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Článok 11 - Sloboda prejavu a právo na informácie

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Článok 11 - Sloboda prejavu a právo na informácie

1. Každý má právo na slobodu prejavu. Toto právo zahŕňa slobodu zastávať názory a prijímať a rozširovať informácie a myšlienky bez zasahovania orgánov verejnej moci a bez ohľadu na hranice.

2. Rešpektuje sa sloboda a pluralita médií.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Vysvetlivky

  • Text:

    1. Článok 11 zodpovedá článku 10 EDĽP, ktorý znie:
    `1. Každý má právo na slobodu prejavu. Toto právo zahŕňa slobodu zastávať názory a prijímať a rozširovať informácie alebo myšlienky bez zasahovania štátnych orgánov a bez ohľadu na hranice. Tento článok nebráni štátom, aby vyžadovali udeľovanie povolení rozhlasovým, televíznym alebo filmovým spoločnostiam.
    2. Výkon týchto slobôd, pretože zahŕňa aj povinnosti aj zodpovednosť, môže podliehať takým formalitám, podmienkam, obmedzeniam alebo sankciám, ktoré ustanovuje zákon a ktoré sú nevyhnutné v demokratickej spoločnosti v záujme národnej bezpečnosti, územnej celistvosti, predchádzania nepokojom a zločinnosti, ochrany zdravia alebo morálky, ochrany povesti alebo práv iných, zabráneniu úniku dôverných informácií alebo zachovania autority a nestrannosti súdnej moci.`
    Podľa článku 52 ods. 3 charty je význam a rozsah tohto práva rovnaký ako podľa EDĽP. Obmedzenia, ktoré sa naň môžu vzťahovať, nesmú prekročiť tie, ktoré sú ustanovené v článku 10 ods. 2 EDĽP bez toho, aby boli dotknuté akékoľvek obmedzenia, ktoré môže ukladať právo hospodárskej súťaže Únie na možnosť členských štátov zavádzať udeľovanie povolení uvedených v tretej vete článku 10 ods. 1 EDĽP.
    2. Odsek 2 tohto článku vymedzuje dôsledky, ktoré môže mať odsek 1 na slobodu médií. Je založený najmä na judikatúre Súdneho dvora, ktorá sa vzťahuje na televíziu, najmä jeho rozsudok vo veci C-288/89 z 25. júla 1991, Stichting Collectieve Antennevoorziening Gouda a. i., Zb. s. I-4007) a na Protokole o systéme verejnoprávneho vysielania v členských štátoch, ktorý je pripojený k Zmluve o ES a teraz k zmluvám, ako aj na smernici Rady 89/552/EHS (najmä jej odôvodnenie 17).

    Source:
    Úradný vestník Európskej únie C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Ďalej uvedené vysvetlivky boli pôvodne pripravené pod vedením predsedníctva konventu, ktorý vypracoval návrh Charty základných práv Európskej únie. Boli aktualizované pod vedením predsedníctva Európskeho konventu so zreteľom na úpravy, ktoré urobil tento konvent k textu charty (najmä k článkom 51 a 52), a vývoj práva Únie. Hoci tieto vysvetlivky nie sú ako také právne záväzné, predstavujú cenný nástroj výkladu, ktorý je určený na objasnenie ustanovení charty.

Prípadové právo

Vnútroštátne ústavné právo

61 results found

  • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    URL:
    Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    Štát:
    Czechia

    Article 17 (1) The freedom of expression and the right to information are guaranteed. (2) Everyone has the right to express her opinion in speech, in writing, in the press, in pictures, or in any other form, as well as freely to seek, receive, and disseminate ideas and information irrespective of the frontiers of the State. (3) Censorship is not permitted. (4) The freedom of expression and the right to seek and disseminate information may be limited by law in the case of measures necessary in a democratic society for protecting the rights and freedoms of others, the security of the State, public security, public health, and morals. (5) State bodies and territorial self-governing bodies are obliged, in an appropriate manner, to provide information on their activities. Conditions therefore and the implementation thereof shall be provided for by law.

