eu-charter

Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea

Artículo 17 - Derecho a la propiedad

Artículo 17 - Derecho a la propiedad

1. Toda persona tiene derecho a disfrutar de la propiedad de los bienes que haya adquirido legalmente, a usarlos, a disponer de ellos y a legarlos. Nadie puede ser privado de su propiedad más que por causa de utilidad pública, en los casos y condiciones previstos en la ley y a cambio, en un tiempo razonable, de una justa indemnización por su pérdida. El uso de los bienes podrá regularse por ley en la medida en que resulte necesario para el interés general.
2. Se protege la propiedad intelectual.

    • Text:

      Este artículo corresponde al artículo 1 del Protocolo Adicional al CEDH, que dice lo siguiente:
      `Toda persona física o moral tiene derecho al respeto de sus bienes. Nadie podrá ser privado de su propiedad más que por causa de utilidad pública y en las condiciones previstas por la ley y los principios generales del derecho internacional.
      Las disposiciones precedentes se entienden sin perjuicio del derecho que poseen los Estados de poner en vigor las leyes que juzguen necesarias para la reglamentación del uso de los bienes de acuerdo con el interés general o para garantizar el pago de los impuestos u otras contribuciones o de las multas.`
      Se trata de un derecho fundamental común a todas las constituciones nacionales. Ha quedado consagrado en numerosas ocasiones en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia y, por vez primera, en la sentencia Hauer (de 13 de diciembre de 1979, Rec. 1979, p. 3727). La redacción se ha modernizado, si bien conforme al apartado 3 del artículo 52, este derecho tiene el mismo sentido y alcance que el garantizado en el CEDH, no pudiendo sobrepasarse las limitaciones previstas en este último.
      Se hace una referencia explícita en el apartado 2 a la protección de la propiedad intelectual, que es uno de los aspectos del derecho de propiedad, debido a su creciente importancia y al derecho comunitario derivado. La propiedad intelectual abarca, además de la propiedad literaria y artística, en especial el derecho de patentes y marcas y los derechos conexos. Las garantías establecidas en el apartado 1 se aplican de manera adecuada a la propiedad intelectual.

      Source:
      Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Las presentes explicaciones fueron elaboradas inicialmente bajo la responsabilidad del Praesidium de la Convención que redactó la Carta de los Derechos Fundamentales de la Unión Europea. Han sido actualizadas bajo la responsabilidad del Praesidium de la Convención Europea, a la vista de las adaptaciones de la redacción del texto de la Carta realizadas por la Convención (en particular, los artículos 51 y 52) y de la evolución del Derecho de la Unión. Si bien no tienen por sí mismas valor jurídico, constituyen un valioso instrumento de interpretación con objeto de aclarar las disposiciones de la Carta.
    • RB, en qualité d’ayant droit de Claude Chabrol and Others v Société des Auteurs et Compositeurs Dramatiques (SACD) and Others
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (First Chamber)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:979
    • YH v European Central Bank
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      General Court (Fourth Chamber, Extended Composition)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:T:2025:1037
    • Naturvårdsverket v UQ and IC
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (First Chamber)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:818
    • Naturvårdsverket v UQ and IC
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:818
    • Braila Winds SRL v DGRFP București - Administrația Fiscală pentru Contribuabili Mijlocii București and Others
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (Ninth Chamber)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:799
    • Application for annulment brought by the non-profit organization under the law of the State of Wyoming (United States) “American Free Enterprise Chamber of Commerce” against a Belgian Federal Law
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Belgian Constitutional Court
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:BE:GHCC:2025:ARR.104
    • INTERZERO Trajnostne rešitve za svet brez odpadkov d.o.o. and Others and Surovina, družba za predelavo odpadkov d.o.o. and Others
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:569
    • DADA Music SRL and Uniunea Producătorilor de Fonograme din România (UPFR) v Asociaţia Radiourilor Locale şi Regionale (ARLR)
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:551
    • Arce
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:192
    • Aleksandra Melnichenko v Council of the European Union
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:T:2025:180

    46 results found

    • Slovenia / Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
      País:
      Slovenia

      Article 33 The right to private property and inheritance shall be guaranteed.

      Article 67 The manner in which property is acquired and enjoyed shall be established by law so as to ensure its economic, social and environmental function. The manner and conditions of inheritance shall be established by law.

