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Work on rights
Il-ġustizzja, id-drittijiet tal-vittmi u l-kooperazzjoni ġudizzjarja
Drittijiet tal-vittmi
Drittijiet tal-konvenuti
Ġustizzja ċivili
Kooperazzjoni ġudizzjarja u stat tad-dritt
Sigurtà
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Reat ta’ mibegħda
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Rom
Sess, orjentazzjoni sesswali u ġeneru
Ażil, migrazzjoni u fruntieri
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Protezzjoni tat-tfal
Migrazzjoni irregolari, ritorn u detenzjoni tal-immigrazzjoni
Migrazzjoni legali u integrazzjoni
Traffikar u sfruttament ta’ ħaddiema
Il-protezzjoni tad-data, il-privatezza u t-teknoloġiji ġodda
Intelliġenza artifiċjali u big data
Fruntieri u sistemi ta’ informazzjoni
Protezzjoni tad-data
Tfassil ta’ profil illegali
Appoġġ għal sistemi u difensuri tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Il-Karta tal-UE dwar id-Drittijiet Fundamentali
Sistemi intergovernattivi tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Sistemi u korpi nazzjonali tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Soċjetà Ċivili
Il-karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali tal-UE
X’inhuma d-drittijiet fundamentali?
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
Preambolu
Titolu I: Dinjità
1 - Is-dinjità tal-bniedem
2 - Id-dritt għall-ħajja
3 - Id-dritt għall-integrità tal-persuna
4 - Il-projbizzjoni tat-tortura jew tal-pieni jew trattamenti inumani jew degradanti
5 - Il-projbizzjoni ta' l-iskjavitù u tax-xogħol forzat
Titolu II.: Libertajiet
6 - Id-dritt għal-libertà u għas-sigurtà
7 - Ir-rispett għall-ħajja privata u tal-familja
8 - Il-protezzjoni tad-data personali
9 - Id-dritt għaż-żwieġ u d-dritt għat-twaqqif ta' familja
10 - Il-libertà tal-ħsieb, tal-kuxjenza u tar-reliġjon
11 - Il-libertà ta' l-espressjoni u ta' l-informazzjoni
12 - Il-libertà ta' għaqda u ta' assoċjazzjoni
13 - Il-libertà ta' l-arti u x-xjenzi
14 - Id-dritt għall-edukazzjoni
15 - Il-libertà professjonali u d-dritt għax-xogħol
16 - Il-libertà ta' l-intrapriża
17 - Id-dritt għall-proprjetà
18 - Id-dritt għall-asil
19 - Il-protezzjoni f'każ ta' tneħħija, tkeċċija jew estradizzjoni
Titolu III: L-Ugwaljanza
20 - L-ugwaljanza f'għajnejn il-
21 - Non-diskriminazzjoni
22 - Id-diversità kulturali, reliġjuża u lingwistika
23 - L-ugwaljanza bejn in-nisa u l-irġiel
24 - Id-drittijiet tat-tfal
25 - Id-drittijiet ta' l-anzjani
26 - L-integrazzjoni tal-persuni diżabbli
Titolu IV: Solidarjetà
27 - Id-dritt tal-ħaddiema għall-informazzjoni u l-konsultazzjoni fi ħdan l-impriża
28 - Id-dritt ta' negozjar u ta' azzjoni kollettiva
29 - Id-dritt ta' aċċess għas-servizzi ta' impjieg
