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Az Európai Unió Alapjogi Chartája

EU Charter and Charter resources
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Szabadságok

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14. cikk - Az oktatáshoz való jog

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14. cikk - Az oktatáshoz való jog

(1) Mindenkinek joga van az oktatáshoz, valamint a szakképzésben és a továbbképzésben való részvételhez.
(2) Ez a jog magában foglalja a kötelező oktatásban való ingyenes részvétel lehetőségét.
(3) Az oktatási intézmények demokratikus elvek figyelembevételével történő alapításának szabadságát, valamint a szülők azon jogát, hogy gyermekeik számára vallási, világnézeti vagy pedagógiai meggyőződésüknek megfelelő nevelést biztosítsanak, tiszteletben kell tartani az e jogok és szabadságok gyakorlását szabályozó nemzeti törvényekkel összhangban.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Magyarázatok

  • Text:

    1. E cikk a tagállamok közös alkotmányos hagyományain, valamint az EJEE kiegészítő jegyzőkönyvének 2. cikkén alapul, amelynek szövege a következő:
    `Senkitől sem szabad megtagadni az oktatáshoz való jogot. Az állam az oktatás és tanítás terén vállalt feladatkörök gyakorlása során köteles tiszteletben tartani a szülők vallási és világnézeti meggyőződésével összhangban lévő oktatáshoz és tanításhoz való jogot.`
    Célszerűnek tűnt e cikk hatályát a szakképzésben és a továbbképzésben való részvételre is kiterjeszteni (lásd a munkavállalók alapvető szociális jogairól szóló közösségi charta 15. pontját és a Szociális Charta 10. cikkét), valamint az ingyenes kötelező oktatás elvét is belefoglalni. A megfogalmazás szerint ez utóbbi elv csupán azt foglalja magában, hogy a kötelező oktatás tekintetében minden gyermeknek joga van olyan intézménybe járni, amely ingyenes oktatást biztosít. Nem írja elő azonban, hogy valamennyi oktatást, szakképzést és továbbképzést biztosító intézmény, különösen egy magánintézmény, ingyenes legyen. Nem tiltja azt sem, hogy egyes sajátos oktatási formákért fizetni kelljen, amennyiben az állam megteszi a szükséges intézkedéseket a pénzügyi kompenzáció biztosítása érdekében. Annyiban, amennyiben a Charta alkalmazandó az Unióra, ez azt jelenti, hogy az Uniónak a képzési politikájában tiszteletben kell tartania a kötelező oktatás ingyenességét, ugyanakkor új hatásköröket természetesen nem teremt. Ami a szülők jogát illeti, azt a 24. cikk rendelkezéseivel összefüggésben kell értelmezni.
    2. A magán- vagy közoktatási intézmény alapításának joga a vállalkozás szabadságának egyik formájaként biztosított, azonban kizárólag a demokratikus elvek tiszteletben tartásának korlátai és a nemzeti jogszabályok által meghatározott rendelkezések keretei között gyakorolható.

    Source:
    Az Európai Unió Hivatalos Lapja C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Az alábbi magyarázatok eredetileg az Európai Unió Alapjogi Chartáját kidolgozó Konvent elnökségének irányításával kerültek megfogalmazásra. A magyarázatok naprakésszé tétele az Európai Konvent elnökségének felelőssége mellett, az elnökségnek a Charta szövegéhez (nevezetesen az 51. és 52. cikkéhez) tett kiigazításainak megfogalmazása, valamint az uniós jog további fejlődése fényében történt. Bár a magyarázatok nem bírnak jogi erővel, az értelmezés értékes eszközei, amelyek célja a Charta rendelkezéseinek megvilágítása.

Esetjog

Nemzeti alkotmányjog

48 results found

  • The Belgian Constitution
    URL:
    The Belgian Constitution
    Ország:
    Belgium

    Article 24.§1. Education is free; any preventive measure is forbidden; the punishment of offences is regulated only by the law or federate law.The community offers free choice to parents.The community organises non-denominational education. This implies in particular the respect of the philosophical, ideological or religious beliefs of parents and pupils. Schools run by the public authorities offer, until the end of compulsory education, the choice between the teaching of one of the recognised religions and non-denominational ethics teaching. §2. If a community, in its capacity as an organising authority, wishes to delegate powers to one or several autonomous bodies, it can only do so by federate law adopted by a two-thirds majority of the votes cast. §3. Everyone has the right to education with the respect of fundamental rights and freedoms. Access to education is free until the end of compulsory education. All pupils of school age have the right to moral or religious education at the community’s expense.§4. All pupils or students, parents, teaching staff or institutions are equal before the law or federate law. The law and federate law take into account objective differences, in particular the characteristics of each organising authority that warrant appropriate treatment. §5. The organisation, the recognition and the subsidising of education by the community are regulated by the law or federate law.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    URL:
    The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    Ország:
    Cyprus

