eu-charter

EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder

Artikel 52 - Rækkevidde og fortolkning af rettigheder og principper

Artikel 52 - Rækkevidde og fortolkning af rettigheder og principper

  1. Enhver begrænsning i udøvelsen af de rettigheder og friheder, der anerkendes ved dette charter, skal være fastlagt i lovgivningen og skal respektere disse rettigheders og friheders væsentligste indhold. Under iagttagelse af proportionalitetsprincippet kan der kun indføres begrænsninger, såfremt disse er nødvendige og faktisk svarer til mål af almen interesse, der er anerkendt af Unionen, eller et behov for beskyttelse af andres rettigheder og friheder.
  2. De rettigheder, der anerkendes i dette charter, og for hvilke der er fastlagt bestemmelser i traktaterne, udøves på de betingelser og med de begrænsninger, der er fastlagt deri.
  3. I det omfang dette charter indeholder rettigheder svarende til dem, der er sikret ved den europæiske konvention til beskyttelse af menneskerettigheder og grundlæggende frihedsrettigheder, har de samme betydning og omfang som i konventionen. Denne bestemmelse er ikke til hinder for, at EU-retten kan yde en mere omfattende beskyttelse.
  4. I det omfang dette charter anerkender grundlæggende rettigheder, således som de følger af medlemsstaternes fælles forfatningsmæssige traditioner, skal disse rettigheder fortolkes i harmoni med disse traditioner.
  5. De bestemmelser i dette charter, der indeholder principper, kan gennemføres ved lovgivningsmæssige retsakter og gennemførelsesretsakter vedtaget af Unionens institutioner, organer, kontorer og agenturer og ved retsakter vedtaget af medlemsstaterne, når de gennemfører EU-retten, under udøvelse af deres respektive kompetencer. De kan kun påberåbes over for en domstol i forbindelse med fortolkning af sådanne retsakter og kontrol af disses lovmedholdelighed.
  6. Der tages fuldt hensyn til national lovgivning og praksis som angivet i dette charter.
  7. Unionens og medlemsstaternes domstole tager behørigt hensyn til de forklaringer, der er udarbejdet som en vejledning ved fortolkningen af dette charter.

Forklaringer

  • Text:

    Formålet med artikel 52 er at fastsætte rækkevidden af chartrets rettigheder og principper og at fastlægge regler for fortolkningen af dem. Stk. 1 omhandler begrænsninger. Den affattelse, der er anvendt, bygger på Domstolens retspraksis, hvori det hedder: »... Det fremgår imidlertid af fast retspraksis, at udøvelsen af sådanne rettigheder kan underkastes begrænsninger, især inden for rammerne af en fælles markedsordning, såfremt disse begrænsninger faktisk svarer til de fællesskabsformål, der tjener almenvellet, og ikke i lyset af det tilsigtede formål udgør et uforholdsmæssigt og urimeligt indgreb, som berører disse rettigheders egentlige indhold« (dom af 13. april 2000, sag C-292/97, præmis 45). Omtalen af de generelle interesser, som anerkendes af Unionen, dækker både de formål, der er nævnt i artikel 3 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union, og andre interesser, der beskyttes af specifikke bestemmelser i traktaterne, såsom artikel 4, stk. 1, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union, artikel 35, stk. 3, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde og artikel 36 og 346 i denne traktat.
    I stk. 2 omtales rettigheder, der allerede var udtrykkeligt sikret i traktaten om oprettelse af Det Europæiske Fællesskab, og som anerkendes i chartret, og som nu findes i traktaterne (især de rettigheder, der følger af unionsborgerskabet). Det præciseres, at disse rettigheder fortsat er underlagt de betingelser og de begrænsninger, der gælder for de EU-bestemmelser, som de er baseret på, og som findes i traktaterne. Chartret ændrer ikke de rettigheder, der findes i henhold til EF-traktaten, og som fremgår af traktaterne.
    Stk. 3 skal sikre den nødvendige sammenhæng mellem chartret og EMK, idet det fastslår reglen om, at i det omfang rettighederne i dette charter svarer til rettigheder, der sikres ved EMK, er deres betydning og rækkevidde, herunder de tilladte begrænsninger, de samme som i EMK. Det følger navnlig heraf, at lovgiverne, når de fastsætter begrænsninger for disse rettigheder, skal overholde de samme standarder som dem, der er fastlagt i det detaljerede begrænsningsregime i EMK, som derved bliver gældende for de rettigheder, der er omfattet af dette stykke, dog uden at dette berører EU-rettens og EU-Domstolens autonomi.
    Henvisningen til EMK omfatter både konventionen og protokollerne. Betydningen og omfanget af de sikrede rettigheder fastsættes ikke kun af teksten i disse instrumenter, men også af retspraksis ved Den Europæiske Menneskerettighedsdomstol og ved EU-Domstolen. Sidste punktum i stykket har til formål at give Unionen mulighed for at sikre en mere omfattende beskyttelse. Under alle omstændigheder må chartrets beskyttelsesniveau aldrig være lavere end EMK's.
    Chartret berører ikke medlemsstaternes mulighed for at påberåbe sig artikel 15 i EMK, der åbner mulighed for fravigelse af forpligtelser ifølge konventionen under krig eller anden offentlig faretilstand, der truer nationens eksistens, når de træffer forholdsregler, der vedrører det nationale forsvar i tilfælde af krig og opretholdelse af lov og orden i overensstemmelse med deres ansvar, jf. artikel 4, stk. 1, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union og artikel 72 og 347 i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unions funktionsmåde.
    Listen over de rettigheder, der på nuværende stadium og uden at det udelukker en udvikling i retten, lovgivningen og traktaterne, kan betragtes som svarende til rettigheder i EMK i overensstemmelse med stk. 3, er gengivet nedenfor. De rettigheder, der ligger ud over rettighederne i EMK, er ikke gengivet.