  • Danmarks Riges Grundlov
    URL:
    Danmarks Riges Grundlov
    Štát:
    Denmark

    § 77. Enhver er berettiget til på tryk, i skrift og tale at offentliggøre sine tanker, dog under ansvar for domstolene. Censur og andre forebyggende forholdsregler kan ingensinde påny indføres.

  • De Belgische Grondwet
    URL:
    De Belgische Grondwet
    Štát:
    Belgium

    Artikel 19De vrijheid van eredienst, de vrije openbare uitoefening ervan, alsmede de vrijheid om op elk gebied zijn mening te uiten, zijn gewaarborgd, behoudens bestraffing van de misdrijven die ter gelegenheid van het gebruikmaken van die vrijheden worden gepleegd.Artikel 25De drukpers is vrij; de censuur kan nooit worden ingevoerd; geen borgstelling kan worden geëist van de schrijvers, uitgevers of drukkers. Wanneer de schrijver bekend is en zijn woonplaats in België heeft, kan de uitgever, de drukker of de verspreider niet worden vervolgd.

  • Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
    URL:
    Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
    Štát:
    Estonia

    § 40. Igaühel on südametunnistuse-, usu- ja mõttevabadus. Kuulumine kirikutesse ja usuühingutesse on vaba. Riigikirikut ei ole. Igaühel on vabadus nii üksinda kui ka koos teistega, avalikult või eraviisiliselt täita usutalitusi, kui see ei kahjusta avalikku korda, tervist ega kõlblust.
    § 41. Igaühel on õigus jääda truuks oma arvamustele ja veendumustele. Kedagi ei tohi sundida neid muutma. Veendumustega ei saa vabandada õiguserikkumist. Kedagi ei saa veendumuste pärast võtta õiguslikule vastutusele.
    § 42. Riigiasutused, kohalikud omavalitsused ja nende ametiisikud ei tohi Eesti kodaniku vaba tahte vastaselt koguda ega talletada andmeid tema veendumuste kohta.
    § 44. Igaühel on õigus vabalt saada üldiseks kasutamiseks levitatavat informatsiooni. Kõik riigiasutused, kohalikud omavalitsused ja nende ametiisikud on kohustatud seaduses sätestatud korras andma Eesti kodanikule tema nõudel informatsiooni oma tegevuse kohta, välja arvatud andmed, mille väljaandmine on seadusega keelatud, ja eranditult asutusesiseseks kasutamiseks mõeldud andmed. Eesti kodanikul on õigus seaduses sätestatud korras tutvuda tema kohta riigiasutustes ja kohalikes omavalitsustes ning riigi ja kohalike omavalitsuste arhiivides hoitavate andmetega. Seaduse alusel võib seda õigust piirata teiste inimeste õiguste ja vabaduste ning lapse põlvnemise saladuse kaitseks, samuti kuriteo tõkestamise, kurjategija tabamise või kriminaalmenetluses tõe väljaselgitamise huvides. Kui seadus ei sätesta teisiti, siis on käesoleva paragrahvi lõigetes kaks ja kolm nimetatud õigused võrdselt Eesti kodanikuga ka Eestis viibival välisriigi kodanikul ja kodakondsuseta isikul.
    § 45. Igaühel on õigus vabalt levitada ideid, arvamusi, veendumusi ja muud informatsiooni sõnas, trükis, pildis või muul viisil. Seda õigust võib seadus piirata avaliku korra, kõlbluse, teiste inimeste õiguste ja vabaduste, tervise, au ning hea nime kaitseks. Seadus võib seda õigust piirata ka riigi ja kohalike omavalitsuste teenistujatel neile ameti tõttu teatavaks saanud riigi- või ärisaladuse või konfidentsiaalsena saadud informatsiooni ning teiste inimeste perekonna- ja eraelu kaitseks, samuti õigusemõistmise huvides. Tsensuuri ei ole.

  • European Convention on Human Rights - Article 10
    URL:
    The European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)
    Štát:
    Austria

    Article 10 1. Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.