    Article 20
    1. Every person has the right to receive, and every person or institution has the right to give, instruction or education subject to such formalities, conditions or restrictions as are in accordance with the relevant communal law and are necessary only in the interests of the security of the Republic or the constitutional order or the public safety or the public order or the public health or the public morals or the standard and quality of education or for the protection of the rights and liberties of others including the right of the parents to secure for their children such education as is in conformity with their religious convictions.
    2. Free primary education shall be made available by the Greek and the Turkish Communal Chambers in the respective communal primary schools.
    3. Primary education shall be compulsory for all citizens of such school age as may be determined by a relevant communal law.
    4. Education, other than primary education, shall be made available by the Greek and the Turkish Communal Chambers, in deserving and appropriate cases, on such terms and conditions as may be determined by a relevant communal law.

  • The Constitutional Act of Denmark
    URL:
    The Constitutional Act of Denmark
    Ország:
    Denmark

    Section 76. All children of school age shall be entitled to free instruction in primary schools. Parents or guardians making their own arrangements for their children or wards to receive instruction equivalent to the general primary school standard shall not be obliged to have their children or wards taught in a publicly provided school.

  • The Fundamental Law of Hungary
    URL:
    The Fundamental Law of Hungary
    Ország:
    Hungary

     Article VII (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Everyone shall have the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion. This right shall include the freedom to choose or change one’s religion or other belief, and the freedom of everyone to manifest, abstain from manifesting, practise or teach his or her religion or other belief through religious acts, rites or otherwise, either individually or jointly with others, either in public or in private life. [...]

    Article X (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Hungary shall ensure the freedom of scientific research and artistic creation, the freedom of learning for the acquisition of the highest possible level of knowledge and, within the framework laid down in an Act, the freedom of teaching. [...]

    Article XI (Freedom and Responsibility) (1) Every Hungarian citizen shall have the right to education.
    (2) Hungary shall ensure this right by extending and generalising public education, by providing free and compulsory primary education, free and generally accessible secondary education, and higher education accessible to everyone according to his or her abilities, and by providing financial support as provided for by an Act to those receiving education.
    (3) An Act may provide that financial support of higher education studies shall be subject to
    participation for a specific period in employment or to performing entrepreneurial activities
    for a specific period, regulated by Hungarian law.

    Article XVI (Freedom and Responsibility) [...] (2) Parents shall have the right to choose the upbringing to be given to their children. [...]

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    URL:
    Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    Ország:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 20
    1. Έκαστος έχει το δικαίωμα να εκπαιδεύηται και έκαστον άτομον ή ίδρυμα έχει το δικαίωμα να παρέχη εκπαίδευσιν τηρουμένων των διατυπώσεων, όρων και περιορισμών των επιβαλλομένων υπό του οικείου κοινοτικού νόμου των αναγκαίων μόνον προς το συμφέρον της ασφαλείας της Δημοκρατίας ή της συνταγματικής τάξεως ή της δημοσίας ασφαλείας ή της δημοσίας τάξεως ή της δημοσίας υγιείας ή των δημοσίων ηθών ή του βαθμού και της ποιότητος της παιδείας ή προς προστασίαν των δικαιωμάτων και ελευθεριών των άλλων, συμπεριλαμβανομένου και του δικαιώματος των γονέων, όπως διασφαλίζωσιν υπέρ των τέκνων αυτών εκπαίδευσιν συνάδουσαν προς τας θρησκευτικάς αυτών πεποιθήσεις.
    2. Μερίμνη της ελληνικής και της τουρκικής Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεως ή στοιχειώδης εκπαίδευσις θέλει καταστή δωρεάν προσιτή εν τοις αντιστοίχοις κοινοτικοίς σχολείοις της στοιχειώδους εκπαιδεύσεως.
    3. Η στοιχειώδης εκπαίδευσις είναι υποχρεωτική διά πάντας τους πολίτας τους έχοντας συμπληρώσει την απαιτουμένην ηλικίαν, ως θέλει ορίσει ο οικείος κοινοτικός νόμος.
    4. Μερίμνη της ελληνικής και της τουρκικής Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεως θα καταστή προσιτή πλην της στοιχειώδους και η περαιτέρω εκπαίδευσις εις ενδεδειγμένα και άξια υποστηρίξεως πρόσωπα, εφ’ ους όρους και προϋποθέσεις θα ορίση ο οικείος κοινοτικός νόμος.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    URL:
    Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    Ország:
    Croatia

    Članak 66.
    Obrazovanje je u Republici Hrvatskoj svakomu dostupno, pod jednakim uvjetima, u skladu s njegovim sposobnostima.
    Obvezno obrazovanje je besplatno u skladu sa zakonom.