      Article 68 Aliens may acquire ownership rights to real estate under conditions provided by law. Aliens may not acquire title to land except by inheritance, under the condition of reciprocity. (amended in 1997, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 42/97) Aliens may acquire ownership rights to real estate under conditions provided by law or if so provided by a treaty ratified by the National Assembly, under the condition of reciprocity. Such law and treaty from the preceding paragraph shall be adopted by the National Assembly by a two-thirds majority vote of all deputies.(amended in 2003, Official Gazette of the Republic of Slovenia No. 24/03) Aliens may acquire ownership rights to real estate under conditions provided by law or a treaty ratified by the National Assembly.

      Article 69 Ownership rights to real estate may be revoked or limited in the public interest with the provision of compensation in kind or monetary compensation under conditions established by law.

    • Constitutión Española
      País:
      España

      Artículo 33 1. Se reconoce el derecho a la propiedad privada y a la herencia. 2. La función social de estos derechos delimitará su contenido, de acuerdo con las leyes. 3. Nadie podrá ser privado de sus bienes y derechos sino por causa justificada de utilidad pública o interés social, mediante la correspondiente indemnización y de conformidad con lo dispuesto por las leyes.

    • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
      País:
      Czechia

      Article 11 (1) Everyone has the right to own property. Each owner’s property right shall have the same content and enjoy the same protection. Inheritance is guaranteed. (2) The law shall designate the property necessary for securing the needs of the entire society, the development of the national economy, and the public welfare, which may beowned exclusively by the state, a municipality, or by designated legal persons; the law may also provide that certain items of property may be owned exclusively by citizens or legal persons with their headquarters in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. (3) Ownership entails obligations. It may not be misused to the detriment of the rights of others or in conflict with legally protected public interests. It may not be exercised so as to harm human health, nature, or the environment beyond the limits laid down by law. (4) Expropriation or some other mandatory limitation upon property rights is permitted in the public interest, on the basis of law, and for compensation. (5) Taxes and fees shall be levied only on the basis of law. Article 34 (1) The rights to the fruits of one’s creative intellectual activity shall be protected by law.

    • Netherlands / Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
      País:
      Netherlands

      Article 14 1. Expropriation may take place only in the public interest and on prior assurance of full compensation, in accordance with regulations laid down by or pursuant to Act of Parliament. 2. Prior assurance of full compensation shall not be required if in an emergency immediate expropriation is called for. 3. In the cases laid down by or pursuant to Act of Parliament there shall be a right to full or partial compensation if in the public interest the competent authority destroys property or renders it unusable or restricts the exercise of the owner’s rights to it.

    • Sweden / Instrument of Government
      País:
      Sweden

      Chapter 1 - Basic Principles of the form of government:

      Article 2 Public power shall be exercised with respect for the equal worth of all and the liberty and dignity of the individual. The personal, economic and cultural welfare of the individual shall be fundamental aims of public activity. In particular, the public institutions shall secure the right to employment, housing and education, and shall promote social care and social security, as well as favourable conditions for good health.(...)

      Chapter 2 - Fundamental rights and freedoms:

      Article 15 The property of every individual shall be so guaranteed that no one may be compelled by expropriation or other such disposition to surrender property to the public institutions or to a private subject, or tolerate restriction by the public institutions of the use of land or buildings, other than where necessary to satisfy pressing public interests. A person who is compelled to surrender property by expropriation or other such disposition shall be guaranteed full compensation for his or her loss. Compensation shall also be guaranteed to a person whose use of land or buildings is restricted by the public institutions in such a manner that ongoing land use in the affected part of the property is substantially impaired, or injury results which is significant in relation to the value of that part of the property. Compensation shall be determined according to principles laid down in law. In the case of limitations on the use of land or buildings on grounds of protection of human health or the environment, or on grounds of safety, however, the rules laid down in law apply in the matter of entitlement to compensation. Everyone shall have access to the natural environment in accordance with the right of public access, notwithstanding the above provisions;

      Article 16 Authors, artists and photographers shall own the rights to their works in accordance with rules laid down in law.