    1. Artikler i chartret, der har samme betydning og omfang som de tilsvarende artikler i EMK:
      • artikel 2 svarer til artikel 2 i EMK
      • artikel 4 svarer til artikel 3 i EMK
      • artikel 5, stk. 1 og 2, svarer til artikel 4 i EMK
      • artikel 6 svarer til artikel 5 i EMK
      • artikel 7 svarer til artikel 8 i EMK
      • artikel 10, stk. 1, svarer til artikel 9 i EMK
      • artikel 11 svarer til artikel 10 i EMK, jf. dog de begrænsninger, som EU-retten kan lægge på medlemsstaternes ret til at indføre bevillingsordninger, som omhandlet i artikel 10, stk. 1, tredje punktum, i EMK
      • artikel 17 svarer til artikel 1 i tillægsprotokollen til EMK
      • artikel 19, stk. 1, svarer til artikel 4 i tillægsprotokol nr. 4
      • artikel 19, stk. 2, svarer til artikel 3 i EMK, som fortolket af Den Europæiske Menneskerettighedsdomstol
      • artikel 48 svarer til artikel 6, stk. 2 og 3, i EMK
      • artikel 49, stk. 1 (bortset fra sidste punktum) og 2, svarer til artikel 7 i EMK.
    2. Artikler, der har samme betydning og omfang som de tilsvarende artikler i EMK, men som har større rækkevidde:
      • artikel 9 dækker anvendelsesområdet for artikel 12 i EMK, men dens anvendelsesområde kan udvides til andre former for ægteskab, når den nationale lovgivning indfører dem
      • artikel 12, stk. 1, svarer til artikel 11 i EMK, men anvendelsesområdet er udvidet til også at omfatte EU-niveau
      • artikel 14, stk. 1, svarer til artikel 2 i tillægsprotokollen til EMK, men anvendelsesområdet er udvidet til også at omfatte erhvervsuddannelse og efter- og videreuddannelse
      • artikel 14, stk. 3, svarer til artikel 2 i tillægsprotokollen til EMK med hensyn til forældres rettigheder
      • artikel 47, stk. 2 og 3 svarer til artikel 6, stk. 1, i EMK, men begrænsningen til tvister om borgerlige rettigheder og forpligtelser eller anklager for en forbrydelse gælder ikke i forbindelse med EU-retten og gennemførelsen heraf
      • artikel 50 svarer til artikel 4 i protokol nr. 7 til EMK, men rækkevidden er udvidet til også at omfatte EU-niveau mellem medlemsstaternes domstole indbyrdes
      • endelig kan Den Europæiske Unions borgere inden for EU-rettens anvendelsesområde ikke betragtes som udlændinge, da enhver forskelsbehandling på grundlag af nationalitet er forbudt. De indskrænkninger, der er fastsat i artikel 16 i EMK med hensyn til udlændinges rettigheder, gælder altså ikke for dem i denne forbindelse.