    Članak 67.
    Uz uvjete propisane zakonom mogu se osnivati privatne škole i učilišta.

    Članak 68.
    Jamči se autonomija sveučilišta.
    Sveučilište samostalno odlučuje o svom ustrojstvu i djelovanju, u skladu sa zakonom.

  • Το Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας
    URL:
    Το Σύνταγμα της Ελλάδας
    Ország:
    Greece

    Άρθρo 16 (1). H τέχνη και η επιστήμη, η έρευνα και η διδασκαλία είναι ελεύθερες· η ανάπτυξη και η πρoαγωγή τoυς απoτελεί υπoχρέωση τoυ Kράτoυς. H ακαδημαϊκή ελευθερία και η ελευθερία της διδασκαλίας δεν απαλλάσσoυν από τo καθήκoν της υπακoής στo Σύνταγμα. (2). H παιδεία απoτελεί βασική απoστoλή τoυ Kράτoυς και έχει σκoπό την ηθική, πνευματική, επαγγελματική και φυσική αγωγή των Eλλήνων, την ανάπτυξη της εθνικής και θρησκευτικής συνείδησης και τη διάπλασή τoυς σε ελεύθερoυς και υπεύθυνoυς πoλίτες.
    (3). Tα έτη υπoχρεωτικής φoίτησης δεν μπoρεί να είναι λιγότερα από εννέα. (4). Όλoι oι Έλληνες έχoυν δικαίωμα δωρεάν παιδείας, σε όλες τις βαθμίδες της, στα κρατικά εκπαιδευτήρια. To Kράτoς ενισχύει τoυς σπoυδαστές πoυ διακρίνoνται, καθώς και αυτoύς πoυ έχoυν ανάγκη από βoήθεια ή ειδική πρoστασία, ανάλoγα με τις ικανότητές τoυς. (5). H ανώτατη εκπαίδευση παρέχεται απoκλειστικά από ιδρύματα πoυ απoτελoύν νoμικά πρόσωπα δημoσίoυ δικαίoυ με πλήρη αυτoδιoίκηση. Tα ιδρύματα αυτά τελoύν υπό την επoπτεία τoυ Kράτoυς, έχoυν δικαίωμα να ενισχύoνται oικoνoμικά από αυτό και λειτoυργoύν σύμφωνα με τoυς νόμoυς πoυ αφoρoύν τoυς oργανισμoύς τoυς. Συγχώνευση ή κατάτμηση ανώτατων εκπαιδευτικών ιδρυμάτων μπoρεί να γίνει και κατά παρέκκλιση από κάθε αντίθετη διάταξη, όπως νόμoς oρίζει. Eιδικός νόμoς oρίζει όσα αφoρoύν τoυς φoιτητικoύς συλλόγoυς και τη συμμετoχή των σπoυδαστών σ’ αυτoύς. (6). Oι καθηγητές των ανώτατων εκπαιδευτικών ιδρυμάτων είναι δημόσιoι λειτoυργoί. To υπόλoιπo διδακτικό πρoσωπικό τoυς επιτελεί επίσης δημόσιo λειτoύργημα, με τις πρoϋπoθέσεις πoυ νόμoς oρίζει. Tα σχετικά με την κατάσταση όλων αυτών των πρoσώπων καθoρίζoνται από τoυς oργανισμoύς των oικείων ιδρυμάτων. Oι καθηγητές των ανώτατων εκπαιδευτικών ιδρυμάτων δεν μπoρoύν να παυθoύν πρoτoύ λήξει σύμφωνα με τo νόμo o χρόνoς υπηρεσίας τoυς παρά μόνo με τις oυσιαστικές πρoϋπoθέσεις πoυ πρoβλέπoνται στo άρθρo 88 παράγραφoς 4 και ύστερα από απόφαση συμβoυλίoυ πoυ απoτελείται κατά πλειoψηφία από ανώτατoυς δικαστικoύς λειτoυργoύς, όπως νόμoς oρίζει. Nόμoς oρίζει τo όριo της ηλικίας των καθηγητών των ανώτατων εκπαιδευτικών ιδρυμάτων· εωσότoυ εκδoθεί o νόμoς αυτός oι καθηγητές πoυ υπηρετoύν απoχωρoύν αυτoδικαίως μόλις λήξει τo ακαδημαϊκό έτoς μέσα στo oπoίo συμπληρώνoυν τo εξηκoστό έβδoμo έτoς της ηλικίας τoυς. (7). H επαγγελματική και κάθε άλλη ειδική εκπαίδευση παρέχεται από τo Kράτoς και με σχoλές ανώτερης βαθμίδας για χρoνικό διάστημα όχι μεγαλύτερo από τρία χρόνια, όπως πρoβλέπεται ειδικότερα από τo νόμo, πoυ oρίζει και τα επαγγελματικά δικαιώματα όσων απoφoιτoύν από τις σχoλές αυτές. (8). Nόμoς oρίζει τις πρoϋποθέσεις και τoυς όρoυς χoρήγησης άδειας για την ίδρυση και λειτoυργία εκπαιδευτηρίων πoυ δεν ανήκoυν στo Kράτoς, τα σχετικά με την επoπτεία πoυ ασκείται πάνω σ’ αυτά, καθώς και την υπηρεσιακή κατάσταση τoυ διδακτικoύ πρoσωπικoύ τoυς. H σύσταση ανώτατων σχoλών από ιδιώτες απαγoρεύεται. [...]

