eu-charter

Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union

EU Charter and Charter resources
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Titel I

Würde des Menschen

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Artikel 4 - Verbot der Folter und unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Strafe oder Behandlung

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Artikel 4 - Verbot der Folter und unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Strafe oder Behandlung

Niemand darf der Folter oder unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Strafe oder Behandlung unterworfen werden.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Erläuterungen

  • Text:

    Das Recht nach Artikel 4 entspricht dem Recht, das durch den gleich lautenden Artikel 3 EMRK garantiert ist: „Niemand darf der Folter oder unmenschlicher oder erniedrigender Strafe oder Behandlung unterworfen werden.“ Nach Artikel 52 Absatz 3 der Charta hat Artikel 4 also die gleiche Bedeutung und Tragweite wie Artikel 3 EMRK.

    Quelle:
    Amtsblatt der Europäischen Union C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Die Erläuterungen wurden ursprünglich unter der Verantwortung des Präsidiums des Konvents, der die Charta der Grundrechte der Europäischen Union ausgearbeitet hat, formuliert. Sie wurden unter der Verantwortung des Präsidiums des Europäischen Konvents aufgrund der von diesem Konvent vorgenommenen Anpassungen des Wortlauts der Charta (insbesondere der Artikel 51 und 52) und der Fortentwicklung des Unionsrechts aktualisiert. Diese Erläuterungen haben als solche keinen rechtlichen Status, stellen jedoch eine nützliche Interpretationshilfe dar, die dazu dient, die Bestimmungen der Charta zu verdeutlichen.

Rechtsprechung

Nationales Verfassungsrecht

34 results found

  • Constitution of the Italian Republic
    URL:
    Constitution of the Italian Republic
    Land:
    Italy

    Art. 13 (...) Any act of physical and moral violence against a person subjected to restriction of personal liberty shall be punished. (...) Art. 27. Criminal responsibility is personal. A defendant shall be considered not guilty until a final sentence has been passed. Punishments may not be inhuman and shall aim at re-educating the convicted. (...)

  • Sweden / Instrument of Government
    URL:
    Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform
    Land:
    Sweden

    Chapter 2 - Fundamental Rights and Freedoms:

    Article 5 Everyone shall be protected against corporal punishment. No one may be subjected to torture or medical intervention with the purpose of extorting or suppressing statements.

  • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    URL:
    Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    Land:
    Germany

    Article 2 (1) Every person shall have the right to free development of his personality insofar as he does not violate the rights of others or offend against the constitutional order or the moral law. (2) Every person shall have the right to life and physical integrity. Freedom of the person shall be inviolable. These rights may be interfered with only pursuant to a law. Article 104 (1) Liberty of the person may be restricted only pursuant to a formal law and only in compliance with the procedures prescribed therein. Persons in custody may not be subjected to mental or physical mistreatment. (...)

  • Constitution
    URL:
    Constitution
    Land:
    France

    Article 66-1 Nul ne peut être condamné à la peine de mort.

  • Constitution
    URL:
    Constitution
    Land:
    France

    Article 66-1 No one shall be sentenced to death.

  • Constitution of Finland
    URL:
    Constitution of Finland
    Land:
    Finland

    Section 7 Right to life, personal liberty and integrity Everyone has the right to life, personal liberty, integrity and security. No one shall be sentenced to death, tortured or otherwise treated in a manner violating human dignity. (...) Section 9 Freedom of movement (...) The right of foreigners to enter Finland and to remain in the country is regulated by an Act. A foreigner shall not be deported, extradited or returned to another country, if in consequence he or she is in danger of a death sentence, torture or other treatment violating human dignity.

  • Constitution of Malta
    URL:
    Constitution of Malta
    Land:
    Malta

    Article 36 (1) No person shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment. (2) Nothing contained in or done under the authority of any law shall be held to be inconsistent with or in contravention of this section to the extent that the law in question authorises the infliction of any description of punishment which was lawful in Malta immediately before the appointed day. (3) (a) No law shall provide for the imposition of collective punishments. (b) Nothing in this subsection shall preclude the imposition of collective punishments upon the members of a disciplined force in accordance with the law regulating the discipline of that force. 

  • Constitution of the Hellenic Republic
    URL:
    Constitution of the Hellenic Republic
    Land:
    Greece

    Article 7 (2). Torture, any bodily maltreatment, impairment of health or the use of psychological violence, as well as any other offence against human dignity are prohibited and punished as provided by law. [...]

  • Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
    Land:
    Bulgaria

    Art. 29. (1) No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment, or to forcible assimilation. [...]

  • Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
    Land:
    Estonia

    Article 18. No one may be subjected to torture or to cruel or degrading treatment or punishment. (...)

  • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
    Land:
    Latvia

    95. The State shall protect human honour and dignity. Torture or other cruel or degrading treatment of human beings is prohibited. No one shall be subjected to inhuman or degrading punishment. (…)

  • Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Lithuania
    Land:
    Lithuania

    Article 21. (...) It shall be prohibited to torture or injure a human being, degrade his dignity, subject him to cruel treatment, or to establish such punishments. (...)

  • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Land:
    Poland

    Article 40 No one may be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. The application of corporal punishment shall be prohibited.

  • Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
    URL:
    Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana
    Land:
    Italy

     Art. 13. (...) E' punita ogni violenza fisica e morale sulle persone comunque sottoposte a restrizioni di libertà. (...)Art. 27. La responsabilità penale è personale.L'imputato non è considerato colpevole sino alla condanna definitiva. Le pene non possono consistere in trattamenti contrari al senso di umanità e devono tendere alla rieducazione del condannato. (...)

  • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    URL:
    Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    Land:
    Czechia

    Article 7 (1) The inviolability of the person and of her privacy is guaranteed. They may be limited only in cases provided for by law. (2) No one may be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

  • Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
    URL:
    Eesti Vabariigi Põhiseadus
    Land:
    Estonia

    § 18. Kedagi ei tohi piinata, julmalt või väärikust alandavalt kohelda ega karistada.(…)

  • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    URL:
    Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Land:
    Germany

    Artikel 2 (1) Jeder hat das Recht auf die freie Entfaltung seiner Persönlichkeit, soweit er nicht die Rechte anderer verletzt und nicht gegen die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung oder das Sittengesetz verstößt. (2) Jeder hat das Recht auf Leben und körperliche Unversehrtheit. Die Freiheit der Person ist unverletzlich. In diese Rechte darf nur auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingegriffen werden. Artikel 104 (1) Die Freiheit der Person kann nur auf Grund eines förmlichen Gesetzes und nur unter Beachtung der darin vorgeschriebenen Formen beschränkt werden. Festgehaltene Personen dürfen weder seelisch noch körperlich mißhandelt werden. (...)

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    URL:
    Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Land:
    Poland

    Art. 40 Nikt nie może być poddany torturom ani okrutnemu, nieludzkiemu lub poniżającemu traktowaniu i karaniu. Zakazuje się stosowania kar cielesnych.

  • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    URL:
    Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    Land:
    Latvia

    95. Valsts aizsargā cilvēka godu un cieņu. Spīdzināšana, citāda cietsirdīga vai cieņu pazemojoša izturēšanās pret cilvēku ir aizliegta. Nevienu nedrīkst pakļaut nežēlīgam vai cilvēka cieņu pazemojošam sodam. (…)

  • Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
    URL:
    Lietuvos Respublikos Konstitucija
    Land:
    Lithuania

    21 straipsnis. (...) Draudžiama žmogų kankinti, žaloti, žeminti jo orumą, žiauriai su juo elgtis, taip pat nustatyti tokias bausmes. (…).

EU-Recht

13 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 November 2019 on the European Border and Coast Guard and repealing Regulations (EU) No 1052/2013 and (EU) 2016/1624
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2019/1896

    Preamble

    (103) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by Articles 2 and 6 TEU and by the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (‘the Charter’), in particular respect for human dignity, the right to life, the prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the prohibition of trafficking in human beings, the right to liberty and security, the right to the protection of personal data, the right of access to documents, the right to asylum and to protection against removal and expulsion, non-refoulement, non-discrimination and the rights of the child.

    Article 1: Subject matter

    This Regulation establishes a European Border and Coast Guard to ensure European integrated border management at the external borders with a view to managing those borders efficiently in full compliance with fundamental rights and to increasing the efficiency of the Union return policy.

    This Regulation addresses migratory challenges and potential future challenges and threats at the external borders. It ensures a high level of internal security within the Union in full respect of fundamental rights, while safeguarding the free movement of persons within the Union. It contributes to the detection, prevention and combating of cross-border crime at the external borders.

    Article 43: Instructions to the teams

    4.   Members of the teams shall, in the performance of their tasks and in the exercise of their powers, fully respect fundamental rights, including access to asylum procedures and human dignity, and shall pay particular attention to vulnerable persons. Any measures taken in the performance of their tasks and in the exercise of their powers shall be proportionate to the objectives pursued by such measures. While performing their tasks and exercising their powers, they shall not discriminate against persons on the basis of any grounds such as sex, race, colour, ethnic or social origin, genetic features, language, religion or belief, political or any other opinion, membership of a national minority, property, birth, disability, age or sexual orientation in line with Article 21 of the Charter.

