EU-stadgan om de grundläggande rättigheterna

1 kapitlet - Statsskickets grunder:

2 § Den offentliga makten ska utövas med respekt för alla människors lika värde och för den enskilda människans frihet och värdighet. Den enskildes personliga, ekonomiska och kulturella välfärd ska vara grundläggande mål för den offentliga verksamheten. Särskilt ska det allmänna trygga rätten till arbete, bostad och utbildning samt verka för social omsorg och trygghet och för goda förutsättningar för hälsa (...);

2 kapitlet - Grundläggande fri - och rättigheter:

15 § Vars och ens egendom är tryggad genom att ingen kan tvingas avstå sin egendom till det allmänna eller till någon enskild genom expropriation eller något annat sådant förfogande eller tåla att det allmänna inskränker användningen av mark eller byggnad utom när det krävs för att tillgodose angelägna allmänna intressen. Den som genom expropriation eller något annat sådant förfogande tvingas avstå sin egendom ska vara tillförsäkrad full ersättning för förlusten. Ersättning ska också vara tillförsäkrad den för vilken det allmänna inskränker användningen av mark eller byggnad på sådant sätt att pågående markanvändning inom berörd del av fastigheten avsevärt försvåras eller att skada uppkommer som är betydande i förhållande till värdet på denna del av fastigheten. Ersättningen ska bestämmas enligt grunder som anges i lag. Vid inskränkningar i användningen av mark eller byggnad som sker av hälsoskydds-, miljöskydds- eller säkerhetsskäl gäller dock vad som följer av lag i fråga om rätt till ersättning. Alla ska ha tillgång till naturen enligt allemansrätten oberoende av vad som föreskrivits ovan. Lag (2010:1408);

16 § Författare, konstnärer och fotografer äger rätt till sina verk enligt bestämmelser som meddelas i lag. Lag (2010:1408).

Artikel 1 Jede natürliche oder juristische Person hat ein Recht auf Achtung ihres Eigentums. Niemandem darf sein Eigentum entzogen werden, es sei denn, daß das öffentliche Interesse es verlangt, und nur unter den durch Gesetz und durch die allgemeinen Grundsätze des Völkerrechts vorgesehenen Bedingungen. Die vorstehenden Bestimmungen beeinträchtigen jedoch in keiner Weise das Recht des Staates, diejenigen Gesetze anzuwenden, die er für die Regelung der Benutzung des Eigentums in Übereinstimmung mit dem Allgemeininteresse oder zur Sicherung der Zahlung der Steuern, sonstiger Abgaben oder von Geldstrafen für erforderlich hält.

Article 1 Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law. The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.

Article 14 (1) Property and the right of inheritance shall be guaranteed. Their content and limits shall be defined by the laws. (2) Property entails obligations. Its use shall also serve the public good. (3) Expropriation shall only be permissible for the public good. It may only be ordered by or pursuant to a law that determines the nature and extent of compensation. Such compensation shall be determined by establishing an equitable balance between the public interest and the interests of those affected. In case of dispute concerning the amount of compensation, recourse may be had to the ordinary courts. Article 15Land, natural resources and means of production may for the purpose of socialisation be transferred to public ownership or other forms of public enterprise by a law that determines the nature and extent of compensation. With respect to such compensation the third and fourth sentences of paragraph (3) of Article 14 shall apply mutatis mutandis.

Section 15 Protection of property The property of everyone is protected. Provisions on the expropriation of property, for public needs and against full compensation, are laid down by an Act.

Article 40.3.2. The State shall, in particular, by its laws protect as best it may from unjust attack and, in the case of injustice done, vindicate the life, person, good name, and property rights of every citizen. Article 43.1.1.The State acknowledges that man, in virtue of his rational being, has the natural right, antecedent to positive law, to the private ownership of external goods. Article 43.1.2.The State accordingly guarantees to pass no law attempting to abolish the right of private ownership or the general right to transfer, bequeath, and inherit property. Article 43.2.1. The state recognises, however, that the exercise of the rights mentioned in the foregoing provisions of this article ought, in civil society, to be regulated by the principles of social justice. Article 43.2.2. The state, accordingly, may as occasion requires delimit by law the exercise of the said rights with a view to reconciling their exercise with the exigencies of the common good.