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    URL:
    КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    Ország:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 23. Държавата създава условия за свободно развитие на науката, образованието и изкуствата и ги подпомага. Тя се грижи за опазване на националното историческо и културно наследство.Чл. 53. (1) Всеки има право на образование.(2) Училищното обучение до 16-годишна възраст е задължително.(3) Основното и средното образование в държавните и общинските училища е безплатно. При определени от закона условия образованието във висшите държавни училища е безплатно.(4) Висшите училища се ползват с академична автономия.(5) Граждани и организации могат да създават училища при условия и по ред, определени със закон. Обучението в тях трябва да съответства на държавните изисквания.(6) Държавата насърчава образованието, като създава и финансира училища, подпомага способни ученици и студенти, създава условия за професионално обучение и преквалификация. Тя упражнява контрол върху всички видове и степени училища.

Uniós jog

5 results found

  • Directive 2011/95 - Standards for the qualification of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a uniform status for refugees or for persons eligible for subsidiary protection, and for the content of t
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32004L0083:en:HTML

    Preamble 

    (10) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In particular this Directive seeks to ensure full respect for human dignity and the right to asylum of applicants for asylum and their accompanying family members.

    (16) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.  In particular this Directive seeks to ensure full respect for  human dignity and the right to asylum of applicants for  asylum and their accompanying family members and to  promote the application of Articles 1, 7, 11, 14, 15, 16, 
    18, 21, 24, 34 and 35 of that Charter, and should  therefore be implemented accordingly.


    (34) With regard to social assistance and health care, the modalities and detail of the provision of core benefits to beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status should be determined by national law. The possibility of limiting the benefits for beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status to core benefits is to be understood in the sense that this notion covers at least minimum income support, assistance in case of illness, pregnancy and parental assistance, in so far as they are granted to nationals according to the legislation of the Member State concerned.

    (35) Access to health care, including both physical and mental health care, should be ensured to beneficiaries of refugee or subsidiary protection status.

    Article 2: Definitions
    For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions shall apply:
    (a) ‘international protection’ means refugee status and subsidiary protection status as defined in points (e) and (g);
    (d) ‘refugee’ means a third-country national who, owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, political opinion or membership of a particular social group, is outside the country of nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country, or a stateless person, who, being outside of the country of former habitual residence for the same reasons as mentioned above, is unable or, owing to such fear, unwilling to return to it, and to whom Article 12 does not apply; [...]
    (e) ‘refugee status’ means the recognition by a Member State of a third-country national or a stateless person as a refugee;
    (f) ‘person eligible for subsidiary protection’ means a third-country national or a stateless person who does not qualify as a refugee but in respect of whom substantial grounds have been shown for believing that the person concerned, if returned to his or her country of origin, or in the case of a stateless person, to his or her country of former habitual residence, would face a real risk of suffering serious harm as defined in Article 15, and to whom Article 17(1) and (2) does not apply, and is unable, or, owing to such risk, unwilling to avail himself or herself of the protection of that country;
    (g) ‘subsidiary protection status’ means the recognition by a Member State of a third-country national or a stateless person as a person eligible for subsidiary protection; [...]

    Article 13: Granting of refugee status
    Member States shall grant refugee status to a third-country national or a stateless person who qualifies as a refugee in accordance with Chapters II and III.‘

    Article 18: Granting of subsidiary protection status
    Member States shall grant subsidiary protection status to a third-country national or a stateless person eligible for subsidiary protection in accordance with Chapters II and V.‘

    Article 21: Protection from refoulement

    1.   Member States shall respect the principle of non-refoulement in accordance with their international obligations.

    2.   Where not prohibited by the international obligations mentioned in paragraph 1, Member States may refoule a refugee, whether formally recognised or not, when:

    (a) there are reasonable grounds for considering him or her as a danger to the security of the Member State in which he or she is present; or

    (b) he or she, having been convicted by a final judgement of a particularly serious crime, constitutes a danger to the community of that Member State.

