Libertades
Artículo 15 - Libertad profesional y derecho a trabajar
1. Toda persona tiene derecho a trabajar y a ejercer una profesión libremente elegida o aceptada. 2. Todo ciudadano de la Unión tiene libertad para buscar un empleo, trabajar, establecerse o prestar servicios en cualquier Estado miembro. 3. Los nacionales de terceros países que estén autorizados a trabajar en el territorio de los Estados miembros tienen derecho a unas condiciones laborales equivalentes a aquellas de que disfrutan los ciudadanos de la Unión.
La libertad profesional, consagrada en el apartado 1 del artículo 15, se halla reconocida en la jurisprudencia del Tribunal de Justicia (véanse, entre otras, las sentencias de 14 de mayo de 1974, asunto 4/73, Nold, Rec. 1974, p. 491, apartados 12 a 14; de 13 de diciembre de 1979, asunto 44/79, Hauer, Rec. 1979, p. 3727; de 8 de octubre de 1986, asunto 234/85, Keller, Rec. 1986, p. 2897, apartado 8). Este apartado se inspira asimismo en el apartado 2 del artículo 1 de la Carta Social Europea, firmada el 18 de octubre de 1961 y ratificada por todos los Estados miembros, así como en el punto 4 de la Carta Comunitaria de los Derechos Sociales Fundamentales de los Trabajadores de 9 de diciembre de 1989. La expresión `condiciones laborales` se entenderá en el sentido del artículo 156 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea. El apartado 2 incorpora las tres libertades garantizadas por los artículos 26 y 45, 49 y 56 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea, es decir: la libre circulación de los trabajadores, la libertad de establecimiento y la libre prestación de servicios. El apartado 3 está basado en la letra g) del apartado 1 del artículo 153 del Tratado de Funcionamiento de la Unión Europea, así como en el punto 4 del artículo 19 de la Carta Social Europea, firmada el 18 de octubre de 1961 y ratificada por todos los Estados miembros. Es por lo tanto aplicable el apartado 2 del artículo 52 de la Carta. La cuestión de la contratación de marinos con nacionalidad de terceros Estados en las tripulaciones de buques con pabellón de un Estado miembro de la Unión quedará regulada por el Derecho de la Unión y las legislaciones y prácticas nacionales.
106. Everyone has the right to freely choose their employment and workplace according to their abilities and qualifications. Forced labour is prohibited. Participation in the relief of disasters and their effects, and work pursuant to a court order shall not be deemed forced labour. 116. The rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.
106. Ikvienam ir tiesības brīvi izvēlēties nodarbošanos un darbavietu atbilstoši savām spējām un kvalifikācijai. Piespiedu darbs ir aizliegts. Par piespiedu darbu netiek uzskatīta iesaistīšana katastrofu un to seku likvidēšanā un nodarbināšana saskaņā ar tiesas nolēmumu. 116. Personas tiesības, kas noteiktas Latvijas Republikas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu.
Art. 4. The Republic recognises the right of all citizens to work and promotes those conditions which render this right effective. Every citizen has the duty, according to personal potential and individual choice, to perform an activity or a function that contributes to the material or spiritual progress of society. Art. 35. The Republic protects work in all its forms and practices. (...)
Art. 4. La Repubblica riconosce a tutti i cittadini il diritto al lavoro e promuove le condizioni che rendano effettivo questo diritto. Ogni cittadino ha il dovere di svolgere, secondo le proprie possibilità e la propria scelta, una attività o una funzione che concorra al progresso materiale o spirituale della società. Art. 35. La Repubblica tutela il lavoro in tutte le sue forme ed applicazioni. (...)
Article 45.2. The State shall, in particular, direct its policy towards securing: i. That the citizens (all of whom, men and women equally, have the right to an adequate means of livelihood) may through their occupations find the means of making reasonable provision for their domestic needs. (...)
XI. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) [...] (3) Törvény a felsőfokú oktatásban való részesülés anyagi támogatását meghatározott időtartamú olyan foglalkoztatásban való részvételhez, illetve vállalkozási tevékenység gyakorlásához kötheti, amelyet a magyar jog szabályoz.
