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Titolo IV

Solidarietà

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Articolo 32 - Divieto del lavoro minorile e protezione dei giovani sul luogo di lavoro

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Articolo 32 - Divieto del lavoro minorile e protezione dei giovani sul luogo di lavoro

Il lavoro minorile è vietato. L'età minima per l'ammissione al lavoro non può essere inferiore all'età in cui termina la scuola dell'obbligo, fatte salve le norme più favorevoli ai giovani ed eccettuate deroghe limitate.
I giovani ammessi al lavoro devono beneficiare di condizioni di lavoro appropriate alla loro età ed essere protetti contro lo sfruttamento economico o contro ogni lavoro che possa minarne la sicurezza, la salute, lo sviluppo fisico, psichico, morale o sociale o che possa mettere a rischio la loro istruzione.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Spiegazioni

  • Text:

    Questo articolo si basa sulla direttiva 94/33/CE relativa alla protezione dei giovani sul lavoro, nonché sull'articolo 7 della Carta sociale europea e sui punti da 20 a 23 della Carta comunitaria dei diritti sociali fondamentali dei lavoratori.

    Source:
    Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Le presenti spiegazioni erano state elaborate, nella versione iniziale, sotto l'autorità del praesidium della Convenzione che aveva redatto la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea e sono ora state aggiornate sotto la responsabilità del praesidium della Convenzione europea, sulla scorta degli adeguamenti redazionali che quest’ultima Convenzione ha apportato al testo della Carta (in particolare agli articoli 51 e 52) e dell’evoluzione del diritto dell’Unione. Benché non abbiano di per sé status di legge, esse rappresentano un prezioso strumento d’interpretazione destinato a chiarire le disposizioni della Carta.

Giurisprudenza

  • CJEU Case T-512/12 / Judgment
    Front populaire pour la libération de la saguia-el-hamra et du rio de oro (Front Polisario) v Council of the European Union
    Decision date:

Diritto costituzionale nazionale

25 results found

  • A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya
    URL:
    A Magyar Köztársaság Alkotmánya
    Paese:
    Hungary

    66 § (…) (3) A munka végzése során a nők és a fiatalok védelmét külön szabályok is biztosítják.

  • Bundesverfassungsgesetz über die Rechte von Kindern
    URL:
    Bundesverfassungsgesetz über die Rechte von Kindern
    Paese:
    Austria

    Artikel 3 Kinderarbeit ist verboten. Abgesehen von gesetzlich vorgesehenen begrenzten Ausnahmen darf das Mindestalter für den Eintritt in das Arbeitsleben das Alter, in dem die Schulpflicht endet, nicht unterschreiten.
    Artikel 1 Jedes Kind hat Anspruch auf den Schutz und die Fürsorge, die für sein Wohlergehen notwendig sind, auf bestmögliche Entwicklung und Entfaltung sowie auf die Wahrung seiner Interessen auch unter dem Gesichtspunkt der Generationengerechtigkeit. Bei allen Kinder betreffenden Maßnahmen öffentlicher und privater Einrichtungen muss das Wohl des Kindes eine vorrangige Erwägung sein.

  • Cabinet of Ministers Regulations No. 206
    URL:
      Cabinet of Ministers Regulations No. 206
    Paese:
    Latvia

     On occupations in which it is prohibited to employ young workers and exceptions.

  • Constitution of Ireland
    URL:
    Constitution of Ireland
    Paese:
    Ireland

    Article 45.4.2. The state shall endeavour to ensure that the strength and health of workers, men and women, and the tender age of children shall not be abused and that citizens shall not be forced by economic

  • Constitution of Malta
    URL:
    Constitution of Malta
    Paese:
    Malta

    Article 15The minimum age for paid labour shall be prescribed by law.Article 16The State shall provide for safeguarding the labour of minors and assure to them the right to equal pay for equal work.

