvi izbraukt no Latvijas. Ikviens, kam ir Latvijas pase, ārpus Latvijas atrodas valsts aizsardzībā, un viņam ir tiesības brīvi atgriezties Latvijā. Latvijas pilsoni nevar izdot ārvalstīm, izņemot Saeimas apstiprinātajos starptautiskajos līgumos paredzētos gadījumus, ja ar izdošanu netiek pārkāptas Satversmē noteiktās cilvēka pamattiesības.

    • Constitution of the Italian Republic
      Country:
      Italy

      Art. 16. Every citizen has the right to reside and travel freely in any part of the country, except for such general limitations as may be established by law for reasons
      of health or security. No restriction may be imposed for political reasons. Every citizen is free to leave the territory of the republic and return to it, notwithstanding any legal obligations.

    • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
      Country:
      Italy

      Art. 16. Ogni cittadino può circolare e soggiornare liberamente in qualsiasi parte del territorio nazionale, salvo le limitazioni che la legge stabilisce in via generale per motivi di sanità o di sicurezza. Nessuna restrizione può essere determinata da ragioni politiche. Ogni cittadino è libero di uscire dal territorio della Repubblica e di rientrarvi, salvo gli obblighi di legge.

    • Constitution of Ireland
      Country:
      Ireland

      Article 40.3.3. .... This subsection shall not limit freedom to travel between the state and another state.

    6 results found

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 79

      (ex Article 63, points 3 and 4, TEC)

      1. The Union shall develop a common immigration policy aimed at ensuring, at all stages, the efficient management of migration flows, fair treatment of third-country nationals residing legally in Member States, and the prevention of, and enhanced measures to combat, illegal immigration and trafficking in human beings.

      2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall adopt measures in the following areas:

      (a) the conditions of entry and residence, and standards on the issue by Member States of long-term visas and residence permits, including those for the purpose of family reunification;

      (b) the definition of the rights of third-country nationals residing legally in a Member State, including the conditions governing freedom of movement and of residence in other Member States;

      (c) illegal immigration and unauthorised residence, including removal and repatriation of persons residing without authorisation;

      (d) combating trafficking in persons, in particular women and children.

      3. The Union may conclude agreements with third countries for the readmission to their countries of origin or provenance of third-country nationals who do not or who no longer fulfil the conditions for entry, presence or residence in the territory of one of the Member States.

      4. The European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, may establish measures to provide incentives and support for the action of Member States with a view to promoting the integration of third-country nationals residing legally in their territories, excluding any harmonisation of the laws and regulations of the Member States.

      5. This Article shall not affect the right of Member States to determine volumes of admission of third-country nationals coming from third countries to their territory in order to seek work, whether employed or self-employed.

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 78

      (ex Articles 63, points 1 and 2, and 64(2) TEC)

      1. The Union shall develop a common policy on asylum, subsidiary protection and temporary protection with a view to offering appropriate status to any third-country national requiring international protection and ensuring compliance with the principle of non-refoulement. This policy must be in accordance with the Geneva Convention of 28 July 1951 and the Protocol of 31 January 1967 relating to the status of refugees, and other relevant treaties.

      2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall adopt measures for a common European asylum system comprising:

      (a) a uniform status of asylum for nationals of third countries, valid throughout the Union;

      (b) a uniform status of subsidiary protection for nationals of third countries who, without obtaining European asylum, are in need of international protection;

      (c) a common system of temporary protection for displaced persons in the event of a massive inflow;

      (d) common procedures for the granting and withdrawing of uniform asylum or subsidiary protection status;

      (e) criteria and mechanisms for determining which Member State is responsible for considering an application for asylum or subsidiary protection;

      (f) standards concerning the conditions for the reception of applicants for asylum or subsidiary protection;

      (g) partnership and cooperation with third countries for the purpose of managing inflows of people applying for asylum or subsidiary or temporary protection.

      3. In the event of one or more Member States being confronted by an emergency situation characterised by a sudden inflow of nationals of third countries, the Council, on a proposal from the Commission, may adopt provisional measures for the benefit of the Member State(s) concerned. It shall act after consulting the European Parliament.

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 77

      (ex Article 62 TEC)

      1. The Union shall develop a policy with a view to:

      (a) ensuring the absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality, when crossing internal borders;

      (b) carrying out checks on persons and efficient monitoring of the crossing of external borders;

      (c) the gradual introduction of an integrated management system for external borders.