    Fortolkningsreglen i stk. 4 er baseret på artikel 6, stk. 3, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Union, og den tager behørigt hensyn til den tilgang til de fælles forfatningsmæssige traditioner, som Domstolen har fulgt (f.eks. dom af 13. december 1979, sag 44/79, Hauer, Sml. 1979, s. 3727; dom af 18. maj 1982, sag 155/79, AM&S, Sml. 1982, s. 1575). Ifølge denne regel skal de pågældende charterrettigheder ikke fortolkes snævert som `laveste fællesnævner`, men snarere som et tilbud om en høj beskyttelsesstandard, der er passende i forhold til EU-retten og i harmoni med de fælles forfatningsmæssige traditioner.
    I stk. 5 præciseres sondringen mellem »rettigheder« og »principper« i chartret. Ifølge denne sondring skal subjektive rettigheder respekteres, mens principper skal iagttages (artikel 51, stk. 1). Principper kan gennemføres ved lovgivningsmæssige retsakter eller gennemførelsesretsakter (der vedtages af Unionen i overensstemmelse med dens beføjelser og af medlemsstaterne, når de gennemfører EU-ret); de får derfor kun betydning for domstolene, når sådanne retsakter skal fortolkes eller ændres. De giver derimod ikke anledning til direkte krav på aktiv handling fra EU-institutionernes eller medlemsstaternes myndigheders side. Dette er både i overensstemmelse med Domstolens retspraksis (jf. bl.a. retspraksis i forbindelse med »forsigtighedsprincippet« i artikel 191, stk. 2, i traktaten om Den Europæiske Unionens funktionsmåde (dom afsagt af Retten i Første Instans den 11. september 2002, sag T-13/99, Pfizer mod Rådet, Sml. II, s. 3305, med mange henvisninger til tidligere retspraksis), og en række domme i forbindelse med artikel 33 (tidl. artikel 39) vedrørende principperne for lovgivningen på landbrugsområdet, f.eks. Domstolens dom i sagen 265/85, Van den Berg, Sml. 1987, s. 1155: undersøgelse af princippet om markedsstabilisering og berettigede forventninger) og tilgangen i medlemsstaternes forfatningsmæssige systemer til »principper«, særlig i forbindelse med sociallovgivning. Til illustration kan nævnes nogle eksempler på principper, der anerkendes i chartret, f.eks. principperne i artikel 25, 26 og 37. I nogle tilfælde kan en charterartikel både indeholde elementer af en ret og af et princip, f.eks. artikel 23, 33 og 34.
    Stk. 6 henviser til de forskellige artikler i chartret, som i overensstemmelse med nærhedsprincippet tager hensyn til nationale love og national praksis.

    Source:
    Den Europæiske Unions Tidende C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Disse forklaringer blev oprindelig udarbejdet under præsidiet for den forsamling, der udarbejdede chartret om grundlæggende rettigheder. De er blevet ajourført under Det Europæiske Konvents præsidiums ansvar i lyset af de udkast til tilpasninger, som konventet har foretaget i charterteksten (især i artikel 51 og 52) og videreudviklingen af EU-retten. Selv om forklaringerne ikke i sig selv har retskraft, udgør de et værdifuldt fortolkningsinstrument beregnet til nærmere præcisering af chartrets bestemmelser.

Retspraksis

National Forfatningsret

25 results found

  • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    Land:
    Germany

    Article 19 (1) Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears. (2) In no case may the essence of a basic right be affected. (3) The basic rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons to the extent that the nature of such rights permits.