  • Constitution of the Italian Republic
    URL:
    Constitution of the Italian Republic
    Paese:
    Italy

    Art. 37. (...) The law establishes the minimum age for paid labour. The Republic protects the work of minors by means of special provisions and guarantees them the right to equal pay for equal work.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
    Paese:
    Croatia

    Article 65
    (2) Children shall not be employed before reaching the age specified by law, nor shall they be forced or allowed to do any work that is harmful to their health or morality.
    (3) Young people, mothers and disabled persons shall be entitled to special protection at work.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Hungary
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Hungary
    Paese:
    Hungary

    Article 66(…) (3) Separate regulations shall ensure the protection of women and youth in the workplace.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Paese:
    Poland

    Article 65(...) 3. The permanent employment of children under 16 years of age shall be forbidden. The types and nature of admissible employments shall be specified by statute. (...)

  • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Paese:
    Poland

    Article 65(...) 3. The permanent employment of children under 16 years of age shall be forbidden. The types and nature of admissible employments shall be specified by statute. (...)

  • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
    URL:
    Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
    Paese:
    Italy

    Art. 37. (…) La legge stabilisce il limite minimo di età per il lavoro salariato.La Repubblica tutela il lavoro dei minori con speciali norme e garantisce ad essi, a parità di lavoro, il diritto alla parità di retribuzione.

  • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    URL:
    Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    Paese:
    Czechia

    Article 29 (1) Women, adolescents, and persons with health problems have the right to increased protection of their health at work and to special work conditions. (2) Adolescents and persons with health problems have the right to special protection in labour relations and to assistance in vocational training. (3) Detailed provisions shall be set by law.

  • Elimination of child labour, protection of children and young persons:
    URL:
    Elimination of child labour, protection of children and young persons:
    Paese:
    Latvia
  • Employment Contracts Act
    URL:
    Employment Contracts Act
    Paese:
    Estonia

    § 7. Entry into employment contract with minor
    (1) An employer shall not enter into an employment contract with a minor under 15 years of age or a minor subject to the obligation to attend school, or allow such a minor to work, except in the cases provided for in subsection (4) of this section.
    (2) An employer shall not enter into an employment contract with a minor or allow a minor to work if the work:
    1) is beyond the minor’s physical or psychological capacity;
    2) is likely to harm the moral development of the minor;
    3) involves risks which the minor cannot recognise or avoid owing to lack of experience or training;
    4) is likely to hinder the minor's social development or the acquisition of his or her education;
    5) is likely to harm the minor’s health due to the nature of the work or the working environment. (...)

  • Federal Constitutional Act on the Rights of Children
    URL:
    Federal Constitutional Act on the Rights of Children
    Paese:
    Austria

    Article 3 Child labour is prohibited. Apart from any exemptions laid down by law, the minimum age for entering the labour market shall not be below the age at which compulsory schooling ends.
    Article 1 Each child shall be entitled to the protection and care that is necessary for his/her well-being, to optimal development and self-realisation as well as to the protection of his/her interests with regards to intergenerational equity. The wellbeing of the child shall be the primary consideration in respect of all measures affecting children that are taken by public and private institutions.

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    URL:
    Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Paese:
    Poland

    Art. 65(...) 3. Stałe zatrudnianie dzieci do lat 16 jest zakazane. Formy i charakter dopuszczalnego zatrudniania określa ustawa.

  • Labour Code
    URL:
    Labour Code
    Paese:
    Bulgaria

    Article 305 (Particular Care for Adolescents)(1) The employer shall take special care for the work of persons under 18 by providing alleviated working conditions and opportunities to acquire professional qualification and to raise the qualification level. (2) (New – SG, No. 25/2001) The employer shall be bound to inform the underage employees and their parents or guardians about the eventual risks on the job and about the measures taken to ensure healthy and safe conditions of work. (3) (Amended - SG, No. 25/2001) The working hours of employees under 18 shall be 35 working hours weekly and 7 hours daily for 5-day work week. (4) Employees under 18 shall be entitled to a paid annual leave of not less than 26 working days, including during the calendar year when they turn 18 years of age.