Article 37 (1) No property of any description shall be compulsorily taken possession of, and no interest in or right over property of any description shall be compulsorily acquired, except where provision is made by a law applicable to that taking of possession or acquisition – (a) for the payment of adequate compensation; (b) securing to any person claiming such compensation avright of access to an independent and impartial court or tribunal established by law for the purpose ofvdetermining his interest in or right over the property and the amount of any compensation to which he mayvbe entitled, and for the purpose of obtaining payment of that compensation; and (c) securing to any party to proceedings in that court orvtribunal relating to such a claim a right of appeal fromvits determination to the Court of Appeal in Malta: Provided that in special cases Parliament may, if it deems it appropriate so to act in the national interest, by law establish the criteria which are to be followed, including the factors and other circumstances to be taken into account, in the determination of the compensation payable in respect of property compulsorily taken possession of or acquired; and in any such case the compensation shall be determined and shall be payable accordingly. (2) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law so far as it provides for the taking of possession or acquisition of property - (a) in satisfaction of any tax, rate or due; (b) by way of penalty for, or as a consequence of, breach of the law, whether under civil process or after conviction of a criminal offence; (c) upon the attempted removal of the property out of or into Malta in contravention of any law; (d) by way of the taking of a sample for the purposes of any law; (e) where the property consists of an animal upon its being found trespassing or straying; (f) as an incident of a lease, tenancy, licence, privilege or hypothec, mortgage, charge, bill of sale, pledge or other contract; (g) by way of the vesting or administration of property on behalf and for the benefit of the person entitled to the beneficial interest therein, trust property, enemy property or the property of persons adjudged bankrupt or otherwise declared bankrupt or insolvent, persons of unsound mind, deceased persons, or bodies corporate or unincorporate in the course of being wound up or liquidated; (h) in the execution of judgments or orders of courts; (i) by reason of its being in a dangerous state or injurious to the health of human beings, animals or plants; (j) in consequence of any law with respect to the limitation of actions, acquisitive prescription, derelict land, treasure trove, mortmain or the rights of succession competent to the Government of Malta; or (k) for so long only as may be necessary for the purposes of any examination, investigation, trial or inquiry or, in the case of land, the carrying out thereon - (i) of work of soil conservation or the conservation of other natural resources of any description or of war damage reconstruction; or (ii) of agricultural development or improvement which the owner or occupier of the land has been required and has without reasonable and lawful excuse refused or failed to carry out. (3) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law so far as it provides for vesting in the Government of Malta the ownership of any underground minerals, water or antiquities. (4) Nothing in this article shall be construed as affecting the making or operation of any law for the compulsory taking of possession in the public interest of any property, or the compulsory acquisition in the public interest of any interest in or right over property, where that property, interest or right is held by a body corporate which is established for public purposes by any law and in which no monies have been invested other than monies provided by any legislature in Malta.