  • Constitution of Finland
    Land:
    Finland

    Section 23 Basic rights and liberties in situations of emergency Such provisional exceptions to basic rights and liberties that are compatible with Finland's international human rights obligations and that are deemed necessary in the case of an armed attack against Finland or in the event of other situations of emergency, as provided by an Act, which pose a serious threat to the nation may be provided by an Act or by a Government Decree to be issued on the basis of authorisation given in an Act for a special reason and subject to a precisely circumscribed scope of application. The grounds for provisional exceptions shall be laid down by an Act, however. Government Decrees concerning provisional exceptions shall without delay be submitted to the Parliament for consideration. The Parliament may decide on the validity of the Decrees.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
    Land:
    Bulgaria

    Art. 57.
    (1) The fundamental civil rights shall be irrevocable.
    (2) Rights shall not be abused, nor shall they be exercised to the detriment of the rights or the legitimate interests of others.
    (3) Following a proclamation of war, martial law or a state of emergency the exercise of individual civil rights may be temporarily curtailed by law, except for the rights established by Art. 28, Art. 29, Art. 31 paras 1, 2 and 3, Art. 32 para 1, and Art. 37.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
    Land:
    Croatia

    Article 3
    Freedom, equal rights, national and gender equality, peace-making, social justice, respect for human rights, inviolability of ownership, conservation of nature and the environment, the rule of law and a democratic multiparty system are the highest values of the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia and the ground for interpretation of the Constitution.

    Article 16
    Freedoms and rights may only be curtailed by law in order to protect the freedoms and rights of others, the legal order, and public morals and health.
    Any restriction of freedoms or rights shall be proportionate to the nature of the need to do so in each individual case.

    Article 17
    Individual constitutionally-guaranteed freedoms and rights may be curtailed during a state of war or any clear and present danger to the independence and unity of the Republic of Croatia or in the event of any natural disaster. Such curtailment shall be decided upon by the Croatian
    Parliament by a two-thirds majority of all representatives or, if the Croatian Parliament is unable to convene, by the President of the Republic.
    The extent of such restrictions must be adequate to the nature of the threat, and may not result
    in the inequality of citizens with respect to race, colour, gender, language, religion, national or social origin.
    Even in cases of clear and present danger to the existence of the state, no restrictions may be imposed upon the provisions of this Constitution stipulating the right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or unusual treatment or punishment, and concerning the legal definitions of criminal offences and punishment, and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
    Land:
    Estonia

    Article 11. Rights and freedoms may only be circumscribed in accordance with the Constitution. Such circumscription must be necessary in a democratic society and may not distort the nature of the rights and freedoms circumscribed.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
    Land:
    Latvia

    116. The rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Land:
    Poland

    Constitution of the Republic of PolandArticle 31.3. Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may by imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights.

  • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    Land:
    Czechia

    Article 4 (...) (2) Limitations may be placed upon the fundamental rights and freedoms only by law and under the conditions prescribed in this Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. (3) Any statutory limitation upon the fundamental rights and freedoms must apply in the same
    way to all cases which meet the specified conditions. (4) When employing the provisions concerning limitations upon the fundamental rights and freedoms, the essence and significance of these rights and freedoms must be preserved. Such limitations shall not be misused for purposes other than those for which they were enacted.