    3.   Member States may revoke, end or refuse to renew or to grant the residence permit of (or to) a refugee to whom paragraph 2 applies.

    Article 22: Information

    Member States shall provide persons recognised as being in need of international protection, as soon as possible after the respective protection status has been granted, with access to information, in a language likely to be understood by them, on the rights and obligations relating to that status.

    Article 23: Maintaining family unity

    1.   Member States shall ensure that family unity can be maintained.

    2.   Member States shall ensure that family members of the beneficiary of refugee or subsidiary protection status, who do not individually qualify for such status, are entitled to claim the benefits referred to in Articles 24 to 34, in accordance with national procedures and as far as it is compatible with the personal legal status of the family member.

    In so far as the family members of beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status are concerned, Member States may define the conditions applicable to such benefits.

    In these cases, Member States shall ensure that any benefits provided guarantee an adequate standard of living.

    3.   Paragraphs 1 and 2 are not applicable where the family member is or would be excluded from refugee or subsidiary protection status pursuant to Chapters III and V.

    4.   Notwithstanding paragraphs 1 and 2, Member States may refuse, reduce or withdraw the benefits referred therein for reasons of national security or public order.

    5.   Member States may decide that this Article also applies to other close relatives who lived together as part of the family at the time of leaving the country of origin, and who were wholly or mainly dependent on the beneficiary of refugee or subsidiary protection status at that time.

    Article 26: Access to employment

    1.   Member States shall authorise beneficiaries of refugee status to engage in employed or self-employed activities subject to rules generally applicable to the profession and to the public service, immediately after the refugee status has been granted.

    2.   Member States shall ensure that activities such as employment-related education opportunities for adults, vocational training and practical workplace experience are offered to beneficiaries of refugee status, under equivalent conditions as nationals.

    3.   Member States shall authorise beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status to engage in employed or self-employed activities subject to rules generally applicable to the profession and to the public service immediately after the subsidiary protection status has been granted. The situation of the labour market in the Member States may be taken into account, including for possible prioritisation of access to employment for a limited period of time to be determined in accordance with national law. Member States shall ensure that the beneficiary of subsidiary protection status has access to a post for which the beneficiary has received an offer in accordance with national rules on prioritisation in the labour market.

    4.   Member States shall ensure that beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status have access to activities such as employment-related education opportunities for adults, vocational training and practical workplace experience, under conditions to be decided by the Member States.

    5.   The law in force in the Member States applicable to remuneration, access to social security systems relating to employed or self-employed activities and other conditions of employment shall apply.

    Article 27: Access to education

    1.   Member States shall grant full access to the education system to all minors granted refugee or subsidiary protection status, under the same conditions as nationals.

    2.   Member States shall allow adults granted refugee or subsidiary protection status access to the general education system, further training or retraining, under the same conditions as third country nationals legally resident.

    3.   Member States shall ensure equal treatment between beneficiaries of refugee or subsidiary protection status and nationals in the context of the existing recognition procedures for foreign diplomas, certificates and other evidence of formal qualifications.

    Article 28: Social welfare

    1.   Member States shall ensure that beneficiaries of refugee or subsidiary protection status receive, in the Member State that has granted such statuses, the necessary social assistance, as provided to nationals of that Member State.

    2.   By exception to the general rule laid down in paragraph 1, Member States may limit social assistance granted to beneficiaries of subsidiary protection status to core benefits which will then be provided at the same levels and under the same eligibility conditions as nationals.

    Article 29: Health care

    1.   Member States shall ensure that beneficiaries of refugee or subsidiary protection status have access to health care under the same eligibility conditions as nationals of the Member State that has granted such statuses.

    2.   By exception to the general rule laid down in paragraph 1, Member States may limit health care granted to beneficiaries of subsidiary protection to core benefits which will then be provided at the same levels and under the same eligibility conditions as nationals.

    3.   Member States shall provide, under the same eligibility conditions as nationals of the Member State that has granted the status, adequate health care to beneficiaries of refugee or subsidiary protection status who have special needs, such as pregnant women, disabled people, persons who have undergone torture, rape or other serious forms of psychological, physical or sexual violence or minors who have been victims of any form of abuse, neglect, exploitation, torture, cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or who have suffered from armed conflict.