Article 17 (1). Property is under the protection of the State; rights deriving there from, however, may not be exercised contrary to the public interest. (2). No one shall be deprived of his property except for public benefit which must be duly proven, when and as specified by statute and always following full compensation corresponding to the value of the expropriated property at the time of the court hearing on the provisional determination of compensation. In cases in which a request for the final determination of compensation is made, the value at the time of the court hearing of the request shall be considered. If the court hearing for the final determination of compensation takes place after one year has elapsed from the court hearing for the provisional determination, then, for the determination of the compensation the value at the time of the court hearing for the final determination shall be taken into account. In the decision declaring an expropriation, specific justification must be made of the possibility to cover the compensation expenditure. Provided that the beneficiary consents thereto, the compensation may be also paid in kind, especially in the form of granting ownership over other property or of granting rights over other property. (3). Any change in the value of expropriated property occurring after publication of the act of expropriation and resulting exclusively there from shall not be taken into account. (4). Compensation is determined by the competent courts. Such compensation may also be determined provisionally by the court after hearing or summoning the beneficiary, who may be obliged, at the discretion of the court, to furnish a commensurate guarantee in order to collect the compensation, as provided by the law. Notwithstanding article 94, a law may provide for the establishment of a uniform jurisdiction, for all disputes and cases relating to expropriation, as well as for conducting the relevant trials as a matter of priority. The manner in which pending trials are continued, may be regulated by the same law. Prior to payment of the final or provisional compensation, all rights of the owner shall remain intact and occupation of the property shall not be allowed. In order for works of a general importance for the economy of the country to be carried out, it is possible that, by special decision of the court which is competent for the final or the provisional determination of the compensation, the execution of works even prior to the determination and payment of the compensation is allowed, provided that a reasonable part of the compensation is paid and that full guarantee is provided in favour of the beneficiary of the compensation, as provided by law. Thesecond period of the first section applies accordingly also to these cases. Compensation in the amount determined by the court must in all cases be paid within one and one half years at the latest from the date of publication of the decision regarding provisional determination of compensation payable, and in cases of a direct request for the final determination of compensation, from the date of publication of the court ruling, otherwise the expropriation shall be revoked ipso jure. The compensation as such is exempt from any taxes, deductions or fees. (5). The cases in which compulsory compensation shall be paid to the beneficiaries for lost income from expropriated property until the time of payment of the compensation shall be specified by law. (6). In the case of execution of works serving the public benefit or being of a general importance to the economy of the country, a law may allow the expropriation in favour of the State of wider zones beyond the areas necessary for the execution of the works. The said law shall specify the conditions and terms of such expropriation, as well as the matters pertaining to the disposal for public or public utility purposes in general, of areas expropriated in excess of those required. (7). The digging of underground tunnels at the appropriate depth without compensation, may be allowed by law for the execution of works of evident public utility for the State, public law legal persons, local government agencies, public utility agencies and public enterprises, on condition that the normal exploitation of the property situated above shall not be hindered.

Art. 42. Property is public or private. Economic assets may belong to the State, to public bodies or to private persons. Private property is recognised and guaranteed by the law, which prescribes the ways it is acquired, enjoyed and its limitations so as to ensure its social function and make it accessible to all. In the cases provided for by the law and with provisions for compensation, private property may be expropriated for reasons of general interest. The law establishes the regulations and limits of legitimate and testamentary inheritance and the rights of the State in matters of inheritance.

Art. 17.(1) The right to property and inheritance shall be guaranteed and protected by law. (2) Property shall be private and public. (3) Private property shall be inviolable. (4) The regime applying to the different units of State and municipal property shall be established by law. (5) Forcible expropriation of property in the name of State or municipal needs shall be effected only by virtue of a law, provided that these needs cannot be otherwise met, and after fair compensation has been ensured in advance. Art. 22 (1) (amend., SG 18/05,in force from 1 January 2007) Foreigners and foreign legal entities may acquire property over land under the conditions ensuing from Bulgaria's accession to the European Union, or by virtue of an international treaty that has been ratified, promulgated and entered into force for the Republic of Bulgaria, as well as through inheritance by operation of the law. (2) The law ratifying the international treaty referred to in para 1 shall be adopted by a majority of two thirds of all members of the Parliament.
(3) The land regime shall be established by law. Art. 54. (...) (3) The State shall protect all inventors' rights, copyrights and related rights.

Article 48
The right of ownership shall be guaranteed.
Ownership shall imply obligations. Holders of the right of ownership and its users shall
contribute to the general welfare.
A foreign person may exercise the right of ownership under the conditions specified by law.
The right of inheritance shall be guaranteed.

Article 50
In the interest of the Republic of Croatia, ownership may be restricted or rescinded by law, subject to indemnification equal to the market value of the pertinent property.
Free enterprise and property rights may be exceptionally restricted by law for the purposes of protecting the interests and security of the Republic of Croatia, nature and the human environment and human health.

Article 69
(4) The protection of moral and material rights deriving from scientific, cultural, artistic,
intellectual and other creative efforts shall be guaranteed.

Article 32. The property of every person is inviolable and equally protected. Property may be taken from the owner without his or her consent only in the public interest, in the cases and pursuant to a procedure provided by law, and for fair and immediate compensation. Everyone whose property has been taken from him or her without his or her consent has the right to bring an action in the courts to contest the taking of the property, the compensation, or the amount of the compensation.
Everyone has the right to freedom from interference in possessing or using his or her property or making dispositions regarding the same. Limitations of this right are provided by law. Property may not be used in a manner that contravenes the public interest.
On public interest grounds, the law may provide classes of property which may be acquired in Estonia only by citizens of Estonia, by certain categories of legal persons, by local authorities, or by the Estonian government.
Succession of property is guaranteed.
Article 39. The rights of an author in respect of his or her work are inalienable. The national government protects authors’ rights.

