eu-charter

Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea

Articolo 15 - Libertà professionale e diritto di lavorare

Articolo 15 - Libertà professionale e diritto di lavorare

1. Ogni persona ha il diritto di lavorare e di esercitare una professione liberamente scelta o accettata.
2. Ogni cittadino dell'Unione ha la libertà di cercare un lavoro, di lavorare, di stabilirsi o di prestare servizi in qualunque Stato membro.
3. I cittadini dei paesi terzi che sono autorizzati a lavorare nel territorio degli Stati membri hanno diritto a condizioni di lavoro equivalenti a quelle di cui godono i cittadini dell'Unione.

Spiegazioni

  • Text:

    La libertà professionale, sancita nel paragrafo 1 dell'articolo 15, è riconosciuta nella giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia (cfr., tra l'altro, le sentenze del 14 maggio 1974, causa 4-73, Nold, Racc. 1974, pag. 491, punti 12, 13 e 14; del 13 dicembre 1979, causa 44/79, Hauer, Racc. 1979 pag. 3727, e dell' 8 ottobre 1986, causa 234/85, Keller, Racc. 1986, pag. 2897, punto 8).
    Questo paragrafo si ispira inoltre all'articolo 1, paragrafo 2 della Carta sociale europea firmata il 18 ottobre 1961 e ratificata da tutti gli Stati membri, e al punto 4 della Carta comunitaria dei diritti sociali fondamentali dei lavoratori del 9 dicembre 1989. L'espressione `condizioni di lavoro` deve essere intesa nel senso dell'articolo 156 del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea.
    Il paragrafo 2 riprende le tre libertà garantite dagli articoli 26, 45, 49 e 56 del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea, ossia libera circolazione dei lavoratori, libertà di stabilimento e libera prestazione dei servizi.
    Il paragrafo 3 è stato basato sull'articolo 153, paragrafo 1, lettera g) del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea, e sull'articolo 19, punto 4 della Carta sociale europea, firmata il 18 ottobre 1961 e ratificata da tutti gli Stati membri. Si applica pertanto l'articolo 52, paragrafo 2 della Carta. La questione dell’ingaggio di marittimi aventi la cittadinanza di Stati terzi negli equipaggi di navi battenti bandiera di uno Stato membro dell’Unione è disciplinata dal diritto dell'Unione e dalle legislazioni e prassi nazionali.

    Source:
    Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Le presenti spiegazioni erano state elaborate, nella versione iniziale, sotto l'autorità del praesidium della Convenzione che aveva redatto la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea e sono ora state aggiornate sotto la responsabilità del praesidium della Convenzione europea, sulla scorta degli adeguamenti redazionali che quest’ultima Convenzione ha apportato al testo della Carta (in particolare agli articoli 51 e 52) e dell’evoluzione del diritto dell’Unione. Benché non abbiano di per sé status di legge, esse rappresentano un prezioso strumento d’interpretazione destinato a chiarire le disposizioni della Carta.

Giurisprudenza

Diritto costituzionale nazionale

41 results found

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    Paese:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 16. Трудът се гарантира и защитава от закона. Чл. 48. (1) Гражданите имат право на труд. Държавата се грижи за създаване на условия за осъществяване на това право. [...] (3) Всеки гражданин свободно избира своята професия и място на работа.

Diritto dell'UE

14 results found

  • Directive 2014/36/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 February 2014 on the conditions of entry and stay of third-country nationals for the purpose of employment as seasonal workers

    Preamble

    ‘(46) Third-country national seasonal workers should be granted equal treatment in respect of those branches of social security listed in Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 883/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council (13). This Directive does not harmonise the social security legislation of Member States and does not cover social assistance. It is limited to applying the principle of equal treatment in the field of social security to the persons falling within its scope. This Directive should not confer more rights than those already provided in existing Union legislation in the field of social security for third-country nationals who have cross-border interests between Member States.
    Due to the temporary nature of the stay of seasonal workers and without prejudice to Regulation (EU) No 1231/2010 of the European Parliament and of the Council (14), Member States should be able to exclude family benefits and unemployment benefits from equal treatment between seasonal workers and their own nationals and should be able to limit the application of equal treatment in relation to education and vocational training, as well as tax benefits.
    This Directive does not provide for family reunification. Furthermore, this Directive does not grant rights in relation to situations which lie outside the scope of Union law such as, for example, situations where family members reside in a third country. That should not, however, affect the right of survivors who derive rights from the seasonal worker to receive survivor’s pensions when residing in a third country. This should be without prejudice to the non-discriminatory application by Member States of national law providing for de minimis rules on contributions to pension systems. Mechanisms should be in place in order to ensure effective social security coverage during the stay and the exporting of acquired rights of the seasonal workers, where applicable.
    (47) Union law does not limit the power of the Member States to organise their social security schemes. In the absence of harmonisation at Union level, it is for each Member State to lay down the conditions under which social security benefits are granted, as well as the amount of such benefits and the period for which they are granted. However, when exercising that power, Member States should comply with Union law.‘