    • Slovakia / Constitution of the Slovak Republic
      País:
      Slovakia

      Article 20 (1) Everyone has the right to own property. Property rights of all owners are uniformly construed and equally protected by law. The right of inheritance is guaranteed. (2) The law shall lay down which property, other than property specified in Article 4 of the Constitution, necessary to ensure the needs of the society, food security of the state, the development of the national economy and the public interest, may be owned only by the state, the municipality, specific legal or natural persons. The law may also lay down that certain property may be owned only by citizens or legal persons residing in the Slovak Republic. (3) The ownership is binding. It may not be misused to the detriment of the rights of others, or in contravention with general interests protected by law. The exercising of the ownership rights may not harm human health, nature, cultural sites and the environment beyond the margin laid down by a law. (4) Expropriation or restrictions of right in property may be imposed only to the necessary extent and in public interest, based on the law and for a valuable. (5) Other infringements of the property right may be sanctioned, only if the property is acquired illegally or from illegal incomes and such measures are necessary in a democratic society for the security of the State, to protect the public order, morals or rights and freedoms of others. Details shall be laid down by law.

      Article 43 (1) Freedom of scientific research and in art is guaranteed. The rights to the creative intellectual activity are protected by law. (...)

    • Romania / Constitution of Romania
      País:
      Romania

      Article 44 (1) The right of property, as well as the debts incurring on the State are guaranteed. The content and limitations of these rights shall be established by law. (2) Private property shall be equally guaranteed and protected by the law, irrespective of its owner. Foreign citizens and stateless persons shall only acquire the right to private property of land under the terms resulting from Romania's accession to the European Union and other international treaties Romania is a party to, on a mutual basis, under the terms stipulated by an organic law, as well as a result of lawful inheritance. (3) No one shall be expropriated, except on grounds of public utility, established according to the law, against just compensation paid in advance. (4) The nationalization or any other measures of forcible transfer of assets to public property based on the owners' social, ethnic, religious, political, or other discriminatory features. (5) For projects of general interest, the public authorities are entitled to use the subsoil of any real estate with the obligation to pay compensation to its owner for the damages caused to the soil, plantations or buildings, as well as for other damages imputable to these authorities. (6) Compensation provided under paragraphs (3) and (5) shall be agreed upon with the owner, or by the decision of the court when a settlement cannot be reached. (7) The right of property compels to the observance of duties relating to environmental protection and ensurance of neighbourliness, as well as of other duties incumbent upon the owner, in accordance with the law or custom. (8) Legally acquired assets shall not be confiscated. Legality of acquirement shall be presumed. (9) Any goods intended for, used or resulting from a criminal or minor offence may be confiscated only in accordance with the provisions of the law.

      Article 135 (...) (2) The State must secure: (...) c) stimulation of national scientific and technological research, arts, and protection of copyright;

      Article 136 (1) Property is public or private. (...) (5) Private property is inviolable, in accordance with the organic law.

    • Constituição da República Portuguesa
      País:
      Portugal

      Artigo 62.º (Direito de propriedade privada) 1. A todos é garantido o direito à propriedade privada e à sua transmissão em vida ou por morte, nos termos da Constituição. 2. A requisição e a expropriação por utilidade pública só podem ser efectuadas com base na lei e mediante o pagamento de justa indemnização.

    • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
      País:
      Portugal

      Article 62 (Right to private property) (1) Everyone shall be guaranteed the right to private property and to the transmission thereof in life or upon death, as laid down by this Constitution. (2) Requisitions and expropriations in the public interest shall only occur on a legal basis and upon payment of just compensation.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
      País:
      Poland

      Article 21.1. The Republic of Poland shall protect ownership and the right of succession. 2. Expropriation may be allowed solely for public purposes and for just compensation. Article 46 Property may be forfeited only in cases specified by statute, and only by virtue of a final judgment of a court. Article 64 1. Everyone shall have the right to ownership, other property rights and the right of succession. 2. Everyone, on an equal basis, shall receive legal protection regarding ownership, other property rights and the right of succession. 3. The right of ownership may only be limited by means of a statute and only to the extent that it does not violate the substance of such right.

    • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
      País:
      Poland

      Art. 21. 1. Rzeczpospolita Polska chroni własność i prawo dziedziczenia. 2. Wywłaszczenie jest dopuszczalne jedynie wówczas, gdy jest dokonywane na cele publiczne i za słusznym odszkodowaniem. Art. 46. Przepadek rzeczy może nastąpić tylko w przypadkach określonych w ustawie i tylko na podstawie prawomocnego orzeczenia sądu. Art. 64. 1. Każdy ma prawo do własności, innych praw majątkowych oraz prawo dziedziczenia. 2. Własność, inne prawa majątkowe oraz prawo dziedziczenia podlegają równej dla wszystkich ochronie prawnej. 3. Własność może być ograniczona tylko w drodze ustawy i tylko w zakresie, w jakim nie narusza ona istoty prawa własności.

