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Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea

EU Charter and Charter resources
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Titolo VII

Disposizioni generali

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Articolo 52 - Portata e interpretazione dei diritti e dei principi

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Articolo 52 - Portata e interpretazione dei diritti e dei principi

1. Eventuali limitazioni all'esercizio dei diritti e delle libertà riconosciuti dalla presente Carta devono essere previste dalla legge e rispettare il contenuto essenziale di detti diritti e libertà. Nel rispetto del principio di proporzionalità, possono essere apportate limitazioni solo laddove siano necessarie e rispondano effettivamente a finalità di interesse generale riconosciute dall'Unione o all'esigenza di proteggere i diritti e le libertà altrui. 2. I diritti riconosciuti dalla presente Carta per i quali i trattati prevedono disposizioni si esercitano alle condizioni e nei limiti dagli stessi definiti. 3. Laddove la presente Carta contenga diritti corrispondenti a quelli garantiti dalla Convenzione europea per la salvaguardia dei Diritti dell'Uomo e delle Libertà fondamentali, il significato e la portata degli stessi sono uguali a quelli conferiti dalla suddetta convenzione. La presente disposizione non preclude che il diritto dell'Unione conceda una protezione più estesa. 4. Laddove la presente Carta riconosca i diritti fondamentali quali risultano dalle tradizioni costituzionali comuni agli Stati membri, tali diritti sono interpretati in armonia con dette tradizioni. 5. Le disposizioni della presente Carta che contengono dei principi possono essere attuate da atti legislativi e esecutivi adottati da istituzioni, organi e organismi dell'Unione e da atti di Stati membri allorché essi danno attuazione al diritto dell'Unione, nell'esercizio delle loro rispettive competenze. Esse possono essere invocate dinanzi a un giudice solo ai fini dell'interpretazione e del controllo di legalità di detti atti. 6. Si tiene pienamente conto delle legislazioni e prassi nazionali, come specificato nella presente Carta. 7. I giudici dell'Unione e degli Stati membri tengono nel debito conto le spiegazioni elaborate al fine di fornire orientamenti per l'interpretazione della presente Carta.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Spiegazioni

  • Text:

    L'articolo 52 mira a fissare la portata dei diritti e dei principi della Carta e a definire norme per la loro interpretazione. Il paragrafo 1 tratta del sistema delle limitazioni. La formula usata si ispira alla giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia: `… secondo una giurisprudenza costante, restrizioni all'esercizio dei diritti fondamentali possono essere operate, in particolare nell'ambito di un'organizzazione comune di mercato, purché tali restrizioni rispondano effettivamente a finalità di interesse generale perseguite dalla Comunità e non si risolvano, considerato lo scopo perseguito, in un intervento sproporzionato ed inammissibile che pregiudicherebbe la stessa sostanza di tali diritti` (sentenza del 13 aprile 2000, causa C-292/97, punto 45 della motivazione). Il riferimento agli interessi generali riconosciuti dall'Unione comprende sia gli obiettivi citati nell'articolo 3 del trattato sull'Unione europea sia altri interessi tutelati da disposizioni specifiche dei trattati come l'articolo 4, paragrafo 1 del trattato sull'Unione europea e gli articoli 35, paragrafo 3, 36 e 346 del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea.

    Il paragrafo 2 fa riferimento a diritti che erano già espressamente garantiti nel trattato che istituisce la Comunità europea e sono stati riconosciuti nella Carta, e che ora figurano nei trattati (segnatamente, i diritti derivanti dalla cittadinanza dell'Unione). Esso chiarisce che tali diritti restano soggetti alle condizioni e ai limiti applicabili al diritto dell'Unione su cui si fondano e che sono fissati nei trattati. La Carta non modifica il sistema dei diritti accordati dal trattato CE e ripresi nei trattati.