    (52) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, in particular, Articles 7, 15(3), 17, 27, 28, 31 and 33(2) thereof, in accordance with Article 6 TEU

    Article 23 - Right to equal treatment

    ‘1. Seasonal workers shall be entitled to equal treatment with nationals of the host Member State at least with regard to:
    (a) terms of employment, including the minimum working age, and working conditions, including pay and dismissal, working hours, leave and holidays, as well as health and safety requirements at the workplace;
    (b) the right to strike and take industrial action, in accordance with the host Member State’s national law and practice, and freedom of association and affiliation and membership of an organisation representing workers or of any organisation whose members are engaged in a specific occupation, including the rights and benefits conferred by such organisations, including the right to negotiate and conclude collective agreements, without prejudice to the national provisions on public policy and public security;
    (c) back payments to be made by the employers, concerning any outstanding remuneration to the third-country national;
    (d) branches of social security, as defined in Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 883/2004;
    (e) access to goods and services and the supply of goods and services made available to the public, except housing, without prejudice to the freedom of contract in accordance with Union and national law;
    (f) advice services on seasonal work afforded by employment offices;
    (g) education and vocational training;
    (h) recognition of diplomas, certificates and other professional qualifications in accordance with the relevant national procedures;
    (i) tax benefits, in so far as the seasonal worker is deemed to be resident for tax purposes in the Member State concerned.
    Seasonal workers moving to a third country, or the survivors of such seasonal workers residing in a third-country deriving rights from the seasonal worker, shall receive statutory pensions based on the seasonal worker’s previous employment and acquired in accordance with the legislation set out in Article 3 of Regulation (EC) No 883/2004, under the same conditions and at the same rates as the nationals of the Member States concerned when they move to a third country.
    2. Member States may restrict equal treatment:
    (i) under point (d) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 by excluding family benefits and unemployment benefits, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) No 1231/2010;
    (ii) under point (g) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 by limiting its application to education and vocational training which is directly linked to the specific employment activity and by excluding study and maintenance grants and loans or other grants and loans;
    (iii) under point (i) of the first subparagraph of paragraph 1 with respect to tax benefits by limiting its application to cases where the registered or usual place of residence of the family members of the seasonal worker for whom he/she claims benefits, lies in the territory of the Member State concerned.
    3. The right to equal treatment provided for in paragraph 1 shall be without prejudice to the right of the Member State to withdraw or to refuse to extend or renew the authorisation for the purpose of seasonal work in accordance with Articles 9 and 15.‘

  • Directive (EU) 2016/801 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals for the purposes of research, studies, training, voluntary service, pupil exchange schemes or educa...

    Article 23 - Teaching by researchers
    ‘Researchers may, in addition to research activities, teach in accordance with national law. Member States may set a maximum number of hours or of days for the activity of teaching.‘
    Article 24 - Economic activities by students
    ‘1. Outside their study time and subject to the rules and conditions applicable to the relevant activity in the Member State concerned, students shall be entitled to be employed and may be entitled to exercise self-employed economic activity, subject to the limitations provided for in paragraph 3.
    2. Where necessary, Member States shall grant students and/or employers prior authorisation in accordance with national law.
    3. Each Member State shall determine the maximum number of hours per week or days or months per year allowed for such an activity, which shall not be less than 15 hours per week, or the equivalent in days or months per year. The situation of the labour market in the Member State concerned may be taken into account.‘
    Article 25 - Stay for the purpose of job-searching or entrepreneurship for researchers and students
    ‘1. The completion of research or studies, researchers and students shall have the possibility to stay on the territory of the Member State that issued an authorisation under Article 17, on the basis of the residence permit referred to in paragraph 3 of this Article, for a period of at least nine months in order to seek employment or set up a business. [...]‘

  • Directive 2014/54/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 April 2014 on measures facilitating the exercise of rights conferred on workers in the context of freedom of movement for workers Text with EEA relevance

    Preamble:
    ‘(3) The free movement of workers gives every citizen of the Union, irrespective of his or her place of residence, the right to move freely to another Member State in order to work there and/or to reside there for work purposes. It protects them against discrimination on grounds of nationality as regards access to employment, conditions of employment and work, in particular with regard to remuneration, dismissal, and tax and social advantages, by ensuring their equal treatment, under national law, practice and collective agreements, in comparison to nationals of that Member State. Such rights should be enjoyed without discrimination by all Union citizens exercising their right to free movement, including permanent, seasonal and frontier workers. The free movement of workers needs to be distinguished from the freedom to provide services, which includes the right of undertakings to provide services in another Member State, for which they may post their own workers to another Member State temporarily in order for them to carry out the work necessary to provide services in that Member State.‘
    ‘(17) Protection against discrimination based on the grounds of nationality would itself be strengthened by the existence of effective bodies with appropriate expertise in each Member State with competence to promote equal treatment, to analyse the problems faced by Union workers and members of their family, to study possible solutions and to provide specific assistance to them. The competence of those bodies should include, inter alia, the provision to Union workers and members of their family of independent legal and/or other assistance, such as the provision of legal advice on the application to them of the relevant Union and national rules on free movement of workers, of information about complaint procedures, and of help to protect the rights of workers and members of their family. It may also include assistance in legal proceedings.‘