105. Everyone has the right to own property. Property shall not be used contrary to the interests of the public. Property rights may be restricted only in accordance with law. Expropriation of property for public purposes shall be allowed only in exceptional cases on the basis of a specific law and in return for fair compensation. 113. The State shall recognise the freedom of scientific research, artistic and other creative activity, and shall protect copyright and patent rights.

Article 23. Property shall be inviolable. The rights of ownership shall be protected by laws. Property may be taken over only for the needs of society according to the procedure established by law and shall be justly compensated for. Article 42. The law shall protect and defend the spiritual and material interests of an author which are related to scientific, technical, cultural, and artistic work.

Article 21.1. The Republic of Poland shall protect ownership and the right of succession. 2. Expropriation may be allowed solely for public purposes and for just compensation. Article 46 Property may be forfeited only in cases specified by statute, and only by virtue of a final judgment of a court. Article 64 1. Everyone shall have the right to ownership, other property rights and the right of succession. 2. Everyone, on an equal basis, shall receive legal protection regarding ownership, other property rights and the right of succession. 3. The right of ownership may only be limited by means of a statute and only to the extent that it does not violate the substance of such right.

Art. 42. La proprietà è pubblica o privata. I beni economici appartengono allo Stato, ad enti o a privati. La proprietà privata è riconosciuta e garantita dalla legge, che ne determina i modi di acquisto, di godimento e i limiti allo scopo di assicurarne la funzione sociale e di renderla accessibile a tutti. La proprietà privata può essere, nei casi preveduti dalla legge, e salvo indennizzo, espropriata per motivi d'interesse generale.

Article 11 (1) Everyone has the right to own property. Each owner’s property right shall have the same content and enjoy the same protection. Inheritance is guaranteed. (2) The law shall designate the property necessary for securing the needs of the entire society, the development of the national economy, and the public welfare, which may beowned exclusively by the state, a municipality, or by designated legal persons; the law may also provide that certain items of property may be owned exclusively by citizens or legal persons with their headquarters in the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic. (3) Ownership entails obligations. It may not be misused to the detriment of the rights of others or in conflict with legally protected public interests. It may not be exercised so as to harm human health, nature, or the environment beyond the limits laid down by law. (4) Expropriation or some other mandatory limitation upon property rights is permitted in the public interest, on the basis of law, and for compensation. (5) Taxes and fees shall be levied only on the basis of law. Article 34 (1) The rights to the fruits of one’s creative intellectual activity shall be protected by law.

§ 73. Stk. 1. Ejendomsretten er ukrænkelig. Ingen kan tilpligtes at afstå sin ejendom, uden hvor almenvellet kræver det. Det kan kun ske ifølge lov og mod fuldstændig erstatning. Stk. 2. Når et lovforslag vedrørende ekspropriation af ejendom er vedtaget, kan en trediedel af folketingets medlemmer indenfor en frist af tre søgnedage fra forslagets endelige vedtagelse kræve, at det først indstilles til kongelig stadfæstelse, når nyvalg til folketinget har fundet sted, og forslaget påny er vedtaget af det derefter sammentrædende folketing. Stk. 3. Ethvert spørgsmål om ekspropriationsaktens lovlighed og erstatningens størrelse kan indbringes for domstolene. Prøvelsen af erstatningens størrelse kan ved lov henlægges til domstole oprettet i dette øjemed.

Artikel 15De woning is onschendbaar; geen huiszoeking kan plaatshebben dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft.Artikel 16Niemand kan van zijn eigendom worden ontzet dan ten algemenen nutte, in de gevallen en op de wijze bij de wet bepaald en tegen billijke en voorafgaande schadeloosstelling.Artikel 17De straf van verbeurdverklaring der goederen kan niet worden ingevoerd.Artikel 191Iedere vreemdeling die zich op het grondgebied van België bevindt, geniet de bescherming verleend aan personen en aan goederen, behoudens de bij de wet gestelde uitzonderingen.