      2. For the purposes of paragraph 1, the European Parliament and the Council, acting in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall adopt measures concerning:

      (a) the common policy on visas and other short-stay residence permits;

      (b) the checks to which persons crossing external borders are subject;

      (c) the conditions under which nationals of third countries shall have the freedom to travel within the Union for a short period;

      (d) any measure necessary for the gradual establishment of an integrated management system for external borders;

      (e) the absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality, when crossing internal borders.

      3. If action by the Union should prove necessary to facilitate the exercise of the right referred to in Article 20(2)(a), and if the Treaties have not provided the necessary powers, the Council, acting in accordance with a special legislative procedure, may adopt provisions concerning passports, identity cards, residence permits or any other such document. The Council shall act unanimously after consulting the European Parliament.

      4. This Article shall not affect the competence of the Member States concerning the geographical demarcation of their borders, in accordance with international law.

    • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

      Article 20

      (ex Article 17 TEC)

      2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Treaties. They shall have, inter alia:

      (a) the right to move and reside freely within the territory of the Member States;

    • Regulation (EU) 2019/1157 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on strengthening the security of identity cards of Union citizens and of residence documents issued to Union citizens and their family members exercising their right o

      [...]

      (2) Citizenship of the Union confers on every citizen of the Union the right of free movement, subject to certain limitations and conditions. Directive 2004/38/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council (3) gives effect to that right. Article 45 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) also provides for freedom of movement and residence. Freedom of movement entails the right to exit and enter Member States with a valid identity card or passport.

      [...]

    • Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online

      Preamble 


      (20) It should be possible for the competent authority of the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established to scrutinise the removal order issued by competent authorities of another Member State to determine whether it seriously or manifestly infringes this Regulation or the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter. Both the content provider and the hosting service provider should have the right to request such scrutiny by the competent authority in the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established. Where such a request is made, that competent authority should adopt a decision on whether the removal order comprises such an infringement. Where that decision finds such an infringement, the removal order should cease to have legal effects. The scrutiny should be carried out swiftly so as to ensure that erroneously removed or disabled content is reinstated as soon as possible.


      (23) When putting in place specific measures, hosting service providers should ensure that users’ right to freedom of expression and information as well as the freedom and pluralism of the media as protected under the Charter are preserved. In addition to any requirement laid down in the law, including legislation on the protection of personal data, hosting service providers should act with due diligence and implement safeguards, where appropriate, including human oversight and verifications, to avoid any unintended or erroneous decision leading to the removal of or disabling of access to content that is not terrorist content.

      Article 1: Subject matter and scope

      1. This Regulation lays down uniform rules to address the misuse of hosting services for the dissemination to the public of terrorist content online, in particular on:

      (a) reasonable and proportionate duties of care to be applied by hosting service providers in order to address the dissemination to the public of terrorist content through their services and ensure, where necessary, the expeditious removal of or disabling of access to such content;

      (b) the measures to be put in place by Member States, in accordance with Union law and subject to suitable safeguards to protect fundamental rights, in particular the freedom of expression and information in an open and democratic society, in order to:

      (i) identify and ensure the expeditious removal of terrorist content by hosting service providers; and

      (ii) facilitate cooperation among the competent authorities of Member States, hosting service providers and, where appropriate, Europol.

      2. This Regulation applies to hosting service providers offering services in the Union, irrespective of their place of main establishment, insofar as they disseminate information to the public.

      3. Material disseminated to the public for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes or for the purposes of preventing or countering terrorism, including material which represents an expression of polemic or controversial views in the course of public debate, shall not be considered to be terrorist content. An assessment shall determine the true purpose of that dissemination and whether material is disseminated to the public for those purposes.

      4. This Regulation shall not have the effect of modifying the obligation to respect the rights, freedoms and principles referred to in Article 6 TEU and shall apply without prejudice to fundamental principles relating to freedom of expression and information, including freedom and pluralism of the media.

      5. This Regulation shall be without prejudice to Directives 2000/31/EC and 2010/13/EU. For audiovisual media services as defined in point (a) of Article 1(1) of Directive 2010/13/EU, Directive 2010/13/EU shall prevail.

      Article 4: Procedure for cross-borders removal orders 

      3.   The competent authority of the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established may, on its own initiative, within 72 hours of receiving the copy of the removal order in accordance with paragraph 1, scrutinise the removal order to determine whether it seriously or manifestly infringes this Regulation or the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Charter.

      Where it finds an infringement, it shall, within the same period, adopt a reasoned decision to that effect. 

    0 results found