  • Federal Act dated 12th June 1981 on the Press and other Publication Media (Media Act)
    URL:
    Federal Act dated 12th June 1981 on the Press and other Publication Media (Media Act)
    Štát:
    Austria
  • Federal Constitutional Act of 10 July 1974 on Guaranteeing the Independence of Broadcasting
    URL:
    Federal Constitutional Act of 10 July 1974 on Guaranteeing the Independence of Broadcasting
    Štát:
    Austria

    Article 1 (2) Federal legislation shall provide for more detailed provisions on broadcasting and its organisation. Such federal legislation shall in particular contain provisions ensuring the objectivity and impartiality of reporting, consideration to the diversity of opinion, the balance of programmes and the independence of the persons and executive bodies or officers who are entrusted with the tasks referred to in para 1.

  • Freedom of Communication Act No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986
    URL:
    Freedom of Communication Act No. 86-1067 of 30 September 1986
    Štát:
    France

    Article 1 Audio-visual communication is free.The exercise of this freedom may be limited only, to the extent required, on the one hand, for the respect of human dignity, freedom and property of other people, the pluralistic nature of the expression of ideas and opinions and, on the other hand, for the safeguarding of law and order, for national defence, public service reasons, for technical reasons inherent to the means of communication as well as for the need to develop a national audio-visual production industry.The Conseil supérieur de l'audiovisuel, an independent authority, guarantees the exercise this freedom in accordance with the terms provided for in this Act.It ensures equality of treatment; it guarantees the independence and impartiality of the public radio and television broadcasting sector. It sees to the promotion of the free competition and the creation of non-discriminatory relations between producers and service distributors; it sees to the quality and diversity of programmes, the development of the national audio-visual production and creation as well as to the defence and illustration of the French language and culture. It may put forward proposals to improve the quality of programmes.It may send to the producers and distributors of audio-visual communication services recommendations relating to compliance with the principles set forth in this Act. Said recommendations shall be published in the Official Journal of the French Republic.

  • Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003
    URL:
    Freedom of Information (Amendment) Act 2003
    Štát:
    Ireland
  • Freedom of Information Law
    URL:
    Freedom of Information Law
    Štát:
    Latvia

    Section 2. (1) The purpose of this Law is to ensure public access to information which is under the control of State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions for the performance of their specified functions as prescribed in regulatory enactments. This Law determines a uniform procedure by which natural and legal persons are entitled to obtain information from State administrative institutions and Local Government institutions (hereinafter - institutions), and to utilise it.(2) This Law applies to documented information which is within the circulation of information of institutions.

  • Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
    URL:
    Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression
    Štát:
    Sweden

    Chapter 1 - Basic provisions: Article 1 Every Swedish citizen is guaranteed the right under this Fundamental Law, vis-à-vis the public institutions, publicly to express his or her thoughts, opinions and sentiments, and in general to communicate information on any subject whatsoever on sound radio, television and certain similar transmissions, through public playback of material from a database, and in films, video recordings, sound recordings and other technical recordings. The purpose of freedom of expression under this Fundamental Law is to secure the free exchange of opinion, free and comprehensive information, and freedom of artistic creation. No restriction of this freedom shall be permitted other than such as follows from this Fundamental Law. (...); Article 2 Every Swedish citizen is guaranteed the right to communicate information on any subject whatsoever to authors and other originators, as well as to editors, editorial offices, news agencies and enterprises for the production of technical recordings for publication in radio programmes or such recordings. He or she also has the right to procure information on any subject whatsoever for such communication or publication. No restriction of these rights shall be permitted other than such as follows from this Fundamental Law; 3§ There shall be no prior scrutiny by a public authority or other public body of a matter which is intended for release in a radio programme or technical recording. Nor is it permitted for public authorities or other public bodies to prohibit or prevent the release or dissemination to the general public of a radio programme or technical recording on grounds of its known or expected content, except by virtue of this Fundamental Law.(...)

  • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    URL:
    Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Štát:
    Germany

    Artikel 5 (1) Jeder hat das Recht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten und sich aus allgemein zugänglichen Quellen ungehindert zu unterrichten. Die Pressefreiheit und die Freiheit der Berichterstattung durch Rundfunk und Film werden gewährleistet. Eine Zensur findet nicht statt. (2) Diese Rechte finden ihre Schranken in den Vorschriften der allgemeinen Gesetze, den gesetzlichen Bestimmungen zum Schutze der Jugend und in dem Recht der persönlichen Ehre. (...) Artikel 17a (1) Gesetze über Wehrdienst und Ersatzdienst können bestimmen, daß für die Angehörigen der Streitkräfte und des Ersatzdienstes während der Zeit des Wehr- oder Ersatzdienstes das Grundrecht, seine Meinung in Wort, Schrift und Bild frei zu äußern und zu verbreiten (Artikel 5 Abs. 1 Satz 1 erster Halbsatz), das Grundrecht der Versammlungsfreiheit (Artikel 8) und das Petitionsrecht (Artikel 17), soweit es das Recht gewährt, Bitten oder Beschwerden in Gemeinschaft mit anderen vorzubringen, eingeschränkt werden. (...)

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    URL:
    Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Štát:
    Poland

    Art. 54.1. Każdemu zapewnia się wolność wyrażania swoich poglądów oraz pozyskiwania i rozpowszechniania informacji.2. Cenzura prewencyjna środków społecznego przekazu oraz koncesjonowanie prasy są zakazane. Ustawa może wprowadzić obowiązek uprzedniego uzyskania koncesji na prowadzenie stacji radiowej lub telewizyjnej.

  • Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten
    URL:
    Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten
    Štát:
    Austria

    Artikel 10 (1) Jedermann hat Anspruch auf freie Meinungsäußerung. Dieses Recht schließt die Freiheit der Meinung und die Freiheit zum Empfang und zur Mitteilung von Nachrichten oder Ideen ohne Eingriffe öffentlicher Behörden und ohne Rücksicht auf Landesgrenzen ein. Dieser Artikel schließt nicht aus, daß die Staaten Rundfunk-, Lichtspiel- oder Fernsehunternehmen einem Genehmigungsverfahren unterwerfen.

  • La Constitution Belge
    URL:
    La Constitution Belge
    Štát:
    Belgium

    Article 19La liberté des cultes, celle de leur exercice public, ainsi que la liberté de manifester ses opinions en toute matière, sont garanties, sauf la répression des délits commis à l'occasion de l'usage de ces libertés.Article 25La presse est libre; la censure ne pourra jamais être établie; il ne peut être exigé de cautionnement des écrivains, éditeurs ou imprimeurs.Lorsque l'auteur est connu et domicilié en Belgique, l'éditeur, l'imprimeur ou le distributeur ne peut être poursuivi.

  • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    URL:
    Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    Štát:
    Latvia

    100. Ikvienam ir tiesības uz vārda brīvību, kas ietver tiesības brīvi iegūt, paturēt un izplatīt informāciju, paust savus uzskatus. Cenzūra ir aizliegta. 

  • Liberte D’expression Dans Les Medias Loi Du 8 Juin 2004 Sur La Liberté D’expression Dans Les Médias
    URL:
    Liberte D’expression Dans Les Medias Loi Du 8 Juin 2004 Sur La Liberté D’expression Dans Les Médias
    Štát:
    Luxembourg

    Art. 1er. La présente loi vise à assurer la liberté d'expression dans le domaine des médias. Art. 2. Conformément à l'article 10 de la Convention de sauvegarde des droits de l'homme et des libertés fondamentales, signée à Rome, le 4 novembre 1950 et approuvée par la loi du 29 août 1953, toute restriction ou ingérence en la matière doit être prévue par la loi, poursuivre un but légitime et être nécessaire dans une société démocratique, c'est-à-dire répondre à un besoin social impérieux et être proportionnée au but légitime poursuivi.

  • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
    URL:
    Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
    Štát:
    Lithuania

    25 straipsnis. Žmogus turi teisę turėti savo įsitikinimus ir juos laisvai reikšti. Žmogui neturi būti kliudoma ieškoti, gauti ir skleisti informaciją bei idėjas. Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus, gauti ir skleisti informaciją negali būti ribojama kitaip, kaip tik įstatymu, jei tai būtina apsaugoti žmogaus sveikatai, garbei ir orumui, privačiam gyvenimui, dorovei ar ginti konstitucinei santvarkai.Laisvė reikšti įsitikinimus ir skleisti informaciją nesuderinama su nusikalstamais veiksmais - tautinės, rasinės, religinės ar socialinės neapykantos, prievartos bei diskriminacijos kurstymu, šmeižtu ir dezinformacija.Pilietis turi teisę įstatymo nustatyta tvarka gauti valstybės įstaigų turimą informaciją apie jį. 44 straipsnis. Masinės informacijos cenzūra draudžiama.Valstybė, politinės partijos, politinės ir visuomeninės organizacijos, kitos institucijos ar asmenys negali monopolizuoti masinės informacijos priemonių.

  • Loi n°86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication
    URL:
    Loi n°86-1067 du 30 septembre 1986 relative à la liberté de communication
    Štát:
    France

    Article 1 La communication au public par voie électronique est libre. L'exercice de cette liberté ne peut être limité que dans la mesure requise, d'une part, par le respect de la dignité de la personne humaine, de la liberté et de la propriété d'autrui, du caractère pluraliste de l'expression des courants de pensée et d'opinion et, d'autre part, par la protection de l'enfance et de l'adolescence, par la sauvegarde de l'ordre public, par les besoins de la défense nationale, par les exigences de service public, par les contraintes techniques inhérentes aux moyens de communication, ainsi que par la nécessité, pour les services audiovisuels, de développer la production audiovisuelle. Les services audiovisuels comprennent les services de communication audiovisuelle telle que définie à l'article 2 ainsi que l'ensemble des services mettant à disposition du public ou d'une catégorie de public des oeuvres audiovisuelles, cinématographiques ou sonores, quelles que soient les modalités techniques de cette mise à disposition.

  • Luxembourg / Constitution of the Grand Ducal of Luxembourg
    URL:
    Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
    Štát:
    Luxembourg

    Art. 23. La liberté de manifester ses opinions et la liberté de la presse sont garanties, hormis les infractions commises à l’occasion de l’exercice de ces libertés.

    La censure ne peut pas être établie.

Právo EÚ

15 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)

    Article 34: Risk assessment

    1. Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall diligently identify, analyse and assess any systemic risks in the Union stemming from the design or functioning of their service and its related systems, including algorithmic systems, or from the use made of their services.

    They shall carry out the risk assessments by the date of application referred to in Article 33(6), second subparagraph, and at least once every year thereafter, and in any event prior to deploying functionalities that are likely to have a critical impact on the risks identified pursuant to this Article. This risk assessment shall be specific to their services and proportionate to the systemic risks, taking into consideration their severity and probability, and shall include the following systemic risks:

    [...]

    (b) any actual or foreseeable negative effects for the exercise of fundamental rights, in particular the fundamental rights to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Charter, to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 7 of the Charter, to the protection of personal data enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter, to freedom of expression and information, including the freedom and pluralism of the media, enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter, to non-discrimination enshrined in Article 21 of the Charter, to respect for the rights of the child enshrined in Article 24 of the Charter and to a high-level of consumer protection enshrined in Article 38 of the Charter;

  • Council of the European Union: EU Human Rights Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline
    URL:
    (EU Guidelines on Freedom of Expression Online and Offline)