  • Directive 2014/66/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 on the conditions of entry and residence of third-country nationals in the framework of an intra-corporate transfer

    Preamble:
    ‘(25) This Directive aims to facilitate mobility of intra-corporate transferees within the Union (‘intra-EU mobility’) and to reduce the administrative burden associated with work assignments in several Member States. For this purpose, this Directive sets up a specific intra-EU mobility scheme whereby the holder of a valid intra-corporate transferee permit issued by a Member State is allowed to enter, to stay and to work in one or more Member States in accordance with the provisions governing short-term and long-term mobility under this Directive. [...]‘

Diritto internazionale

5 results found

  • Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 23 (2016) on the right to just and favourable conditions of work (article 7 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights)
  • Human Rights Council resolution 22/3 (2013) - The work and employment of persons with disabilities
  • Human Rights Council resolution 28/15 (2015) - The right to work
  • Human Rights Council Resolution 31/15 (2016) - The right to work
  • R205 - Employment and Decent Work for Peace and Resilience Recommendation, 2017 (No. 205)

    ‘7. In taking measures on employment and decent work in response to crisis situations arising from conflicts and disasters, and with a view to prevention, Members should take into account the following:
    (a) the promotion of full, productive, freely chosen employment and decent work which are vital to promoting peace, preventing crises, enabling recovery and building resilience;
    (b) the need to respect, promote and realize the fundamental principles and rights at work, other human rights and other relevant international labour standards, and to take into account other international instruments and documents, as appropriate and applicable; [...].‘

Prodotti

  • Report / Paper / Summary
    28
    November
    2018
    Almost twenty years after adoption of EU laws forbidding discrimination, people of African descent in the EU face widespread and entrenched prejudice and exclusion. This report outlines selected results from FRA's second large-scale EU-wide survey on migrants and minorities (EU-MIDIS II) carried out in 2016. It examines the experiences of almost 6,000 people of African descent in 12 EU Member States.
  • Easy-to-read report
    3
    January
    2018
    More than 20 million immigrants lived in the European Union in 2016. This means that 1 person in 25 was an immigrant. Having more immigrants and refugees makes it even more important for the governments to have plans to help them to integrate.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    6
    December
    2017
    Seventeen years after adoption of EU laws that forbid discrimination, immigrants, descendants of immigrants, and minority ethnic groups continue to face widespread discrimination across the EU and in all areas of life – most often when seeking employment. For many, discrimination is a recurring experience. This is just one of the findings of FRA’s second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II), which collected information from over 25,500 respondents with different ethnic minority and immigrant backgrounds across all 28 EU Member States.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    15
    March
    2017
    Integrating migrants, refugees and their descendants is of critical importance for the future of the European Union. This report examines Member States’ integration policies and action plans for promoting their participation in society, focusing on non-discrimination, education, employment, language learning and political engagement.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    29
    November
    2016
    Con l’80 % dei Rom intervistati che vive al di sotto della soglia di rischio di povertà del proprio Stato membro di residenza, uno su tre che abita in alloggi privi di acqua corrente, un bambino o adolescente Rom su tre in una famiglia in cui un membro si è coricato affamato almeno una volta nel corso del mese precedente e i bambini Rom che restano indietro rispetto ai compagni non Rom in tutti gli indicatori relativi all’istruzione, questa relazione sottolinea una realtà tanto inquietante quanto inevitabile: la più numerosa minoranza etnica dell’Unione europea continua a essere vittima di discriminazione e accesso non paritario a diversi servizi fondamentali.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    17
    March
    2016
    Worker exploitation is not an isolated or marginal phenomenon. But despite its pervasiveness
    in everyday life, severe labour exploitation and its adverse effects on third-country nationals
    and EU citizens - as workers, but also as consumers - have to date not received much
    attention from researchers. This report identifies risk factors contributing to such exploitation and
    discusses means of improving the situation and highlights the challenges EU institutions and
    Member States face in making the right of workers who have moved within or into the EU
    to decent working conditions a reality.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    2
    June
    2015
    Worker exploitation is not an isolated or marginal phenomenon. But despite its pervasiveness in everyday life, severe labour exploitation and its adverse effects on third-country nationals and EU citizens - as workers, but also as consumers - have to date not received much attention from researchers.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    28
    October
    2010
    Racism and ethnic discrimination in sport have increasingly become a public issue in European sport over the past decades. This report examines the occurrence and different forms of racism, ethnic discrimination and exclusionary practices in sports, focusing on different sports and levels of practice in the EU.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    10
    October
    2010
    Racism and ethnic discrimination in sport have increasingly become a public issue in European sport over the past decades. This report examines the occurrence and different forms of racism, ethnic discrimination and exclusionary practices in sports, focusing on different sports and levels of practice in the EU.