  • Magyarország Alaptörvénye
    URL:
    Magyarország Alaptörvénye
    Paese:
    Hungary

    XVIII. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Gyermekek foglalkoztatása – testi, szellemi és erkölcsi fejlődésüket nem veszélyeztető, törvényben meghatározott esetek kivételével – tilos.
    (2) Magyarország külön intézkedésekkel biztosítja a fiatalok és a szülők munkahelyi védelmét.

  • Portugal / Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
    URL:
    Constituição da República Portuguesa
    Paese:
    Portugal

    Article 59 (Workers' rights) (2) It is the duty of the State to guarantee the conditions of work, remuneration and rest to which workers are entitled, in particular by: (c) Special protection at work for women during pregnancy and after childbirth, for minors and disabled person and for those engaged in especially strenuous activity or working in unhealthy, toxic or dangerous conditions.

    Article 69 (Childhood) (3) Access to work shall be forbidden, in accordance with the law, to school-age minor children.

    Article 70 (Youth) (1) In order to ensure the effective enjoyment of their economic, social and cultural rights, young people shall receive special protection, particularly: (a) In education, vocational training and culture; (b) In access to their first job, at work and in relation to social security.  

  • Romania / Constitution of Romania
    URL:
    Constituția României
    Paese:
    Romania

    Article 49(...) (3) The exploitation of minors, their employment in activities that might be harmful to their health, or morals, or might endanger their life and normal development are prohibited.(4) Minors under the age of fifteen may not be employed for any paid labour.

Diritto dell'UE

6 results found

  • Directive 2011/93/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/en/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32011L0093

    Preamble 

    (2) In accordance with Article 6(1) of the Treaty on European Union, the Union recognises the rights, freedoms and principles set out in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, in which Article 24(2) provides that in all actions relating to children, whether taken by public authorities or private institutions, the child’s best interests must be a primary consideration. Moreover, the Stockholm Programme — An Open and Secure Europe Serving and Protecting Citizens (4) gives a clear priority to combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography.


    (6) Serious criminal offences such as the sexual exploitation of children and child pornography require a comprehensive approach covering the prosecution of offenders, the protection of child victims, and prevention of the phenomenon. The child’s best interests must be a primary consideration when carrying out any measures to combat these offences in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Framework Decision 2004/68/JHA should be replaced by a new instrument providing such comprehensive legal framework to achieve that purpose.

  • Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (not in force)
    URL:
    https://aei.pitt.edu/4629/1/4629.pdf

    23. Following the end of compulsory education, young people must be entitled to receive initial vocational training of a sufficient duration to enable them to adapt to the requirements of their. future working life; for young workers, such training should take place during working hours.

  • Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (not in force)
    URL:
    https://aei.pitt.edu/4629/1/4629.pdf

    22. Appropriate measures must be taken to adjust labour regulations applicable to young workers so that their specific development and vocational training and access to employment needs are met. The duration of work must, in particular, be limited - without it being possible to circumvent this limitation through recourse to overtime - and night work prohibited in the of workers of under 18 years of age, save in the of certain jobs laid down in national legislation or regulations.

  • Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (not in force)
    URL:
    https://aei.pitt.edu/4629/1/4629.pdf

    21. Young people who are in gainful employment must receive equitable remuneration in accordance with national practice.

  • Community Charter of the Fundamental Social Rights of Workers (not in force)
    URL:
    https://aei.pitt.edu/4629/1/4629.pdf

    20. Without prejudice to such rules as may be more favourable to young people,· in particular those ensuring their preparation for work through' vocational training, and subject to derogations limited to certain light work, the minimum employment age must not be lower than the minimum school-leaving age and, in any case, not lower than 15 years.

  • Council Directive 94/33/EC of 22 June 1994 on the protection of young people at work
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/HTML/?uri=CELEX:01994L0033-20190726&from=EN

    .