    ‘14. The right to freedom of expression includes freedom to seek and receive information. It is a key component of democratic governance as the promotion of participatory decision-making processes is unattainable without adequate access to information. For example the exposure of human rights violations may, in some circumstances, be assisted by the disclosure of information held by State entities. Ensuring access to information can serve to promote justice and reparation, in particular after periods of grave violations of human rights. The UN Human Rights Council has emphasized that the public and individuals are entitled to have access, to the fullest extent practicable, to information regarding the actions and decision-making processes of their Government‘
    ‘15. Every individual should have the right to ascertain in an intelligible form, whether, and if so what, personal data is held and stored about them and for what purposes. Every individual should also be able to ascertain which public authorities or private individuals or bodies control or may take decisions affecting the processing of his or her personal data kept in electronic or manual files. If such files contain incorrect personal data or data that have been collected or processed contrary to the provisions of the law, every individual should have the right to have his or her records rectified and in certain circumstances erased. States should make every effort to ensure easy, prompt, effective and practical access to such information. It is recognised that it can be relevant to consider data protection in the context of freedom of expression.‘
    ‘16.The Internet and digital technologies have expanded the possibilities of individuals and media to exercise the right to freedom of expression and freely access online information. Any restriction that prevents the flow of information offline or online must be in line with permissible limitations as set out in international human rights law.‘

  • Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 25 November 2015 laying down measures concerning open internet access and amending Directive 2002/22/EC on universal service and users’ rights relating to electronic communicati...
    URL:
    (Regulation laying down measures concerning open internet access)

    Article 3 - Safeguarding of open internet access
    ‘1. End-users shall have the right to access and distribute information and content, use and provide applications and services, and use terminal equipment of their choice, irrespective of the end-user’s or provider’s location or the location, origin or destination of the information, content, application or service, via their internet access service.
    This paragraph is without prejudice to Union law, or national law that complies with Union law, related to the lawfulness of the content, applications or services.‘
    ‘3. Providers of internet access services shall not engage in traffic management measures going beyond those set out in the second subparagraph, and in particular shall not block, slow down, alter, restrict, interfere with, degrade or discriminate between specific content, applications or services, or specific categories thereof, except as necessary, and only for as long as necessary, in order to:
    (a) comply with Union legislative acts, or national legislation that complies with Union law, to which the provider of internet access services is subject, or with measures that comply with Union law giving effect to such Union legislative acts or national legislation, including with orders by courts or public authorities vested with relevant powers;
    (b) preserve the integrity and security of the network, of services provided via that network, and of the terminal equipment of end-users;
    (c) prevent impending network congestion and mitigate the effects of exceptional or temporary network congestion, provided that equivalent categories of traffic are treated equally.‘

  • Regulation (EU) 2017/1128 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2017 on cross-border portability of online content services in the internal market
    URL:
    (Regulation on cross-border portability of online content services)

    Article 1 - Subject matter and scope
    ‘1. This Regulation introduces a common approach in the Union to the cross-border portability of online content services, by ensuring that subscribers to portable online content services which are lawfully provided in their Member State of residence can access and use those services when temporarily present in a Member State other than their Member State of residence.‘
    Article 3 - Obligation to enable cross-border portability of online content services
    ‘1. The provider of an online content service provided against payment of money shall enable a subscriber who is temporarily present in a Member State to access and use the online content service in the same manner as in the Member State of residence, including by providing access to the same content, on the same range and number of devices, for the same number of users and with the same range of functionalities.‘

  • Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the council, the European economic and social committee and the committee of the regions on tackling illegal content online
    URL:
    (Communication from the Commission on tackling illegal content online)

    ‘2. [...] The guidelines and principles set out in this Communication therefore do not only target the detection and removal of illegal content; they also seek to address concerns in relation to removal of legal content, sometimes called ‘over-removal’, which in turn impacts freedom of expression and media pluralism. Adequate safeguards should therefore be foreseen, and adapted to the specific type of illegal content concerned.‘
    ‘4.2.1 Online platforms should disclose their detailed content policies in their terms of service and clearly communicate this to their users. These terms should not only define the policy for removing or disabling access to content, but also spell out the safeguards that ensure that content-related measures do not lead to over-removal. In particular, online platforms' terms of service should clearly spell out any possibility for the users to contest removal decisions as part of an enhanced transparency of the platforms' general removal policies. This should help reduce the potential negative effect on the users' fundamental right to freedom of expression and information‘