  • De Belgische Grondwet
    Land:
    Belgium

    Artikel 10. (...) De Belgen zijn gelijk voor de wet; zij alleen zijn tot de burgerlijke en militaire bedieningen benoembaar, behoudens de uitzonderingen die voor bijzondere gevallen door een wet kunnen worden gesteld. (....) Artikel 11bis (...) De wet, het decreet of de in artikel 134 bedoelde regel organiseren de aanwezigheid van personen van verschillend geslacht binnen de bestendige deputaties van de provincieraden, de colleges van burgemeester en schepenen, de raden voor maatschappelijk welzijn, de vaste bureaus van de openbare centra voor maatschappelijk welzijn en in de uitvoerende organen van elk ander interprovinciaal, bovengemeentelijk, intercommunaal of binnengemeentelijk territoriaal orgaan.
    Het voorgaande lid is niet van toepassing wanneer de wet, het decreet of de in artikel 134 bedoelde regel de rechtstreekse verkiezing organiseren van de bestendig afgevaardigden van de provincieraden, van de schepenen, van de leden van de raad voor maatschappelijk welzijn, van de leden van het vast bureau van de openbare centra voor maatschappelijk welzijn of van de leden van de uitvoerende organen van elk ander interprovinciaal, bovengemeentelijk, intercommunaal of binnengemeentelijk territoriaal orgaan. Artikel 12. De vrijheid van de persoon is gewaarborgd. Niemand kan worden vervolgd dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft. Artikel 15. De woning is onschendbaar; geen huiszoeking kan plaats hebben dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft. Artikel 16. Niemand kan van zijn eigendom worden ontzet dan ten algemenen nutte, in de gevallen en op de wijze bij de wet bepaald en tegen billijke en voorafgaande schadeloosstelling. Artikel 21. (...) Het burgerlijk huwelijk moet altijd aan de huwelijksinzegening voorafgaan, behoudens de uitzonderingen door de wet te stellen, indien daartoe redenen zijn. Artikel 22. Ieder heeft recht op eerbiediging van zijn privé-leven en zijn gezinsleven, behoudens in de gevallen en onder de voorwaarden door de wet bepaald. Artikel 29. Het briefgeheim is onschendbaar.
    De wet bepaalt welke agenten verantwoordelijk zijn voor de schending van het geheim der aan de post toevertrouwde brieven. Artikel 31. Geen voorafgaand verlof is nodig om vervolgingen in te stellen tegen openbare ambtenaren wegens daden van hun bestuur, behoudens wat ten opzichte van de ministers en de leden van de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestregeringen is bepaald. Artikel 32. Ieder heeft het recht elk bestuursdocument te raadplegen en er een afschrift van te krijgen, behoudens in de gevallen en onder de voorwaarden bepaald door de wet, het decreet of de regel bedoeld in artikel 134. Artikel 117. De leden van de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestparlement worden gekozen voor vijf jaar. De Raden worden om de vijf jaar geheel vernieuwd.
    De verkiezingen voor de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestparlementen vinden plaats op dezelfde dag die samenvalt met die van de verkiezingen voor het Europese Parlement.
    In uitvoering van een wet bedoeld in artikel 118, § 2, vierde lid, kan een decreet of een in artikel 134 bedoelde regel, aangenomen overeenkomstig artikel 118, § 2, vierde lid, afwijken van het eerste en het tweede lid. Artikel 170 (...) § 2. Geen belasting ten behoeve van de gemeenschap of het gewest kan worden ingevoerd dan door een decreet of een in artikel 134 bedoelde regel.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt. § 3. Geen last of belasting kan door de provincie of het bovengemeentelijk bestuur worden ingevoerd dan door een beslissing van haar raad.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt.
    De wet kan de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen geheel of gedeeltelijk afschaffen.
    § 4. Geen last of belasting kan door de agglomeratie, de federatie van gemeenten en de gemeente worden ingevoerd dan door een beslissing van hun raad.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt. Artikel 172. Inzake belastingen kunnen geen voorrechten worden ingevoerd.
    Geen vrijstelling of vermindering van belasting kan worden ingevoerd dan door een wet. Artikel 173. Behalve voor de provincies, de polders en wateringen en de gevallen uitdrukkelijk uitgezonderd door de wet, het decreet en de regelen bedoeld in artikel 134, kan van de burgers geen retributie worden gevorderd dan alleen als belasting ten behoeve van de Staat, de gemeenschap, het gewest, de agglomeratie, de federatie van gemeenten of de gemeente. Article 185. Vreemde troepen mogen niet dan krachtens een wet tot de dienst van de Staat worden toegelaten, het grondgebied bezetten of er doorheen trekken. Artikel 186.Militairen kunnen niet van hun graden, ererechten en pensioenen worden ontzet dan op de wijze bij de wet bepaald. Artikel 191. Iedere vreemdeling die zich op het grondgebied van België bevindt, geniet de bescherming verleend aan personen en aan goederen, behoudens de bij de wet gestelde uitzonderingen.

  • Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789
    Land:
    France

    Article 4 La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui : ainsi, l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres Membres de la Société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la Loi.

  • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Land:
    Germany

    Artikel 19 (1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. (3) Die Grundrechte gelten auch für inländische juristische Personen, soweit sie ihrem Wesen nach auf diese anwendbar sind.

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Land:
    Poland

    Art. 31.3. Ograniczenia w zakresie korzystania z konstytucyjnych wolności i praw mogą być ustanawiane tylko w ustawie i tylko wtedy, gdy są konieczne w demokratycznym państwie dla jego bezpieczeństwa lub porządku publicznego, bądź dla ochrony środowiska, zdrowia i moralności publicznej, albo wolności i praw innych osób. Ograniczenia te nie mogą naruszać istoty wolności i praw.

  • La Constitution Belge
    Land:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Les Belges sont égaux devant la loi; seuls ils sont admissibles aux emplois civils et militaires, sauf les exceptions qui peuvent être établies par une loi pour des cas particuliers.(...) Article 11bis. (...) La loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134 organisent la présence de personnes de sexe différent au sein des députations permanentes des conseils provinciaux, des collèges des bourgmestre et échevins, des conseils de l'aide sociale, des bureaux permanents des centres publics d'aide sociale et dans les exécutifs de tout autre organe territorial interprovincial, supracommuna intercommunal ou intracommunal. Article 12. La liberté individuelle est garantie.
    Nul ne peut être poursuivi que dans les cas prévus par la loi, et dans la forme qu'elle prescrit. Article 15. Le domicile est inviolable; aucune visite domiciliaire ne peut avoir lieu que dans les cas prévus par la loi et dans la forme qu'elle prescrit. Article 16. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d'utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi, et moyennant une juste et préalable indemnité. Article 21. (...) Le mariage civil devra toujours précéder la bénédiction nuptiale, sauf les exceptions à établir par la loi, s'il y a lieu. Article 22. Chacun a droit au respect de sa vie privée et familiale, sauf dans les cas et conditions fixés par la loi.
    L'alinéa qui précède ne s'applique pas lorsque la loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134 organisent l'élection directe des députés permanents des conseils provinciaux, des échevins, des membres du conseil de l'aide sociale, des membres du bureau permanent des centres publics d'aide sociale ou des membres des exécutifs de tout autre organe territorial interprovincial, supracommunal intercommunal ou intracommunal. Article 29.Le secret des lettres est inviolable.
    La loi détermine quels sont les agents responsables de la violation du secret des lettres confiées à la poste. Article 31. Nulle autorisation préalable n'est nécessaire pour exercer des poursuites contre les fonctionnaires publics, pour faits de leur administration, sauf ce qui est statué à l'égard des ministres et des membres des Gouvernements de communauté et de région. Article 32. Chacun a le droit de consulter chaque document administratif et de s'en faire remettre copie, sauf dans les cas et conditions fixés par la loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134. Article 117. Les membres des Parlements de Communauté et de région sont élus pour une période de cinq ans. Les Parlements de Communauté et de région sont intégralement renouvelés tous les cinq ans.
    Les élections pour les Parlements de communauté et de région ont lieu le même jour et coïncident avec les élections pour le Parlement européen.
    En exécution d'une loi visée à l'article 118, § 2, alinéa 4, un décret ou une règle visée à l'article 134, adopté conformément à l'article 118, § 2, alinéa 4, peut déroger aux alinéas 1er et 2. Article 170 § 2. Aucun impôt au profit de la communauté ou de la région ne peut être établi que par un décret ou une règle visée à l'article 134.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée. § 3. Aucune charge, aucune imposition ne peut être établie par la province ou la collectivité supracommunale que par une décision de son conseil.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée.
    La loi peut supprimer en tout ou en partie les impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er.
    § 4. Aucune charge, aucune imposition ne peut être établie par l'agglomération, par la fédération de communes et par la commune que par une décision de leur conseil.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée. Article 172. Il ne peut être établi de privilège en matière d'impôts.
    Nulle exemption ou modération d'impôt ne peut être établie que par une loi. Article 173. Hors les provinces, les polders et wateringues et les cas formellement exceptés par la loi, le décret et les règles visées à l'article 134, aucune rétribution ne peut être exigée des citoyens qu'à titre d'impôt au profit de l'Etat, de la communauté, de la région, de l'agglomération, de la fédération de communes ou de la commune. Article 185. Aucune troupe étrangère ne peut être admise au service de l'Etat, occuper ou traverser le territoire qu'en vertu d'une loi. Article 186. Les militaires ne peuvent être privés de leurs grades, honneurs et pensions que de la manière déterminée par la loi. Article 191. Tout étranger qui se trouve sur le territoire de la Belgique jouit de la protection accordée aux personnes et aux biens, sauf les exceptions établies par la loi.

  • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    Land:
    Latvia

    116. Personas tiesības, kas noteiktas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu.

  • Luxembourg / Constitution of the Grand Ducal of Luxembourg
    Land:
    Luxembourg

    Art. 37. Toute limitation de l’exercice des libertés publiques doit être prévue par la loi et respecter leur contenu essentiel. Dans le respect du principe de proportionnalité, des limitations ne peuvent être apportées que si elles sont nécessaires dans une société démocratique et répondent effectivement à des objectifs d’intérêt général ou au besoin de protection des droits et libertés d’autrui.

  • Netherlands / Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
    Land:
    Netherlands

    Article 93 Provisions of treaties and of resolutions by international institutions which may be binding on all persons by virtue of their contents shall become binding after they have been published.

  • Portugal / Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
    Land:
    Portugal

    Article 16 (Scope and interpretation of fundamental rights) (1) The fundamental rights contained in this Constitution shall not exclude any other fundamental rights provided for in the laws or resulting from applicable rules of international law. (2) The provisions of this Constitution and of laws relating to fundamental rights shall be construed and interpreted in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    ...
    Article 18 (Legal force) (1) The constitutional precepts with regard to rights, freedoms and guarantees are directly applicable and are binding on public and private entities. (2) Rights, freedoms and guarantees may be restricted by law in only those cases expressly provided for in this Constitution; restrictions shall be limited to the extent necessary to safeguard other rights or interests protected by this Constitution. (3) Laws restricting rights, freedoms and guarantees shall be general and abstract in character, shall not have retroactive effect and shall not limit, in extent or scope, the essential content of the constitutional provisions.

  • Slovakia / Constitution of the Slovak Republic
    Land:
    Slovakia

    Article 13 (...) (2) Limits to basic rights and freedoms may be set only by law under conditions laid down in this Constitution. (3) Legal restrictions of basic rights and freedoms must apply equally to all cases which meet prescribed conditions. (4) When restricting basic rights and freedoms, attention must be paid to their essence and meaning. These restrictions may only be used for the prescribed purpose.

  • Slovenia / Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
    Land:
    Slovenia

    Article 15 (Exercise and Limitation of Rights) Human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be exercised directly on the basis of the Constitution. The manner in which human rights and fundamental freedoms are exercised may be regulated by law whenever the Constitution so provides or where this is necessary due to the particular nature of an individual right or freedom. Human rights and fundamental freedoms shall be limited only by the rights of others and in such cases as are provided by this Constitution. Judicial protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms, and the right to obtain redress for the violation of such rights and freedoms, shall be guaranteed. No human right or fundamental freedom regulated by legal acts in force in Slovenia may be restricted on the grounds that this Constitution does not recognise that right or freedom or recognises it to a lesser extent.

  • Suomen perustuslaki
    Land:
    Finland

    23 § Perusoikeudet poikkeusoloissa Perusoikeuksista voidaan säätää lailla tai laissa erityisestä syystä säädetyn ja soveltamisalaltaan täsmällisesti rajatun valtuuden nojalla annettavalla valtioneuvoston asetuksella sellaisia tilapäisiä poikkeuksia, jotka ovat välttämättömiä Suomeen kohdistuvan aseellisen hyökkäyksen samoin kuin muiden kansakuntaa vakavasti uhkaavien, laissa säädettyjen poikkeusolojen aikana ja jotka ovat Suomen kansainvälisten ihmisoikeusvelvoitteiden mukaisia. Lailla on kuitenkin säädettävä tilapäisten poikkeusten perusteet. Tilapäisiä poikkeuksia koskevat valtioneuvoston asetukset on saatettava viipymättä eduskunnan käsiteltäviksi. Eduskunta voi päättää asetusten voimassaolosta.