Diritto internazionale

4 results found

  • Committee on the Rights of the Child, General comment No. 21 (2017) on children in street situations

    Article 32 - on child labour
    ‘59. The Committee urges States to implement the provisions of article 32 (2) of the Convention, and the International Labour Organization Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138), and Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), to protect children in street situations from economic exploitation and the worst forms of child labour. Action against child labour should comprise comprehensive measures, including the provision of support enabling children to transition into education and guaranteeing an adequate standard of living for them and their families. Such measures should be developed in collaboration with children in street situations and other key stakeholders to reflect children’s best interests and to ensure they do not have any inadvertent negative impact on children’s survival or development. The criminalization of begging or unlicensed trading can result in worse forms of survival behaviours, such as commercial sexual exploitation. Savings schemes to develop budgeting skills and safeguard earnings for children in street situations are beneficial.‘

  • Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1336 (1997): Combating child labour exploitation as a matter of priority
    URL
    (Council of Europe, Parliamentary Assembly Recommendation 1336 (1997))
  • R203 – Recommendation on supplementary measures for the effective suppression of forced labour, 2014 (No. 203)
    URL
    (Recommendation on supplementary measures for the effective suppression of forced labour, No. 203)

    ‘3. Members should take preventive measures that include:
    (a) respecting, promoting and realizing fundamental principles and rights at work;
    (b) the promotion of freedom of association and collective bargaining to enable at-risk workers to join workers’ organizations;
    (c) programmes to combat the discrimination that heightens vulnerability to forced or compulsory labour;
    (d) initiatives to address child labour and promote educational opportunities for children, both boys and girls, as a safeguard against children becoming victims of forced or compulsory labour; and
    (e) taking steps to realize the objectives of the Protocol and the Convention.‘
    ‘10. Protective measures for children subjected to forced or compulsory labour should take into account the special needs and best interests of the child, and, in addition to the protections provided for in the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), should include:
    (a) access to education for girls and boys;
    (b) the appointment of a guardian or other representative, where appropriate;
    (c) when the person’s age is uncertain but there are reasons to believe him or her to be less than 18 years of age, a presumption of minor status, pending age verification; and
    (d) efforts to reunite children with their families, or, when it is in the best interests of the child, provide family-based care.‘

  • UN General Assembly Resolution adopted 69/157 (2014) - Rights of the child
    URL
    (UN General Assembly Resolution adopted 69/157 (2014))

    Child labour
    ‘15. Calls upon all States to translate into concrete action their commitment to the progressive and effective eradication of child labour that is likely to be hazardous, to interfere with the child’s education or to be harmful to the child’s health or physical, mental, spiritual, moral or social development, to eliminate immediately the worst forms of child labour and to promote education as a key strategy in this regard;
    16. Urges all States that have not yet done so to consider ratifying both the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)30 and the Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138)31 of the International Labour Organization;
    17. Recognizes that poverty and social exclusion, labour mobility, discrimination and lack of adequate social protection and educational opportunity as well as lack of birth registrations all influence child labour;‘

Prodotti

  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    7
    April
    2022
    Printed copies now available for order
    13 April 2022

    Manuale di diritto europeo in materia di diritti dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza – Edizione 2022

    I minori sono titolari di diritti a pieno titolo. Sono beneficiari di tutti i diritti umani e fondamentali nonché oggetto di regolamenti speciali, in virtù delle loro caratteristiche specifiche. Il presente manuale si prefigge lo scopo di illustrare in che modo il diritto e la giurisprudenza europei tengono conto degli interessi e delle esigenze specifici dei minori. Evidenzia altresì l’importanza del ruolo svolto dai genitori e dai tutori o da altri rappresentanti legali e fa riferimento, ove opportuno, alle situazioni in cui diritti e responsabilità sono conferiti prevalentemente alle persone che si prendono cura dei minori. Il manuale mira a sensibilizzare e migliorare le conoscenze delle norme di legge che proteggono e promuovono questi diritti in Europa. Esso rappresenta un punto di riferimento per quanto concerne sia il diritto dell’Unione europea (UE) sia il diritto del Consiglio d’Europa (CdE) in materia e illustra come ciascun tema sia disciplinato dal diritto dell’UE, compresa la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea, oltre che dalla Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo, dalla Carta sociale europea e da altri strumenti del Consiglio d’Europa.
    gesrey © adobestock.com, 2022
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    20
    March
    2025