    Il paragrafo 3 intende assicurare la necessaria coerenza tra la Carta e la CEDU affermando la regola secondo cui, qualora i diritti della presente Carta corrispondano ai diritti garantiti anche dalla CEDU, il loro significato e la loro portata, comprese le limitazioni ammesse, sono identici a quelli della CEDU. Ne consegue in particolare che il legislatore, nel fissare le suddette limitazioni, deve rispettare gli standard stabiliti dal regime particolareggiato delle limitazioni previsto nella CEDU, che è quindi applicabile anche ai diritti contemplati in questo paragrafo, senza che ciò pregiudichi l’autonomia del diritto dell'Unione e della Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea.
    Il riferimento alla CEDU riguarda sia la convenzione che i relativi protocolli. Il significato e la portata dei diritti garantiti sono determinati non solo dal testo di questi strumenti, ma anche dalla giurisprudenza della Corte europea dei diritti dell'uomo e dalla Corte di giustizia dell'Unione europea. L'ultima frase del paragrafo è intesa a consentire all'Unione di garantire una protezione più ampia. La protezione accordata dalla Carta non può comunque in nessun caso situarsi ad un livello inferiore a quello garantito dalla CEDU.
    La Carta lascia impregiudicata la possibilità degli Stati membri di ricorrere all’articolo 15 della CEDU, che permette di derogare ai diritti sanciti dalla convenzione in caso di guerra o in caso di altro pericolo pubblico che minacci la vita della nazione, quando agiscono nell’ambito della difesa in caso di guerra o nell’ambito del mantenimento dell’ordine pubblico, conformemente alle responsabilità loro riconosciute all’articolo 4, paragrafo 1 del trattato sull'Unione europea e agli articoli 72 e 347 del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea.
    In appresso è riportato l’elenco dei diritti che, in questa fase e senza che ciò escluda l’evoluzione del diritto, della legislazione e dei trattati, possono essere considerati corrispondenti a quelli della CEDU ai sensi del presente paragrafo. Non sono riportati i diritti che si aggiungono a quelli della CEDU.
    1. Articoli della Carta che hanno significato e portata identici agli articoli corrispondenti della CEDU:
    - l’articolo 2 corrisponde all’articolo 2 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 4 corrisponde all’articolo 3 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 5 , paragrafi 1 e 2, corrisponde all’articolo 4 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 6 corrisponde all’articolo 5 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 7 corrisponde all’articolo 8 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 10, paragrafo 1, corrisponde all’articolo 9 della CEDU
    - l'articolo 11 corrisponde all'articolo 10 della CEDU, fatte salve le restrizioni che il diritto dell'Unione può apportare alla facoltà degli Stati membri di instaurare i regimi di autorizzazione di cui all'articolo 10, paragrafo 1, terza frase della CEDU
    - l’articolo 17 corrisponde all’articolo 1 del protocollo addizionale alla CEDU
    - l’articolo 19, paragrafo 1, corrisponde all’articolo 4 del protocollo n. 4
    - l’articolo 19, paragrafo 2, corrisponde all’articolo 3 della CEDU nell’interpretazione datagli dalla Corte europea dei diritti dell’uomo
    - l’articolo 48 corrisponde all’articolo 6, paragrafi 2 e 3 della CEDU
    - l’articolo 49, paragrafi 1 (eccettuata l’ultima frase) e 2 corrisponde all’articolo 7 della CEDU.