XII. cikk (SZABADSÁG ÉS FELELŐSSÉG) (1) Mindenkinek joga van a munka és a foglalkozás szabad megválasztásához, valamint a vállalkozáshoz. Képességeinek és lehetőségeinek megfelelő munkavégzéssel mindenki köteles hozzájárulni a közösség gyarapodásához. (2) Magyarország törekszik megteremteni annak feltételeit, hogy minden munkaképes ember, aki dolgozni akar, dolgozhasson.
Article XI (Freedom and Responsibility ) [...] (3) An Act may provide that financial support of higher education studies shall be subject to participation for a specific period in employment or to performing entrepreneurial activities for a specific period, regulated by Hungarian law. Article XII (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to choose his or her work, and employment freely and to engage in entrepreneurial activities. Everyone shall be obliged to contribute to the enrichment of the community through his or her work, in accordance with his or her abilities and potential. (2) Hungary shall strive to create the conditions that ensure that everyone who is able and willing to work has the opportunity to do so.
Article 22 (1). Work constitutes a right and shall enjoy the protection of the State, which shall care for the creation of conditions of employment for all citizens and shall pursue the moral and material advancement of the rural and urban working population. All workers, irrespective of sex or other distinctions, shall be entitled to equal pay for work of equal value.[...]
Άρθρo 22 (1). H εργασία απoτελεί δικαίωμα και πρoστατεύεται από τo Kράτoς, πoυ μεριμνά για τη δημιoυργία συνθηκών απασχόλησης όλων των πoλιτών και για την ηθική και υλική εξύψωση τoυ εργαζόμενoυ αγρoτικoύ και αστικoύ πληθυσμoύ. Όλoι oι εργαζόμενoι, ανεξάρτητα από φύλo ή άλλη διάκριση, έχoυν δικαίωμα ίσης αμoιβής για παρεχόμενη εργασία ίσης αξίας. [...]
Article 12 (1) All Germans shall have the right freely to choose their occupation or profession, their place of work and their place of training. The practice of an occupation or profession may be regulated by or pursuant to a law. (2) No person may be required to perform work of a particular kind except within the framework of a traditional duty of community service that applies generally and equally to all. (3) Forced labour may be imposed only on persons deprived of their liberty by the judgment of a court. Article 12a (...) (6) If, during a state of defence, the need for workers in the areas specified in the second sentence of paragraph (3) of this Article cannot be met on a voluntary basis, the right of German citizens to abandon their occupation or place of employment may be restricted by or pursuant to a law in order to meet this need. Prior to the existence of a state of defence, the first sentence of paragraph (5) of this Article shall apply mutatis mutandis.
Article 12 (1) Alle Deutschen haben das Recht, Beruf, Arbeitsplatz und Ausbildungsstätte frei zu wählen. Die Berufsausübung kann durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes geregelt werden. (2) Niemand darf zu einer bestimmten Arbeit gezwungen werden, außer im Rahmen einer herkömmlichen allgemeinen, für alle gleichen öffentlichen Dienstleistungspflicht. (3) Zwangsarbeit ist nur bei einer gerichtlich angeordneten Freiheitsentziehung zulässig. Article 12 a (...) (6) Kann im Verteidigungsfalle der Bedarf an Arbeitskräften für die in Absatz 3 Satz 2 genannten Bereiche auf freiwilliger Grundlage nicht gedeckt werden, so kann zur Sicherung dieses Bedarfs die Freiheit der Deutschen, die Ausübung eines Berufs oder den Arbeitsplatz aufzugeben, durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden. Vor Eintritt des Verteidigungsfalles gilt Absatz 5 Satz 1 entsprechend.
§ 5 Each person has the duty to work and the right to employment. No person may suffer prejudice in his work or employment by virtue of his origins, opinions or beliefs.
§ 5Chacun a le devoir de travailler et le droit d'obtenir un emploi. Nul ne peut être lésé, dans son travail ou son emploi, en raison de ses origines, de ses opinions ou de ses croyances.
Section 18 The right to work and the freedom of engage in commercial activity Everyone has the right, as provided by an Act, to earn his or her livelihood by the employment, occupation or commercial activity of his or her choice. The public authorities shall take responsibility for the protection of the labour force. The public authorities shall promote employment and work towards guaranteeing for everyone the right to work. Provisions on the right to receive training that promotes employability are laid down by an Act. No one shall be dismissed from employment without a lawful reason.