  • Council Recommendation of 22 May 2019 on High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Systems
    URL:
    Council Recommendation of 22 May 2019 on High-Quality Early Childhood Education and Care Systems

    HEREBY RECOMMENDS THAT MEMBER STATES:

    In accordance with national and European legislation, available resources and national circumstances, and in close cooperation with all relevant stakeholders:

    1. Improve access to high-quality early childhood education and care systems in line with the statements set out in the ‘Quality framework for early childhood education and care’ presented in the Annex to this Recommendation and with the 11th principle of the European Pillar of Social Rights.

    2. Work towards ensuring that early childhood education and care services are accessible, affordable and inclusive. Consideration could be given to:

    (a) supporting child development in a consistent way starting as early as possible by using early childhood education and care services;

    (b) analysing the supply and demand from families in order to better adapt the offer of early childhood education and care services to their needs, respecting parental choice;

    (c) analysing and addressing the barriers that families might encounter when accessing and using early childhood education and care services, such as costs, poverty-related barriers, geographical location, inflexible opening hours, barriers related to inadequate provisions for children with special needs, cultural and linguistic barriers, discrimination as well as a lack of information;

    (d) establishing contact and cooperation with families and especially those in a vulnerable or disadvantaged situation, in order to inform them about the possibilities and benefits of early childhood education and care participation and, where relevant, about available support, and build trust in the services and encourage participation from an early age;

    (e) ensuring that all families who want to make use of early childhood education and care services have access to affordable high-quality early childhood education and care, ideally by working at the appropriate governance level towards a right to an early childhood education and care place of high quality;

    (f) providing inclusive early childhood education and care services for all children, including children with diverse backgrounds and special educational needs, including disabilities, avoiding segregation and incentivising their participation, regardless of the labour market status of their parents or carers;

    (g) supporting all children to learn the language of education while also taking into account and respecting their first language;

    (h) strengthening preventive actions, early identification of difficulties and adequate provisions for children with special needs and their families, involving all relevant actors, e.g. educational, social or health services as well as parents.

    [...]

  • Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings

    Preamble

    (31) Member States should be able to derogate temporarily from the obligation to provide assistance by a lawyer in the pre-trial phase for compelling reasons, namely where there is an urgent need to avert serious adverse consequences for the life, liberty or physical integrity of a person, or where immediate action by the investigating authorities is imperative to prevent substantial jeopardy to criminal proceedings in relation to a serious criminal offence, inter alia, with a view to obtaining information concerning the alleged co-perpetrators of a serious criminal offence, or in order to avoid the loss of important evidence regarding a serious criminal offence. During a temporary derogation for one of those compelling reasons, the competent authorities should be able to question children without the lawyer being present, provided that they have been informed of their right to remain silent and can exercise that right, and that such questioning does not prejudice the rights of the defence, including the right not to incriminate oneself. It should be possible to carry out questioning, to the extent necessary, for the sole purpose of obtaining information that is essential to avert serious adverse consequences for the life, liberty or physical integrity of a person, or to prevent substantial jeopardy to criminal proceedings. Any abuse of this temporary derogation would, in principle, irretrievably prejudice the rights of the defence.‘
     

    (33) Confidentiality of communication between children and their lawyer is key to ensuring the effective exercise of the rights of the defence and is an essential part of the right to a fair trial. Member States should therefore respect the confidentiality of meetings and other forms of communication between the lawyer and the child in the context of the assistance by a lawyer provided for in this Directive, without derogation.

    (35) Children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings should have the right to an individual assessment to identify their specific needs in terms of protection, education, training and social integration, to determine if and to what extent they would need special measures during the criminal proceedings, the extent of their criminal responsibility and the appropriateness of a particular penalty or educative measure.

    Article 3: Definitions
    For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions apply:
    (1) ‘child’ means a person below the age of 18;
    (2) ‘holder of parental responsibility’ means any person having parental responsibility over a child;  [...]
    With regard to point (1) of the first paragraph, where it is uncertain whether a person has reached the age of 18, that person shall be presumed to be a child.


    Article 4: Right to information
    1.   Member States shall ensure that when children are made aware that they are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings, they are informed promptly about their rights [...].


    Article 5 - Right of the child to have the holder of parental responsibility informed
    1.   Member States shall ensure that the holder of parental responsibility is provided, as soon as possible, with the information that the child has a right to receive in accordance with Article 4.

    Article 6: Assistance by a lawyer
    2.   Member States shall ensure that children are assisted by a lawyer in accordance with this Article in order to allow them to exercise the rights of the defence effectively.