    2. Articoli della Carta che hanno significato identico agli articoli corrispondenti della CEDU ma la cui portata è più ampia:
    - l'articolo 9 copre la sfera dell'articolo 12 della CEDU, ma il suo campo d'applicazione può essere esteso ad altre forme di matrimonio eventualmente istituite dalla legislazione nazionale
    - l’articolo 12, paragrafo 1 corrisponde all’articolo 11 della CEDU, ma il suo campo d'applicazione è esteso al livello dell’Unione europea
    - l’articolo 14, paragrafo 1, corrisponde all’articolo 2 del protocollo addizionale alla CEDU, ma il suo campo d'applicazione è esteso all’accesso alla formazione professionale e continua
    - l’articolo 14, paragrafo 3, corrisponde all’articolo 2 del protocollo addizionale alla CEDU relativamente ai diritti dei genitori
    - l’articolo 47, paragrafi 2 e 3, corrisponde all’articolo 6, paragrafo 1, della CEDU, ma la limitazione alle controversie su diritti e obblighi di carattere civile o su accuse in materia penale non si applica al diritto dell’Unione e alla sua attuazione
    - l’articolo 50 corrisponde all’articolo 4 del protocollo n. 7 della CEDU, ma la sua portata è estesa al livello dell’Unione europea tra le giurisdizioni degli Stati membri
    - infine, nell’ambito di applicazione del diritto dell'Unione, i cittadini dell’Unione europea non possono essere considerati stranieri in forza del divieto di qualsiasi discriminazione basata sulla nazionalità. Pertanto, le limitazioni previste dall’articolo 16 della CEDU riguardo al diritto degli stranieri non sono loro applicabili in questo contesto.
    La regola d’interpretazione contenuta nel paragrafo 4 è stata basata sulla formulazione dell’articolo 6, paragrafo 3 del trattato sull’Unione europea e tiene nel debito conto l’approccio alle tradizioni costituzionali comuni seguito dalla Corte di giustizia (ad es., sentenza del 13 dicembre 1979, causa 44/79 Hauer, Racc. 1979, pag. 3727; sentenza del 18 maggio 1982, causa 155/79, AM&S, Racc. 1982, pag. 1575). Secondo tale regola, piuttosto che in un’impostazione rigida basata sul `minimo comun denominatore`, i diritti in questione sanciti dalla Carta dovrebbero essere interpretati in modo da offrire un elevato livello di tutela che sia consono al diritto dell’Unione e in armonia con le tradizioni costituzionali comuni.
    Il paragrafo 5 chiarisce la distinzione fra `diritti` e `principi` sancita nella Carta. In base a tale distinzione, i diritti soggettivi sono rispettati, mentre i principi sono osservati (articolo 51, paragrafo 1). Ai principi può essere data attuazione tramite atti legislativi o esecutivi (adottati dall'Unione conformemente alle sue competenze e dagli Stati membri unicamente nell'ambito dell'attuazione del diritto dell'Unione); di conseguenza, essi assumono rilevanza per il giudice solo quando tali atti sono interpretati o sottoposti a controllo. Essi non danno tuttavia adito a pretese dirette per azioni positive da parte delle istituzioni dell’Unione o delle autorità degli Stati membri. Ciò è in linea sia con la giurisprudenza della Corte di giustizia (cfr. in particolare la giurisprudenza sul `principio di precauzione` di cui all’articolo 191, paragrafo 2 del trattato sul funzionamento dell'Unione europea: sentenza del TPG dell’ 11 settembre 2002, causa T-13/99 Pfizer c. Consiglio, con numerosi rinvii ai precedenti giurisprudenziali e una serie di sentenze sull’articolo 33 (già 39) in merito ai principi della normativa agricola, ad es. sentenza della Corte di giustizia, causa 265/85 Van den Berg, Racc. 1987, pag. 1155: analisi del principio della stabilizzazione del mercato e delle aspettative ragionevoli), sia con l’approccio ai `principi` negli ordinamenti costituzionali degli Stati membri, specialmente nella normativa sociale. A titolo illustrativo si citano come esempi di principi riconosciuti nella Carta gli articoli 25, 26 e 37. In alcuni casi è possibile che un articolo della Carta contenga elementi sia di un diritto sia di un principio, ad es. gli articoli 23, 33 e 34.
    Il paragrafo 6 fa riferimento ai diversi articoli della Carta che, nell’ottica della sussidiarietà, rimandano alle legislazioni e prassi nazionali.