30 - Il-protezzjoni fil-każ ta' tkeċċija inġusta
31 - Kondizzjonijiet tax-xogħol ġusti u xierqa
32 - Il-projbizzjoni ta' impjieg ta' tfal u protezzjoni taż-żgħażagħ fuq il-post tax-xogħol
33 - Il-ħajja tal-familja u professjonali
34 - Sigurtà soċjali u assistenza soċjali
35 - Il-protezzjoni tas-saħħa
36 - L-aċċess għal servizzi ta' interess ekonomiku ġenerali
37 - Protezzjoni ta' l-ambjent
38 - Protezzjoni tal-konsumatur
Titolu V.: Ċittadinanza
39 - Id-dritt tal-vot u d-dritt tal-kandidatura fl-elezzjonijiet għall-Parlament Ewropew
40 - Id-dritt tal-vot u d-dritt tal-kandidatura fl-elezzjonijiet muniċipali
41 - Id-dritt għal amministrazzjoni tajba
42 - Id-dritt ta' aċċess għad-dokumenti
43 - L-Ombudsman Ewropew
44 - Id-dritt ta' petizzjoni
45 - Il-libertà ta' moviment u ta' residenza
46 - Il-protezzjoni diplomatika u konsulari
Titolu VI: Ġustizzja
47 - Id-dritt għal rimedju effettiv u għal proċess imparzjali
48 - Il-preżunzjoni ta' innoċenza u d-dritt għad-difiża
49 - Il-prinċipji ta' legalità u proporzjonalità ta' reati u ta' pieni
50 - Id-dritt li wieħed ma jiġix iġġudikat jew jingħata piena darbtejn għall-istess reat
Titolu VII: Dispożizzjonijiet generali
51 - Kamp ta' applikazzjoni
52 - L-ambitu u l-interpretazzjoni ta' drittijiet u ta' prinċipji
53 - Il-livell ta' protezzjoni
54 - Il-projbizzjoni ta' l-abbuż ta' dritt
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Work on rights
Work on rights
Il-ġustizzja, id-drittijiet tal-vittmi u l-kooperazzjoni ġudizzjarja
Drittijiet tal-vittmi
Drittijiet tal-konvenuti
Ġustizzja ċivili
Kooperazzjoni ġudizzjarja u stat tad-dritt
Sigurtà
Drittijiet tan-negozju u tal-bniedem
Ugwaljanza, non-diskriminazzjoni u razziżmu
Tfal, żgħażagħ u anzjani
Persuni b’diżabilità
Reat ta’ mibegħda
Oriġini razzjali u etnika
Reliġjon u twemmin
Rom
Sess, orjentazzjoni sesswali u ġeneru
Ażil, migrazzjoni u fruntieri
Aċċess għall-asil
Fruntieri u sistemi ta’ informazzjoni
Protezzjoni tat-tfal
Migrazzjoni irregolari, ritorn u detenzjoni tal-immigrazzjoni
Migrazzjoni legali u integrazzjoni
Traffikar u sfruttament ta’ ħaddiema
Il-protezzjoni tad-data, il-privatezza u t-teknoloġiji ġodda
Intelliġenza artifiċjali u big data
Fruntieri u sistemi ta’ informazzjoni
Protezzjoni tad-data
Tfassil ta’ profil illegali
Appoġġ għal sistemi u difensuri tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Il-Karta tal-UE dwar id-Drittijiet Fundamentali
Sistemi intergovernattivi tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Sistemi u korpi nazzjonali tad-drittijiet tal-bniedem
Soċjetà Ċivili
Il-karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali tal-UE
Il-karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali tal-UE
X’inhuma d-drittijiet fundamentali?