Medzinárodné právo

8 results found

  • Council of Europe Recommendation CM/Rec(2015)6 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the free, transboundary flow of information on the Internet
    URL
    (Recommendation on the free, transboundary flow of information on the Internet)

    ‘1.1. States have an obligation to guarantee to everyone within their jurisdiction the right to freedom of expression and the right to freedom of assembly and association, in full compliance with Articles 10 and 11 of the ECHR, which apply equally to the Internet. These rights and freedoms must be guaranteed without discrimination on any ground such as gender, sexual orientation, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.‘
    ‘1.2. States should protect and promote the global free flow of information on the Internet. They should ensure that interferences with Internet traffic within their territory pursue the legitimate aims set out in Article 10 of the ECHR and other relevant international agreements and do not have an unnecessary or disproportionate impact on the transboundary flow of information on the Internet.‘

  • Human Rights Committee, General comment No. 34 (2011) - Article 19 Freedoms of opinion and expression
    URL
    (Human Rights Committee, General comment No. 34)

    ‘Freedom of opinion
    9. Paragraph 1 of article 19 requires protection of the right to hold opinions without interference. This is a right to which the Covenant permits no exception or restriction. Freedom of opinion extends to the right to change an opinion whenever and for whatever reason a person so freely chooses. No person may be subject to the impairment of any rights under the Covenant on the basis of his or her actual, perceived or supposed opinions. All forms of opinion are protected, including opinions of a political, scientific, historic, moral or religious nature. It is incompatible with paragraph 1 to criminalize the holding of an opinion. The harassment, intimidation or stigmatization of a person, including arrest, detention, trial or imprisonment for reasons of the opinions they may hold, constitutes a violation of article 19, paragraph 1.
    10. Any form of effort to coerce the holding or not holding of any opinion is prohibited. Freedom to express one’s opinion necessarily includes freedom not to express one’s opinion.
    Freedom of expression
    11. Paragraph 2 requires States parties to guarantee the right to freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information and ideas of all kinds regardless of frontiers. This right includes the expression and receipt of communications of every form of idea and opinion capable of transmission to others, subject to the provisions in article 19, paragraph 3, and article 20. It includes political discourse, commentary on one’s own and on public affairs, canvassing, discussion of human rights, journalism, cultural and artistic expression, teaching, and religious discourse. It may also include commercial advertising. The scope of paragraph 2 embraces even expression that may be regarded as deeply offensive, 22 although such expression may be restricted in accordance with the provisions of article 19, paragraph 3 and article 20.
    12. Paragraph 2 protects all forms of expression and the means of their dissemination. Such forms include spoken, written and sign language and such non-verbal expression as images and objects of art. Means of expression include books, newspapers, pamphlets, posters, banners, dress and legal submissions. They include all forms of audio-visual as well as electronic and internet-based modes of expression.‘

  • Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)1 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on protecting and promoting the right to freedom of expression and the right to private life with regard to network neutrality
    URL
    (Recommendation on protecting and promoting the right to freedom of expression and the right to private life with regar…

    ‘1.1. Internet users have the right to freedom of expression, including the right to receive and impart information, by using services, applications and devices of their choice, in full compliance with Article 10 of the Convention. These rights must be enjoyed without discrimination on any ground such as gender, sexual orientation, race, colour, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, association with a national minority, property, birth or other status.‘
    ‘1.2. Internet users’ right to receive and impart information should not be restricted by means of blocking, slowing down, degrading or discriminating Internet traffic associated with particular content, services, applications or devices, or traffic associated with services provided on the basis of exclusive arrangements or tariffs.‘
    ‘1.3. Internet users should be entitled to an Internet connection with the characteristics defined in the contractual agreements that they have concluded with Internet access service providers on the basis of specific and adequate information that is provided to users with regard to all aspects which might affect their access to the Internet and their right to receive and impart information.‘

  • Recommendation CM/Rec(2016)4 of the Committee of Ministers to member States on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors
    URL
    (Recommendation on the protection of journalism and safety of journalists and other media actors)