    • Constitution of Malta
      País:
      Malta

      Article 37 (1) No property of any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and no interest in or right over property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except where provision is made by a law applicable to that taking of possession or acquisition – (a) for the payment of adequate compensation; (b) securing to any person claiming such compensation avright of access to an independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law for the purpose ofvdetermining his interest in or right over the property and the amount of any compensation to which he mayvbe entitled, and for the purpose of obtaining payment of that compensation; and (c) securing to any party to proceedings in that court orvtribunal relating to such a claim a right of appeal fromvits determination to the Court of Appeal in Malta: Provided that in special cases Parliament may, if it deems it appropriate so to act in the national interest, by law establish the criteria which are to be followed, including the factors and other circumstances to be taken into account, in the determination of the compensation payable in respect of property compulsorily taken possession of or acquired; and in any such case the compensation shall be determined and shall be payable accordingly. (2) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law so far as it provides for the taking of possession or acquisition of property - (a) in satisfaction of any tax, rate or due; (b) by way of penalty for, or as a consequence of, breach of the law, whether under civil process or after conviction of a criminal offence; (c) upon the attempted removal of the property out of or into Malta in contravention of any law; (d) by way of the taking of a sample for the purposes of any law; (e) where the property consists of an animal upon its being found trespassing or straying; (f) as an incident of a lease, tenancy, licence, privilege or hypothec, mortgage, charge, bill of sale, pledge or other contract; (g) by way of the vesting or administration of property on behalf and for the benefit of the person entitled to the beneficial interest therein, trust property, enemy property or the property of persons adjudged bankrupt or otherwise declared bankrupt or insolvent, persons of unsound mind, deceased persons, or bodies corporate or unincorporate in the course of being wound up or liquidated; (h) in the execution of judgments or orders of courts; (i) by reason of its being in a dangerous state or injurious to the health of human beings, animals or plants; (j) in consequence of any law with respect to the limitation of actions, acquisitive prescription, derelict land, treasure trove, mortmain or the rights of succession competent to the Government of Malta; or (k) for so long only as may be necessary for the purposes of any examination, investigation, trial or inquiry or, in the case of land, the carrying out thereon - (i) of work of soil conservation or the conservation of other natural resources of any description or of war damage reconstruction; or (ii) of agricultural development or improvement which the owner or occupier of the land has been required and has without reasonable and lawful excuse refused or failed to carry out. (3) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law so far as it provides for vesting in the Government of Malta the ownership of any underground minerals, water or antiquities. (4) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law for the compulsory taking of possession in the public interest of any property, or the compulsory acquisition in the public interest of any interest in or right over property, where that property, interest or right is held by a body corporate which is established for public purposes by any law and in which no monies have been invested other than monies provided by any legislature in Malta.

    • Constitution du Grand Duche de Luxembourg
      País:
      Luxembourg

      Article 16. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d’utilité publique et moyennant juste indemnité, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi. Article 17. La peine de la confiscation des biens ne peut être établie.

    • Constitution of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
      País:
      Luxembourg

      Article 16. One may only be deprived of his property for a reason of public utility and [with] consideration [of a] just indemnity, in the case and in the manner established by the law. Article 17. The penalty of the confiscation of property may not be established.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
      País:
      Lithuania

      Article 23. Property shall be inviolable. The rights of ownership shall be protected by laws. Property may be taken over only for the needs of society according to the procedure established by law and shall be justly compensated for. Article 42. The law shall protect and defend the spiritual and material interests of an author which are related to scientific, technical, cultural, and artistic work.

    • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
      País:
      Lithuania

      23 straipsnis. Nuosavybė neliečiama. Nuosavybės teises saugo įstatymai. Nuosavybė gali būti paimama tik įstatymo nustatyta tvarka visuomenės poreikiams ir teisingai atlyginama. 42 straipsnis. Dvasinius ir materialinius autoriaus interesus, susijusius su mokslo, technikos, kultūros ir meno kūryba, saugo ir gina įstatymas.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
      País:
      Latvia

      105. Everyone has the right to own property. Property shall not be used contrary to the interests of the public. Property rights may be restricted only in accordance with law. Expropriation of property for public purposes shall be allowed only in exceptional cases on the basis of a specific law and in return for fair compensation. 113. The State shall recognise the freedom of scientific research, artistic and other creative activity, and shall protect copyright and patent rights.

    • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
      País:
      Latvia

      105. Ikvienam ir tiesības uz īpašumu. Īpašumu nedrīkst izmantot pretēji sabiedrības interesēm. Īpašuma tiesības var ierobežot vienīgi saskaņā ar likumu. Īpašuma piespiedu atsavināšana sabiedrības vajadzībām pieļaujama tikai izņēmuma gadījumos uz atsevišķa likuma pamata pret taisnīgu atlīdzību. 113. Valsts atzīst zinātniskās, mākslinieciskās un citādas jaunrades brīvību, kā arī aizsargā autortiesības un patenttiesības.

    • Constitution of the Italian Republic
      País:
      Italy

      Art. 42. Property is public or private. Economic assets may belong to the State, to public bodies or to private persons. Private property is recognised and guaranteed by the law, which prescribes the ways it is acquired, enjoyed and its limitations so as to ensure its social function and make it accessible to all. In the cases provided for by the law and with provisions for compensation, private property may be expropriated for reasons of general interest. The law establishes the regulations and limits of legitimate and testamentary inheritance and the rights of the State in matters of inheritance.

    • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
      País:
      Italy

      Art. 42. La proprietà è pubblica o privata. I beni economici appartengono allo Stato, ad enti o a privati. La proprietà privata è riconosciuta e garantita dalla legge, che ne determina i modi di acquisto, di godimento e i limiti allo scopo di assicurarne la funzione sociale e di renderla accessibile a tutti. La proprietà privata può essere, nei casi preveduti dalla legge, e salvo indennizzo, espropriata per motivi d'interesse generale.

    7 results found

    • Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 of 24 June 2016 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matters of matrimonial property regimes

      [...]

      (73) This Regulation respects fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 9, 17, 21 and 47 concerning, respectively, respect for private and family life, the right to marry and to found a family according to national laws, property rights, the principle of non-discrimination and the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial. This Regulation should be applied by the courts and other competent authorities of the Member States in compliance with those rights and principles.

      [...]

    • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

      Article 1

      Purpose

      This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

    • Directive (EU) 2015/2436 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 December 2015 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks

      Article 3 - Signs of which a trade mark may consist
      ‘A trade mark may consist of any signs, in particular words, including personal names, or designs, letters, numerals, colours, the shape of goods or of the packaging of goods, or sounds, provided that such signs are capable of:
      (a) distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings; and
      (b) being represented on the register in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor.‘
      Article 10 - Rights conferred by a trade mark
      ‘1. The registration of a trade mark shall confer on the proprietor exclusive rights therein.
      2. Without prejudice to the rights of proprietors acquired before the filing date or the priority date of the registered trade mark, the proprietor of that registered trade mark shall be entitled to prevent all third parties not having his consent from using in the course of trade, in relation to goods or services, any sign where:
      (a) the sign is identical with the trade mark and is used in relation to goods or services which are identical with those for which the trade mark is registered;
      (b) the sign is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark and is used in relation to goods or services which are identical with, or similar to, the goods or services for which the trade mark is registered, if there exists a likelihood of confusion on the part of the public; the likelihood of confusion includes the likelihood of association between the sign and the trade mark;
      (c) the sign is identical with, or similar to, the trade mark irrespective of whether it is used in relation to goods or services which are identical with, similar to, or not similar to, those for which the trade mark is registered, where the latter has a reputation in the Member State and where use of that sign without due cause takes unfair advantage of, or is detrimental to, the distinctive character or the repute of the trade mark.‘

    • Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union

      Preamble:
      ‘(31) Given the limitation of the right to property by freezing orders, such provisional measures should not be maintained longer than necessary to preserve the availability of the property with a view to possible subsequent confiscation. This may require a review by the court in order to ensure that the purpose of preventing the dissipation of property remains valid.‘

    • Regulation (EU) 2017/1001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on the European Union trade mark (Text with EEA relevance.)