What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
Preambolu
Titolu I: Dinjità
1 -
Is-dinjità tal-bniedem
2 -
Id-dritt għall-ħajja
3 -
Id-dritt għall-integrità tal-persuna
4 -
Il-projbizzjoni tat-tortura jew tal-pieni jew trattamenti inumani jew degradanti
5 -
Il-projbizzjoni ta' l-iskjavitù u tax-xogħol forzat
Titolu II.: Libertajiet
6 -
Id-dritt għal-libertà u għas-sigurtà
7 -
Ir-rispett għall-ħajja privata u tal-familja
8 -
Il-protezzjoni tad-data personali
9 -
Id-dritt għaż-żwieġ u d-dritt għat-twaqqif ta' familja
10 -
Il-libertà tal-ħsieb, tal-kuxjenza u tar-reliġjon
11 -
Il-libertà ta' l-espressjoni u ta' l-informazzjoni
12 -
Il-libertà ta' għaqda u ta' assoċjazzjoni
13 -
Il-libertà ta' l-arti u x-xjenzi
14 -
Id-dritt għall-edukazzjoni
15 -
Il-libertà professjonali u d-dritt għax-xogħol
16 -
Il-libertà ta' l-intrapriża
17 -
Id-dritt għall-proprjetà
18 -
Id-dritt għall-asil
19 -
Il-protezzjoni f'każ ta' tneħħija, tkeċċija jew estradizzjoni
Titolu III: L-Ugwaljanza
20 -
L-ugwaljanza f'għajnejn il-
21 -
Non-diskriminazzjoni
22 -
Id-diversità kulturali, reliġjuża u lingwistika
23 -
L-ugwaljanza bejn in-nisa u l-irġiel
24 -
Id-drittijiet tat-tfal
25 -
Id-drittijiet ta' l-anzjani
26 -
L-integrazzjoni tal-persuni diżabbli
Titolu IV: Solidarjetà
27 -
Id-dritt tal-ħaddiema għall-informazzjoni u l-konsultazzjoni fi ħdan l-impriża
28 -
Id-dritt ta' negozjar u ta' azzjoni kollettiva
29 -
Id-dritt ta' aċċess għas-servizzi ta' impjieg
30 -
Il-protezzjoni fil-każ ta' tkeċċija inġusta
31 -
Kondizzjonijiet tax-xogħol ġusti u xierqa
32 -
Il-projbizzjoni ta' impjieg ta' tfal u protezzjoni taż-żgħażagħ fuq il-post tax-xogħol
33 -
Il-ħajja tal-familja u professjonali
34 -
Sigurtà soċjali u assistenza soċjali
35 -
Il-protezzjoni tas-saħħa
36 -
L-aċċess għal servizzi ta' interess ekonomiku ġenerali
37 -
Protezzjoni ta' l-ambjent
38 -
Protezzjoni tal-konsumatur
Titolu V.: Ċittadinanza
39 -
Id-dritt tal-vot u d-dritt tal-kandidatura fl-elezzjonijiet għall-Parlament Ewropew
40 -
Id-dritt tal-vot u d-dritt tal-kandidatura fl-elezzjonijiet muniċipali
41 -
Id-dritt għal amministrazzjoni tajba
42 -
Id-dritt ta' aċċess għad-dokumenti
43 -
L-Ombudsman Ewropew
44 -
Id-dritt ta' petizzjoni
45 -
Il-libertà ta' moviment u ta' residenza
46 -
Il-protezzjoni diplomatika u konsulari
Titolu VI: Ġustizzja
47 -
Id-dritt għal rimedju effettiv u għal proċess imparzjali
48 -
Il-preżunzjoni ta' innoċenza u d-dritt għad-difiża
49 -
Il-prinċipji ta' legalità u proporzjonalità ta' reati u ta' pieni
50 -
Id-dritt li wieħed ma jiġix iġġudikat jew jingħata piena darbtejn għall-istess reat
Titolu VII: Dispożizzjonijiet generali
51 -
Kamp ta' applikazzjoni
52 -
L-ambitu u l-interpretazzjoni ta' drittijiet u ta' prinċipji
53 -
Il-livell ta' protezzjoni
54 -
Il-projbizzjoni ta' l-abbuż ta' dritt
Tools
Tools
EU Fundamental Rights Information System - EFRIS
Criminal detention database
Anti-Muslim hatred database
Case-law database
Charterpedia
FRA e-learning platform
Data visualisation
Equality data collection: promising practices
Fighting hate crime: promising practices
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CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
International Transport Workers’ Federation and Finnish Seamen’s Union v Viking Line ABP and OÜ Viking Line Eesti
Deciding body type
Court of Justice of the European Union
Deciding body
European Court of Justice (Grand Chamber)
Type
Decision
Decision date
11/12/2007
Karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali tal-Unjoni Ewropea
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Title IV: Solidarity
Article 28 - Right of collective bargaining and action
VIEW FULL CASE
CJEU - C 438/05 / Judgment
Key facts of the case:
Viking Line, a Finnish shipping company, indented to reflag the Rosella, a ferry flying the Finnish flag and plying the route between Tallinn and Helsinki by registering it in Estonia in order to be able to enter into a new collective agreement with a trade union established in that State and to employ an Estonian crew, whose wages are lower than those paid in Finland.