    ‘2. The right to freedom of expression and information, as guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention, constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress and the development of every individual. Freedom of expression is applicable not only to “information” or “ideas” that are favourably received or regarded as inoffensive or as a matter of indifference, but also to those that offend, shock or disturb the State or any sector of the population. In this way, freedom of expression facilitates robust public debate, which is another prerequisite of a democratic society characterised by pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness. Any interference with the right to freedom of expression of journalists and other media actors therefore has societal repercussions as it is also an interference with the right of others to receive information and ideas and an interference with public debate.‘
    ‘3. The exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it duties and responsibilities, as stated in Article 10, paragraph 2. In the context of journalism, relevant duties and responsibilities are understood as including acting in good faith in order to provide accurate and reliable information, in accordance with the ethics of journalism.‘
    ‘5. Moreover, some types of hate speech which incite violence or hatred fall under Article 17 of the Convention (prohibition of abuse of rights) and are therefore not afforded protection because their aim is to destroy some of the rights and freedoms set forth in the Convention.‘
    ‘6. All human rights are universal, indivisible, interdependent and interrelated and there is important interplay between the right to freedom of expression and other human rights, such as the rights to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to freedom of assembly and association and the right to vote in free and fair elections.‘

  • UN General Assembly resolution 71/199 (2017) - The right to privacy in the digital age
    URL
    (UN General Assembly resolution 71/199 (2017))

    ‘Recalling that the right to privacy is important for the exercise of freedom of expression, including the right to seek, receive and impart information, and contributes to the development of an individual’s ability to participate in political, economic, social and cultural life and that digital technology has a considerable impact on the enjoyment of these rights, ‘
    ‘Noting that, while metadata can provide benefits, certain types of metadata, when aggregated, can reveal personal information and can give an insightinto an individual’s behaviour, social relationships, private preferences and identity‘
    ‘Emphasizing that unlawful or arbitrary surveillance and/or interception of communications, as well as the unlawful or arbitrary collection of personal data, as highly intrusive acts, violate the right to privacy, can interfere with the right to freedom of expression and may contradict the tenets of a democratic society, including when undertaken on a mass scale‘

  • UN Human Rights Council Resolution 23/2 (2013) - The role of freedom of opinion and expression in women’s empowerment
    URL
    (UN Human Rights Council Resolution 23/2 (2013))

    ‘Acknowledging the important role of women journalists and women human rights defenders in the exercise, promotion and protection of the right to freedom of opinion and expression and, in this context, expressing concern at the risks faced by these women in the exercise of their work, ‘
    ‘Affirms the fundamental role that freedom of opinion and expression plays in the ability of women to interact with society at large, in particular in the realms of economic and political participation, and reaffirmsthat the active participation of women, on equal terms with men, at all levels of decision-making, is essential to the achievement of equality, sustainable development, peace and democracy;‘

  • UN Human Rights Council Resolution 26/13 (2014) - The promotion, protection and enjoyment of human rights on the Internet
    URL
    (UN Human Rights Council Resolution 26/13 (2014))

    ‘Noting also the importance of building confidence and trust in the Internet, not least with regard to freedom of expression, privacy and other human rights so that the potential of the Internet as, inter alia, an enabler for development and innovation can be realized, ‘
    ‘Affirms that the same rights that people have offline must also be protected online, in particular freedom of expression, which is applicable regardless of frontiers and through any media of one’s choice, in accordance with articles 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; ‘

  • UN Human Rights Council Resolution 33/2 (2016) - The safety of journalists
    URL
    (UN Human Rights Council Resolution 33/2 (2016))

    ‘Recognizing the crucial role of journalists and media workers in the context of elections, including to inform the public about candidates, their platforms and ongoing debates, and expressing serious concern that attacks against journalists and media workers increase during periods of elections, ‘
    ‘Bearing in mind that impunity for attacks and violence against journalists constitutes one of the greatest challenges to the safety of journalists, and that ensuring accountability for crimes committed against journalists is a key element in preventing future attacks ‘

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