    Source:
    Gazzetta ufficiale dell'Unione europea C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Le presenti spiegazioni erano state elaborate, nella versione iniziale, sotto l'autorità del praesidium della Convenzione che aveva redatto la Carta dei diritti fondamentali dell’Unione europea e sono ora state aggiornate sotto la responsabilità del praesidium della Convenzione europea, sulla scorta degli adeguamenti redazionali che quest’ultima Convenzione ha apportato al testo della Carta (in particolare agli articoli 51 e 52) e dell’evoluzione del diritto dell’Unione. Benché non abbiano di per sé status di legge, esse rappresentano un prezioso strumento d’interpretazione destinato a chiarire le disposizioni della Carta.

Giurisprudenza

Diritto costituzionale nazionale

25 results found

  • The Belgian Constitution
    URL:
    The Belgian Constitution
    Paese:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Belgians are equal before the law;they alone are eligible for civil and military service,
    but for the exceptions that can be created by a law for particular cases.(...) Article 11bis.(...) The law,federate law or rule referred to inArticle 134 provides for women and men to sit on the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, the colleges of the burgomasters and aldermen,the councils and permanent committees of the public centres
    for social welfare and on the executives of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal,
    inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body.
    The preceding paragraph does not apply when the law, federate law or rule referred
    to in Article 134 provides for the direct election of the members of the permanent
    deputations of the provincial councils, of aldermen, of the members of the councils and
    permanent committees of the social welfare centres or of the members of the executives
    of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body Article 12. The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.
    No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the
    form prescribed by the law Article 15. One’s home is inviolable no house search may take place except in the cases provided for by the law and in the form prescribed by the law. Article 16. No one can be deprived of his property except in the case of expropriation for a public purpose, in the cases and manner established by the law and in return for fair
    compensation paid beforehand. Article 21. A civil wedding should always precede the blessing of the marriage, apart from the exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
    Article 22. Everyone has the right to the respect of his private and family life, except in the cases and conditions determined by the law. Article 29. The confidentiality of letters is inviolable.
    The law determines which officials may violate the confidentiality of letters entrusted
    to the postal service. Article 31. No authorisation is necessary prior to taking legal action against civil
    servants for offences resulting from their administration, except with regard to what
    has been ruled on concerning ministers and members of the Community and Regional
    Government Article 32. Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to obtain a
    copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate laws or rules
    referred to in Article 134. Article 117. Members of the Community and Regional Parliaments are elected for a period of five years. The Community and Regional Parliaments are re-elected as a whole every fi e years.
    Elections for the Community and Regional Parliaments take place on the same day
    and coincide with elections for the European Parliament.
    In execution of a law as described in Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, a federate
    law or a rule referred to in Article 134, passed in accordance with Article 118, § 2,
    fourth sub-paragraph, may derogate from the first and second paragraphs.”. Article 170 § 2.Taxes to the benefit of a Community or Region can only be introduced by a federate law or a rule as described in Article 134.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. § 3.A charge or tax can only be introduced by a province or a supra-municipal collectivity
    by the decision of its council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes described in the first paragraph, the
    exceptions that are proved to be necessary.
    The law can abolish, either totally or partially, the taxes referred to in the first
    sub-paragraph.
    § 4. A charge or tax can only be introduced by the metropolitan districts, federations
    of municipalities or by the municipalities by a decision of their council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. Article 172. No privileges with regard to taxes can be introduced.
    No exemption or reduction of taxes can be introduced except by a law. Article 173. Except to the benefit of the provinces, the bodies responsible for polders and for draining and flood protection, and except for the cases formally excepted by the laws, the federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134, charges can only be claimed from citizens in the form of taxes to the benefit of the State, the Community,the Region, the metropolitan district, the federation of municipalities or the municipality. Article 185. Foreign troops may only be admitted to the service of the State, or occupy or crossthe territory by virtue of a law. Article 186. Military personnel can only be deprived of rank, honours and pensions in the manner described by the law. Article 191. All foreigners on Belgian soil benefit from the protection provided to persons and property, except for those exceptions provided for by the law.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    URL:
    The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    Paese:
    Cyprus