    Towards Integrated Child Protection Systems - Challenges, promising practices and ways forward

    In recent years, the EU has taken steps to improve child protection, yet some Member States do not have an integrated approach. FRA first produced an overview of child protection systems in the EU in 2014, and an update in 2023. The data is published in FRA’s ‘Mapping of Child Protection Systems in the EU – Update 2023’. This report completements the 2023 update with comparative analysis and provides greater detail on children in vulnerable situations, care and the participation of children in matters affecting them. It also offers guidance on creating comprehensive frameworks that ensure that children’s rights are respected.
    Petr Bonek / Adobestock, 2025
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    8
    June
    2023

    Fundamental Rights Report 2023

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2023 reviews major developments in the field in 2022, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    1
    March
    2023

    Guardianship for unaccompanied children - A manual for trainers of guardians

    This manual is designed to help institutions, organisations and individuals to train guardians of unaccompanied children or to deliver ‘train-the-trainers’ courses. It can be used in a range of training contexts, such as professional and academic training, on-the-job training and continuing training. The manual is based on human and fundamental rights principles and ethical standards and recognises that the child and the guardian have their own personal stories, resources and capacities. It enhances guardians’ confidence to promote the child’s rights and best interests. It also enhances their confidence to act independently and impartially in relation to different state
    officials, service providers and other community members.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    9
    December
    2021

    Unaccompanied children outside the child protection system – Case study: Pakistani children in Greece

    This report sheds light on the realities faced by unaccompanied migrant children who are not in the care of child protection systems in the EU. Presented as a case study, it tells the story of children and young adults from Pakistan who travelled alone to the EU without their parents or other adults.
    napatcha © adobestock.com, 2020
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    16
    January
    2018

    Guardianship systems for children deprived of parental care in the European Union - Summary

    Guardians are a key element of a protection system for children who are temporarily or
    permanently deprived of their family environment and cannot have their interests represented
    by their parents. Great disparities exist between the types of guardianship provided
    to children in and within European Union (EU) Member States. This report explores the key
    features of guardianship systems put in place to cater for the needs of all children in need
    of protection, including child victims and those at risk of becoming victims of trafficking in
    human beings or of other forms of exploitation.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    17
    March
    2016

    Severe labour exploitation: workers moving within or into the European Union - Summary

    Worker exploitation is not an isolated or marginal phenomenon. But despite its pervasiveness
    in everyday life, severe labour exploitation and its adverse effects on third-country nationals
    and EU citizens - as workers, but also as consumers - have to date not received much
    attention from researchers. This report identifies risk factors contributing to such exploitation and
    discusses means of improving the situation and highlights the challenges EU institutions and
    Member States face in making the right of workers who have moved within or into the EU
    to decent working conditions a reality.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    20
    November
    2015

    Manuale di diritto europeo in materia di diritti dell’infanzia e dell’adolescenza

    Bambini e adolescenti sono titolari di diritti a pieno titolo. Sono beneficiari di tutti i diritti umani
    e fondamentali nonché oggetto di regolamenti speciali, in virtù delle loro caratteristiche specifiche.
    Il presente manuale si prefigge lo scopo di illustrare in che modo il diritto e la giurisprudenza europei
    tengono conto degli interessi e delle esigenze specifici dei minori.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    16
    October
    2015

    Guardianship systems for children deprived of parental care in the European Union

    This report explores the key features of guardianship systems put in place to cater for the needs of all children in need of protection, including child victims and those at risk of becoming victims of trafficking in human beings or of other forms of exploitation. The research covers four specific areas, namely the type of guardianship systems in place, the profile of appointed guardians, the appointment procedures, and the tasks of the guardians.