EU-ret

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

International ret

0 results found

Produkter

  • Fundamental Rights Report
    10
    June
    2025
    The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 is the annual report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). It provides an overview of the state of fundamental rights in the EU and highlights selected critical developments and trends in 2024. The report covers issues such as inclusive elections, gender-based violence, and the implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, setting out the actions that the EU and Member States should take. This annual publication is a valuable resource for those seeking to stay informed about the EU’s shifting landscape of fundamental rights.
  • Opinion / Position Paper
    6
    February
    2025
    This FRA Position Paper outlines the Agency’s position on the creation of 'return hubs' in non-EU countries for migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU. Considering the serious fundamental rights risks connected with running return hubs, this legal analysis presents the conditions that would have to be met for return hubs to respect fundamental rights and comply with EU law. These include setting up agreements with the host countries and creating independent human rights monitoring mechanisms. The position paper does not examine centres in third countries that process asylum applications.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    19
    September
    2024
    This publication guides EU countries on setting up independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure fundamental rights are respected during screening and asylum border procedures. These processes at borders are for people arriving from non-EU countries. Monitoring mechanisms are meant to prevent rights violations, protect victims, and support investigations into any allegations of wrongdoing by public authorities. The guidance highlights the importance of transparency and accountability, which builds trust in public authorities. New EU regulations coming into effect in 2026 will require such monitoring systems to be in place. This updates the guidance published in 2022.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    30
    July
    2024
    Fundamental rights violations on the EU’s land and sea borders often go unreported. Investigations into these violations need to be more effective. This report gathers examples of alleged rights violations of migrants and refugees between 2020 and 2023. It sets out 10 steps to promote prompt and effective national investigations into incidents of ill-treatment at borders.
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    5
    June
    2024
    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2024 analyses the year’s developments in fundamental rights. It focuses on the most pressing fundamental rights concerns facing Europe in 2023: the cost-of-living crisis, rights concerns at the EU’s external borders and migration, and threats to democracy. Re-structured, this year’s new approach is a shorter and sharper analysis. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a summary of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    29
    November
    2023
    Online hate speech is a growing problem in today’s digitalised societies. Women, Black people, Jews and Roma are often targets of online hate speech. Online hate proliferates where human content moderators miss offensive content. Also, algorithms are prone to errors. They may multiply errors over time and may even end up promoting online hate. This report presents the challenges in identifying and detecting online hate. Hate of any kind should not be tolerated, regardless of whether it is online or offline. The report discusses the implications for fundamental rights to support creating a rights-compliant digital environment.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    31
    October
    2023
    Fundamental rights are an important consideration in European border management. Virtually all activities can have an impact on rights – from risk analysis to training, border checks and border surveillance. Safeguards in laws regulating European border management aim to protect rights. This report is a contribution to the first review of the European Border and Coast Guard Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 that offers an opportunity to reflect on how best to improve the fundamental rights situation at the external borders of the EU.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    6
    July
    2023
    Following yet another recent tragic shipwreck and loss of life in the Mediterranean, this short report sets out examples of actions the EU could take to meet its obligations to protect the right to life and prevent more deaths at sea. As part of the work that the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) does on upholding fundamental rights in asylum and return procedures, this report calls for better protection for shipwreck survivors, and prompt and independent investigations. It sets out measures that EU Member States should take to improve search and rescue efforts and provide legal pathways to safety to prevent deaths at sea.
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    8
    June
    2023
    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2023 reviews major developments in the field in 2022, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    February
    2023
    Directive 2012/29/EU represents a milestone in the development of victims’ rights. It establishes minimum standards for the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. It defines the scope of support services, guarantees the right to effective protection against secondary victimisation and comprehensively regulates the measures required for this purpose. This report covers three core components underpinning victims’ rights: support services, crime reporting, and protection from secondary and repeat victimisation. Examples highlight the relevant legal provisions in Member States and how specific rights under the Victims’ Rights Directive work in practice.