    ARTICLE 1A
    No provision of the Constitution is deemed as annulling laws adopted, deeds carried out or measures taken by the Republic which are rendered necessary as a result of the obligations of the Republic as a member state of the European Union nor does it preclude Regulations, Directives or other acts or binding measures of a legislative character adopted by the European Union or by the European Communities or by the institutions or competent bodies under the treaties setting up the European Communities or the European Union from having legal force in the Republic.
    ARTICLE 179
    1. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 1A, the Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic.
    2. No law or decision of the House of Parliament or of each Communal Chamber and no act or decision of any organ, authority or person in the Republic exercising executive power or any administrative function shall in any way be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, any of the provisions of this Constitution.

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    URL:
    Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    Paese:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 1A
    Ουδεμία διάταξη του Συντάγματος θεωρείται ότι ακυρώνει νόμους που θεσπίζονται, πράξεις που διενεργούνται ή μέτρα που λαμβάνονται από τη Δημοκρατία τα οποία καθίστανται αναγκαία από τις υποχρεώσεις της ως κράτους μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ούτε εμποδίζει Κανονισμούς, Οδηγίες ή άλλες πράξεις ή δεσμευτικά μέτρα νομοθετικού χαρακτήρα που θεσπίζονται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ή από τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή από τα θεσμικά τους όργανα ή από τα αρμόδιά τους σώματα στη βάση των συνθηκών που ιδρύουν τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση από του να έχουν νομική ισχύ στη Δημοκρατία.
    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 179
    1. Τηρουμένων των διατάξεων του άρθρου 1Α, το Σύνταγμα είναι ο υπέρτατος νόμος της Δημοκρατίας.
    2. Ουδείς νόμος ή απόφασις της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων ή εκατέρας Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεων ως και ουδεμία πράξις ή απόφασις ιουδήποτε οργάνου, αρχής ή προσώπου εν τη Δημοκρατία ασκούντος εκτελεστικήν εξουσίαν ή οιονδήποτε διοικητικόν λειτούργημα δύναται να είναι καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπον αντίθετος ή ασύμφωνος προς οιανδήποτε των διατάξεων του Συντάγματος ή προς οποιαδήποτε υποχρέωση επιβάλλεται στη Δημοκρατία ως αποτέλεσμα της συμμετοχής της ως κράτους μέλους στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    URL:
    Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    Paese:
    Croatia

    Članak 3.
    Sloboda, jednakost, nacionalna ravnopravnost i ravnopravnost spolova, mirotvorstvo, socijalna pravda, poštivanje prava čovjeka, nepovredivost vlasništva, očuvanje prirode i čovjekova okoliša, vladavina prava i demokratski višestranački sustav najviše su vrednote ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske i temelj za tumačenje Ustava.

    Članak 16.
    Slobode i prava mogu se ograničiti samo zakonom da bi se zaštitila sloboda i prava drugih ljudi te pravni poredak, javni moral i zdravlje.
    Svako ograničenje slobode ili prava mora biti razmjerno naravi potrebe za ograničenjem u svakom pojedinom slučaju.

    Članak 17.
    U doba ratnog stanja ili neposredne ugroženosti neovisnosti i jedinstvenosti države, te velikih prirodnih nepogoda pojedine slobode i prava zajamčena Ustavom mogu se ograničiti. O tome odlučuje Hrvatski sabor dvotrećinskom većinom svih zastupnika, a ako se Hrvatski sabor ne može sastati, na prijedlog Vlade i uz supotpis predsjednika Vlade, Predsjednik Republike.

    Opseg ograničenja mora biti primjeren naravi pogibelji, a za posljedicu ne može imati nejednakost osoba s obzirom na rasu, boju kože, spol, jezik, vjeru, nacionalno ili socijalno podrijetlo.