Following that notice, the ITF sent a circular to its affiliates asking them to refrain from entering into negotiations with Viking Line, as a result of which Viking Line was prevented from holding talks with Estonian trade unions. At the same time, the FSU announced its intention to strike, demanding inter
alia that a collective agreement be concluded which provided that, during the reflagging, Viking Line would continue to comply with Finnish employment law and not lay off the crew.
Viking Line then brought an action before the High Court of Justice (England & Wales), Queen's Bench Division (Commercial Court) in the United Kingdom, where the ITF has its headquarters, requesting that the ITF be ordered to withdraw the circular and the FSU be ordered not to infringe its right of establishment with regard to the reflagging of the Rosella. The Court of Appeal, before which an appeal against the decision granting Viking’s application was lodged, referred to the Court 10 questions for a preliminary ruling concerning the provisions on the freedom of establishment and the
restrictive nature of the measures adopted by the ITF and the FSU under those provisions.
Results (sanctions) and key consequences of the case:
The Court acknowledged that the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, constitutes a fundamental right which forms an integral part of the general principles of Community law (in this regard, reference is made
to the Charter of Fundamental Rights). It added that that right must, however, be reconciled with the fundamental freedoms within the internal market, such that exercise of that right may be subject to certain restrictions, in accordance with the principle of proportionality.
The ECJ held despite that the right to strike and take collective action is recognised as fundamental rights in EU law, they do not automatically override Treaty rights related to the freedom of establishment. A determination by a national court has to be made whether a restriction to such freedom can be justified on the basis of the protection of the fundamental rights concerned and that the restriction pursues “a legitimate aim compatible with the Treaty and is justified by overriding reasons of public interest. But even if that were the case, it would still have to be suitable for securing the attainment of the objective pursued and must not go beyond what is necessary in order to attain it” In reaching its judgment the ECJ considered the nature of the right to strike and take collective action within the EU’s legal framework..
Interpretation of article(s) and implications for the resolution of the case:
FRC - Article 28:
The ECJ held that “the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, is recognised both by various international instruments which the Member States have signed or cooperated in”. (para 43) “Although the right to take collective action, including the right to strike, must therefore be recognised as a fundamental right which forms an integral part of the general principles of Community law the observance of which the Court ensures, the exercise of that right may none the less be subject to certain restrictions. As is reaffirmed by Article 28 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, those rights are to be protected in accordance with Community law and national law and practices. In addition … under Finnish law the right to strike may not be relied on, in particular, where the strike is contra bonos mores or is prohibited under national law or Community law.” (para 44)
The ECJ went on to hold that “the fundamental nature of the right to take collective action is not such as to render Article 43 EC [Freedom of Establishment] inapplicable to the collective action at issue”.(para 47) “Article 43 EC is to be interpreted as meaning that, in principle, collective action initiated by a trade union or a group of trade unions against an undertaking in order to induce that undertaking to enter into a collective agreement, the terms of which are liable to deter it from exercising freedom of establishment, is not excluded from the scope of that article.” (para 55)
Finally, the ECJ held that “collective actions which seek to induce a private undertaking whose registered office is in a given Member State to enter into a collective work agreement with a trade union established in that State and to apply the terms set out in that agreement to the employees of a subsidiary of that undertaking established in another Member State, constitute restrictions within the meaning of Article 43. Such collective action has the effect of making less attractive, or even pointless, the exercise by an undertaking of its right to freedom of establishment, inasmuch as it prevents that undertaking from enjoying the same treatment in the host Member State as other economic operators established in that State. Similarly, such collective action, seeking to prevent shipowners from registering their vessels in a State other than that of which the beneficial owners of those vessels are nationals, must be considered to be at least liable to restrict an undertaking’s exercise of its right of freedom of establishment. Those restrictions may, in principle, be justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as the protection of workers, provided that it is established that the restriction is suitable for ensuring the attainment of the legitimate objective pursued and does not go beyond what is necessary to achieve that objective.” It is for the national court to determine the question on the facts.
Paragraphs referring to EU Charter
43, 44, 47, 55