     

     

    Article 10: Limitation of deprivation of liberty
    1.   Member States shall ensure that deprivation of liberty of a child at any stage of the proceedings is limited to the shortest appropriate period of time. Due account shall be taken of the age and individual situation of the child, and of the particular circumstances of the case.
    2.   Member States shall ensure that deprivation of liberty, in particular detention, shall be imposed on children only as a measure of last resort. Member States shall ensure that any detention is based on a reasoned decision, subject to judicial review by a court. Such a decision shall also be subject to periodic review, at reasonable intervals of time, by a court, either ex officio or at the request of the child, of the child's lawyer, or of a judicial authority which is not a court. Without prejudice to judicial independence, Member States shall ensure that decisions to be taken pursuant to this paragraph are taken without undue delay. 
     

    Article 11: Alternative measures
    Member States shall ensure that, where possible, the competent authorities have recourse to measures alternative to detention (alternative measures).
     

    Article 12: Specific treatment in the case of deprivation of liberty
    1.   Member States shall ensure that children who are detained are held separately from adults, unless it is considered to be in the child's best interests not to do so.
    2.   Member States shall also ensure that children who are kept in police custody are held separately from adults, unless:
    (a) it is considered to be in the child's best interests not to do so; or
    (b) in exceptional circumstances, it is not possible in practice to do so, provided that children are held together with adults in a manner that is compatible with the child's best interests.
    3.   Without prejudice to paragraph 1, when a detained child reaches the age of 18, Member States shall provide for the possibility to continue to hold that person separately from other detained adults where warranted, taking into account the circumstances of the person concerned, provided that this is compatible with the best interests of children who are detained with that person.
    4.   Without prejudice to paragraph 1, and taking into account paragraph 3, children may be detained with young adults, unless this is contrary to the child's best interests.
    5.   When children are detained, Member States shall take appropriate measures to:
    (a) ensure and preserve their health and their physical and mental development;
    (b) ensure their right to education and training, including where the children have physical, sensory or learning disabilities;
    (c) ensure the effective and regular exercise of their right to family life;
    (d) ensure access to programmes that foster their development and their reintegration into society; and
    (e) ensure respect for their freedom of religion or belief.
    The measures taken pursuant to this paragraph shall be proportionate and appropriate to the duration of the detention.
    Points (a) and (e) of the first subparagraph shall also apply to situations of deprivation of liberty other than detention. The measures taken shall be proportionate and appropriate to such situations of deprivation of liberty.
    Points (b), (c), and (d) of the first subparagraph shall apply to situations of deprivation of liberty other than detention only to the extent that is appropriate and proportionate in the light of the nature and duration of such situations.
    6.   Member States shall endeavour to ensure that children who are deprived of liberty can meet with the holder of parental responsibility as soon as possible, where such a meeting is compatible with investigative and operational requirements. This paragraph shall be without prejudice to the nomination or designation of another appropriate adult pursuant to Article 5 or 15.
     

  • Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast)
    URL:
    Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection (recast)

    [...]

    (35) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. In particular, this Directive seeks to ensure full respect for human dignity and to promote the application of Articles 1, 4, 6, 7, 18, 21, 24 and 47 of the Charter and has to be implemented accordingly.

    [...]

  • Council of the European Union Recommendation of 9 December 2013 on effective Roma integration measures in the Member States
    URL:
    (Recommendation on effective Roma integration measures)

    ‘Access to education
    1.3. Take effective measures to ensure equal treatment and full access for Roma boys and girls to quality and mainstream education and to ensure that all Roma pupils complete at least compulsory education (6). This goal could be attained by means of measures such as measures:
    (a) eliminating any school segregation;
    (b) putting an end to any inappropriate placement of Roma pupils in special needs schools;
    (c) reducing early school leaving (7) throughout all levels of education, including at secondary level and vocational training;
    (d) increasing the access to, and quality of, early childhood education and care, including targeted support, as necessary;
    (e) considering the needs of individual pupils and addressing those accordingly, in close cooperation with their families;
    (f) using inclusive and tailor-made teaching and learning methods, including learning support for struggling learners and measures to fight illiteracy, and promoting the availability and use of extracurricular activities;
    (g) encouraging greater parental involvement and improving teacher training, where relevant;
    (h) encouraging Roma participation in and completion of secondary and tertiary education;
    (i) widening access to second-chance education and adult learning, and providing support for the transition between educational levels and support for the acquisition of skills that are adapted to the needs of the labour market.‘

Nemzetközi jog

8 results found

  • Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 13 (1999) on the right to education
    URL
    (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 13)