    Niti u slučaju neposredne opasnosti za opstanak države ne može se ograničiti primjena odredbi Ustava o pravu na život, zabrani mučenja, surovog ili ponižavajućeg postupanja ili kažnjavanja, o pravnoj određenosti kažnjivih djela i kazni, te o slobodi misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijedi.

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    URL:
    КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    Paese:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 57. (1) Основните права на гражданите са неотменими.
    (2) Не се допуска злоупотреба с права, както и тяхното упражняване, ако то накърнява права или законни интереси на други.
    (3) При обявяване на война, на военно или друго извънредно положение със закон може да бъде временно ограничено упражняването на отделни права на гражданите с изключение на правата, предвидени в чл. 28, 29, 31, ал. 1, 2 и 3, чл. 32, ал. 1 и чл. 37.

Diritto dell'UE

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1083/oj/eng

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms
    URL:
    Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

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Prodotti

  • Report / Paper / Summary
    4
    November
    2021

    Legal aid for returnees deprived of liberty

    This report outlines to what extent legal aid is available to those held in pre-removal detention in the 27 EU Member States, and in North Macedonia and Serbia, during procedures related to their return. These involve decisions on return, on detention pending removal, the removal itself and on bans on entry. The report also examines when people are entitled to free legal aid and how this aid is funded, as well as who provides representation and various factors that limit the scope of legal aid.
    © Freshideas / Adobestock
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    10
    June
    2021

    Fundamental Rights Report 2021

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2021 reviews major developments in the field in 2020, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions. This year’s focus chapter explores the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on fundamental rights. The remaining chapters cover: the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights; equality and non-discrimination; racism, xenophobia and related intolerance; Roma equality and inclusion; asylum, borders and migration; information society, privacy and data protection; rights of the child; access to justice; and the implementation of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    17
    December
    2020

    Manuale sul diritto europeo in materia di asilo, frontiere e immigrazione, Edizione 2020

    La Convenzione europea dei diritti dell’uomo (CEDU) e il diritto dell’Unione europea (UE)
    forniscono un quadro di riferimento sempre più importante per la protezione dei diritti degli
    stranieri. La legislazione dell’UE in materia di asilo, frontiere e immigrazione è in rapido sviluppo.
    Esiste un cospicuo corpus di giurisprudenza formato dalla Corte europea dei diritti
    dell’uomo (Corte EDU) riguardante, in particolare, gli articoli 3, 5, 8 e 13 CEDU. La Corte di
    giustizia dell’Unione europea (CGUE) è chiamata con sempre maggiore frequenza a pronunciarsi
    sull’interpretazione delle disposizioni legislative dell’UE in quest’ambito. La presente
    terza edizione del manuale, aggiornata a luglio 2020, presenta in modo accessibile la legislazione
    dell’UE e la giurisprudenza delle due corti europee, è rivolto a professionisti legali,
    giudici, pubblici ministeri, funzionari dell’immigrazione e organizzazioni non governative
    negli Stati membri dell’Unione europea e del Consiglio d’Europa.
    Jonathan Stutz / Adobe Stock
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    11
    June
    2020

    Fundamental Rights Report 2020

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2020 reviews major developments in the field in 2019, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions. This year’s focus chapter explores how to unlock the full potential of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    24
    February
    2017

    Current migration situation in the EU: Torture, trauma and its possible impact on drug use

    This report looks at the prevalence of torture
    and trauma among arrivals, as well as its impact in terms of drug use. It also
    discusses the support available to victims.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    22
    June
    2016

    Handbook on European law relating to access to justice

    Access to justice is an important element of the rule of law. It enables individuals to protect themselves against infringements of their rights, to remedy civil wrongs, to hold executive power accountable and to defend themselves in criminal proceedings. This handbook summarises the key European legal principles in the area of access to justice, focusing on civil and criminal law.