18 § Oikeus työhön ja elinkeinovapaus Jokaisella on oikeus lain mukaan hankkia toimeentulonsa valitsemallaan työllä, ammatilla tai elinkeinolla. Julkisen vallan on huolehdittava työvoiman suojelusta. Julkisen vallan on edistettävä työllisyyttä ja pyrittävä turvaamaan jokaiselle oikeus työhön. Oikeudesta työllistävään koulutukseen säädetään lailla. Ketään ei saa ilman lakiin perustuvaa syytä erottaa työstä.
Article 29. Every citizen of Estonia is entitled to freely choose his or her area of activity, profession and position of employment. The law may provide conditions and procedures for the exercise of this right. Unless otherwise provided by law, citizens of foreign states and stateless persons in Estonia enjoy this right equally with citizens of Estonia. No one may be compelled to perform work or service against his or her free will, except for service in the defence forces or alternative service, or work required to prevent the spread of an infectious disease or to contain a natural disaster or catastrophe, or work which a convicted offender is required to perform according to the law and pursuant to a procedure established by law. The national government organises vocational training and assists persons who seek employment in finding work. Working conditions are overseen by the national government. Everyone is free to belong to unions and federations of employees and employers. Unions and federations of employees and employers may assert their rights and lawful interests by means which are not prohibited by law. The conditions and procedure for the exercise of the right to strike are provided by law. The procedure for resolution of labour disputes is provided by law.
§ 29. Eesti kodanikul on õigus vabalt valida tegevusala, elukutset ja töökohta. Seadus võib sätestada selle õiguse kasutamise tingimused ja korra. Kui seadus ei sätesta teisiti, siis on see õigus võrdselt Eesti kodanikuga ka Eestis viibival välisriigi kodanikul ja kodakondsuseta isikul. Kedagi ei tohi sundida tema vaba tahte vastaselt tööle ega teenistusse, välja arvatud kaitseväeteenistus või selle asendusteenistus, tööd nakkushaiguse leviku tõkestamisel, loodusõnnetuse ja katastroofi korral ning töö, mida seaduse alusel ja korras peab tegema süüdimõistetu. Riik korraldab kutseõpet ja abistab tööotsijaid töö leidmisel. Töötingimused on riigi kontrolli all. Töötajate ja tööandjate ühingutesse ja liitudesse kuulumine on vaba. Töötajate ja tööandjate ühingud ja liidud võivad oma õiguste ja seaduslike huvide eest seista vahenditega, mida seadus ei keela. Streigiõiguse kasutamise tingimused ja korra sätestab seadus. Töövaidluste lahendamise korra sätestab seadus.
§ 75. Stk. 1. Til fremme af almenvellet bør det tilstræbes, at enhver arbejdsduelig borger har mulighed for arbejde på vilkår, der betrygger hans tilværelse.
Section 75 . Subsection 1. In order to advance the public interest, efforts shall be made to guarantee work for every able-bodied citizen on terms that will secure his existence.
Article 25 1. Every person has the right to practice any profession or to carry on any occupation, trade or business. 2. The exercise of this right may be subject to such formalities, conditions or restrictions as are prescribed by law and relate exclusively to the qualifications usually required for the exercise of any profession or are necessary only in the interests of the security of the Republic or the constitutional order or the public safety or the public order or the public health or the public morals or for the protection of the rights and liberties guaranteed by this Constitution to any person or in the public interest: Provided that no such formalities, conditions or restrictions purporting to be in the public interest shall be prescribed by a law if such formality, condition or restriction is contrary to the interests of either Community. 3. As an exception to the aforesaid provisions of this Article a law may provide, if it is in the public interest, that certain enterprises of the nature of an essential public service or relating to the exploitation of sources of energy or other natural resources shall be carried out exclusively by the Republic or a municipal corporation or by a public corporate body created for the purpose by such law and administered under the control of the Republic, and having a capital which may be derived from public and private funds or from either such source only: Provided that where such enterprise has been carried out by any person, other than a municipal corporation or a public corporate body, the installations used for such enterprise shall, at the request of such person, be acquired on payment of a just price, by the Republic or such municipal corporation or such public corporate body, as the case may be.