      Article 1 - EU trade mark
      ‘1. A trade mark for goods or services which is registered in accordance with the conditions contained in this Regulation and in the manner herein provided is hereinafter referred to as a ‘European Union trade mark (“EU trade mark”)’.
      2. An EU trade mark shall have a unitary character. It shall have equal effect throughout the Union: it shall not be registered, transferred or surrendered or be the subject of a decision revoking the rights of the proprietor or declaring it invalid, nor shall its use be prohibited, save in respect of the whole Union. This principle shall apply unless otherwise provided for in this Regulation.‘
      Article 4 - Signs of which an EU trade mark may consist
      ‘An EU trade mark may consist of any signs, in particular words, including personal names, or designs, letters, numerals, colours, the shape of goods or of the packaging of goods, or sounds, provided that such signs are capable of:
      (a) distinguishing the goods or services of one undertaking from those of other undertakings; and
      (b) being represented on the Register of European Union trade marks (‘the Register’), in a manner which enables the competent authorities and the public to determine the clear and precise subject matter of the protection afforded to its proprietor.‘

    • Regulation (EU) No 608/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 June 2013 concerning customs enforcement of intellectual property rights and repealing Council Regulation (EC) No 1383/2003

      Article 3 - Entitlement to submit an application
      ‘The following persons and entities shall, to the extent they are entitled to initiate proceedings, in order to determine whether an intellectual property right has been infringed, in the Member State or Member States where the customs authorities are requested to take action, be entitled to submit:
      (1) a national or a Union application:
      (a) right-holders;
      (b) intellectual property collective rights management bodies as referred to in point (c) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2004/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the enforcement of intellectual property rights (21);
      (c) professional defence bodies as referred to in point (d) of Article 4(1) of Directive 2004/48/EC;
      (d) groups within the meaning of point (2) of Article 3, and Article 49(1) of Regulation (EU) No 1151/2012, groups of producers within the meaning of Article 118e of Regulation (EC) No 1234/2007 or similar groups of producers provided for in Union law governing geographical indications representing producers of products with a geographical indication or representatives of such groups, in particular Regulations (EEC) No 1601/91 and (EC) No 110/2008 and operators entitled to use a geographical indication as well as inspection bodies or authorities competent for such a geographical indication;
      (2) a national application:
      (a) persons or entities authorised to use intellectual property rights, which have been authorised formally by the right-holder to initiate proceedings in order to determine whether the intellectual property right has been infringed;
      (b) groups of producers provided for in the legislation of the Member States governing geographical indications representing producers of products with geographical indications or representatives of such groups and operators entitled to use a geographical indication, as well as inspection bodies or authorities competent for such a geographical indication;
      (3) a Union application: holders of exclusive licenses covering the entire territory of two or more Member States, where those licence holders have been authorised formally in those Member States by the right-holder to initiate proceedings in order to determine whether the intellectual property right has been infringed.‘

    • Directive 2012/29/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 October 2012 establishing minimum standards on the rights, support and protection of victims of crime, and replacing Council Framework Decision 2001/220/JHA

      Preamble:

      (14) In applying this Directive, children's best interests must be a primary consideration, in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union and the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child adopted on 20 November 1989. Child victims should be considered and treated as the full bearers of rights set out in this Directive and should be entitled to exercise those rights in a manner that takes into account their capacity to form their own views.
      (16) Victims of terrorism have suffered attacks that are intended ultimately to harm society. They may therefore need special attention, support and protection due to the particular nature of the crime that has been committed against them. Victims of terrorism can be under significant public scrutiny and often need social recognition and respectful treatment by society. Member States should therefore take particular account of the needs of victims of terrorism, and should seek to protect their dignity and security.’
      ‘(38) [...] A main task of these services and their staff, which play an important role in supporting the victim to recover from and overcome potential harm or trauma as a result of a criminal offence, should be to inform victims about the rights set out in this Directive so that they can take decisions in a supportive environment that treats them with dignity, respect and sensitivity. The types of support that such specialist support services should offer could include providing shelter and safe accommodation, immediate medical support, referral to medical and forensic examination for evidence in cases of rape or sexual assault, short and long-term psychological counselling, trauma care, legal advice, advocacy and specific services for children as direct or indirect victims.’
      ‘(52) Measures should be available to protect the safety and dignity of victims and their family members from secondary and repeat victimisation, from intimidation and from retaliation, such as interim injunctions or protection or restraining orders.’

      (66) This Directive respects fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In particular, it seeks to promote the right to dignity, life, physical and mental integrity, liberty and security, respect for private and family life, the right to property, the principle of non-discrimination, the principle of equality between women and men, the rights of the child, the elderly and persons with disabilities, and the right to a fair trial.

      Article 18 - Right to protection
      ‘Without prejudice to the rights of the defence, Member States shall ensure that measures are available to protect victims and their family members from secondary and repeat victimisation, from intimidation and from retaliation, including against the risk of emotional or psychological harm, and to protect the dignity of victims during questioning and when testifying. When necessary, such measures shall also include procedures established under national law for the physical protection of victims and their family members.’

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