    ‘6. While the precise and appropriate application of the terms will depend upon the conditions prevailing in a particular State party, education in all its forms and at all levels shall exhibit the following interrelated and essential features:
    (a) Availability - functioning educational institutions and programmes have to be available in sufficient quantity within the jurisdiction of the State party. What they require to function depends upon numerous factors, including the developmental context within which they operate; for example, all institutions and programmes are likely to require buildings or other protection from the elements, sanitation facilities for both sexes, safe drinking water, trained teachers receiving domestically competitive salaries, teaching materials, and so on; while some will also require facilities such as a library, computer facilities and information technology;
    (b) Accessibility - educational institutions and programmes have to be accessible to everyone, without discrimination, within the jurisdiction of the State party. Accessibility has three overlapping dimensions:
    (i) Non-discrimination - education must be accessible to all, especially the most vulnerable groups, in law and fact, without discrimination on any of the prohibited grounds (see paras. 31-37 on non-discrimination);
    (ii) Physical accessibility - education has to be within safe physical reach, either by attendance at some reasonably convenient geographic location (e.g. a neighbourhood school) or via modern technology (e.g. access to a "distance learning" programme);
    (iii) Economic accessibility - education has to be affordable to all. This dimension of accessibility is subject to the differential wording of article 13 (2) in relation to primary, secondary and higher education: whereas primary education shall be available "free to all", States parties are required to progressively introduce free secondary and higher education;
    (c) Acceptability - the form and substance of education, including curricula and teaching methods, have to be acceptable (e.g. relevant, culturally appropriate and of good quality) to students and, in appropriate cases, parents; this is subject to the educational objectives required by article 13 (1) and such minimum educational standards as may be approved by the State (see art. 13 (3) and (4));
    (d) Adaptability - education has to be flexible so it can adapt to the needs of changing societies and communities and respond to the needs of students within their diverse social and cultural settings. [...]‘

  • Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 24 (2017) on State obligations under the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in the context of business activities
    URL
    (Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General comment No. 24)

    ‘21. The increased role and impact of private actors in traditionally public sectors, such as the health or education sector, pose new challenges for States parties in complying with their obligations under the Covenant. Privatization is not per se prohibited by the Covenant, even in areas such as the provision of water or electricity, education or health care where the role of the public sector has traditionally been strong. Private providers should, however, be subject to strict regulations that impose on them so-called “public service obligations”: in the provision of water or electricity, this may include requirements concerning universality of coverage and continuity of service, pricing policies, quality requirements, and user participation. Similarly, private health-care providers should be prohibited from denying access to affordable and adequate services, treatments or information. For instance, where health practitioners are allowed to invoke conscientious objection to refuse to provide certain sexual and reproductive health services, including abortion, they should refer the women or girls seeking such services to another practitioner within reasonable geographical reach who is willing to provide such services.‘
    ‘22. The Committee is particularly concerned that goods and services that are necessary for the enjoyment of basic economic, social and cultural rights may become less affordable as a result of such goods and services being provided by the private sector, or that quality may be sacrificed for the sake of increasing profits. The provision by private actors of goods and services essential for the enjoyment of Covenant rights should not lead the enjoyment of Covenant rights to be made conditional on the ability to pay, which would create new forms of socioeconomic segregation. The privatization of education illustrates such a risk, where private educational institutions lead to high-quality education being made a privilege affordable only to the wealthiest segments of society, or where such institutions are insufficiently regulated, providing a form of education that does not meet minimum educational standards while giving a convenient excuse for States parties not to discharge their own duties towards the fulfilment of the right to education. Nor should privatization result in excluding certain groups that historically have been marginalized, such as persons with disabilities. States thus retain at all times the obligation to regulate private actors to ensure that the services they provide are accessible to all, are adequate, are regularly assessed in order to meet the changing needs of the public and are adapted to those needs. Since privatization of the delivery of goods or services essential to the enjoyment of Covenant rights may result in a lack of accountability, measures should be adopted to ensure the right of individuals to participate in assessing the adequacy of the provision of such goods and services.‘

  • Human Rights Council Resolution 25/20 (2014) - The right to education of persons with disabilities
    URL
    (Human Rights Council Resolution 25/20 (2014))
  • Human Rights Council Resolution 26/17 (2014) - The right to education: follow-up to Human Rights Council resolution 8/4
    URL
    (Human Rights Council Resolution 26/17 (2014))
  • Human Rights Council Resolution 35/22 (2017) - Realizing the equal enjoyment of the right to education by every girl
    URL
    (Human Rights Council Resolution 35/22 (2017))
  • Recommendation CM/Rec (2012)13 of the Committee of Ministers to member States
    on ensuring quality education
    URL
    (Recommendation on ensuring quality education)
  • UNESCO Recommendation concerning technical and vocational education and training (TVET)
    URL
    (UNESCO Recommendation concerning technical and vocational education and training)
  • UNESCO Recommendation on adult learning and education
    URL
    (UNESCO Recommendation on adult learning and education)

Termékek

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