  • Regulation (EU) 2019/125 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 16 January 2019 concerning trade in certain goods which could be used for capital punishment, torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2019/125

    Article 1 Subject matter

    This Regulation lays down Union rules governing trade with third countries in goods that could be used for the purpose of capital punishment or for the purpose of torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, and rules governing the supply of brokering services, technical assistance, training and advertising related to such goods.

    ...

  • Directive 2013/33/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 laying down standards for the reception of applicants for international protection
    URL:
    (Reception Conditions Directive)

    Article 25 Victims of torture and violence
    ‘(1) Member States shall ensure that persons who have been subjected to torture, rape or other serious acts of violence receive the necessary treatment for the damage caused by such acts, in particular access to appropriate medical and psychological treatment or care.
    (2) Those working with victims of torture, rape or other serious acts of violence shall have had and shall continue to receive appropriate training concerning their needs, and shall be bound by the confidentiality rules provided for in national law, in relation to any information they obtain in the course of their work.‘

Internationales Recht

9 results found

  • Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration
    URL
    Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration

    Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 19 December 2018

  • European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
    URL
    European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

    Article 1

    There shall be established a European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (hereinafter referred to as “the Committee”). The Committee shall, by means of visits, examine the treatment of persons deprived of their liberty with a view to strengthening, if necessary, the protection of such persons from torture and from inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

    ...

  • European Convention on Human Rights - Article 3
    URL
    European Convention on Human Rights

    Article 3 – Prohibition of torture

    No one shall be subjected to torture or to inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

  • Convention on the Rights of the Child
    URL
    Convention on the Rights of the Child

    Article 37

    States Parties shall ensure that:

    (a) No child shall be subjected to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offences committed by persons below eighteen years of age;

    (b) No child shall be deprived of his or her liberty unlawfully or arbitrarily. The arrest, detention or imprisonment of a child shall be in conformity with the law and shall be used only as a measure of last resort and for the shortest appropriate period of time;

    (c) Every child deprived of liberty shall be treated with humanity and respect for the inherent dignity of the human person, and in a manner which takes into account the needs of persons of his or her age. In particular, every child deprived of liberty shall be separated from adults unless it is considered in the child's best interest not to do so and shall have the right to maintain contact with his or her family through correspondence and visits, save in exceptional circumstances;

    (d) Every child deprived of his or her liberty shall have the right to prompt access to legal and other appropriate assistance, as well as the right to challenge the legality of the deprivation of his or her liberty before a court or other competent, independent and impartial authority, and to a prompt decision on any such action.

  • Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities - Article 15
    URL
    Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities

    Article 15 – Freedom from torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment

    1. No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his or her free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.

    2. States Parties shall take all effective legislative, administrative, judicial or other measures to prevent persons with disabilities, on an equal basis with others, from being subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.

  • Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
    URL
    Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment

    Article 1

    1. For the purposes of this Convention, the term "torture" means any act by which severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a person for such purposes as obtaining from him or a third person information or a confession, punishing him for an act he or a third person has committed or is suspected of having committed, or intimidating or coercing him or a third person, or for any reason based on discrimination of any kind, when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with the consent or acquiescence of a public official or other person acting in an official capacity. It does not include pain or suffering arising only from, inherent in or incidental to lawful sanctions.

    2. This article is without prejudice to any international instrument or national legislation which does or may contain provisions of wider application.

  • International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
    URL
    International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

    Article 7

    No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. In particular, no one shall be subjected without his free consent to medical or scientific experimentation.

  • Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 35 - Article 9: Liberty and Security of person
    URL
    (Human Rights Committee, General Comment No. 35)

    ‘34. The individual must be brought to appear physically before the judge or other officer authorized by law to exercise judicial power. The physical presence of detainees at the hearing gives the opportunity for inquiry into the treatment that they received in custody and facilitates immediate transfer to a remand detention centre if continued detention is ordered. It thus serves as a safeguard for the right to security of person and the prohibition against torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment. ‘
    ‘58. Several safeguards that are essential for the prevention of torture are also necessary for the protection of persons in any form of detention against arbitrary detention and infringement of personal security. The following examples are non-exhaustive. Detainees should be held only in facilities officially acknowledged as places of detention. A centralized official register should be kept of the names and places of detention, and times of arrival and departure, as well as of the names of persons responsible for their detention, and made readily available and accessible to those concerned, including relatives. Prompt and regular access should be given to independent medical personnel and lawyers and, under appropriate supervision when the legitimate purpose of the detention so requires, to family members. Detainees should be promptly informed of their rights, in a language they understand; providing information leaflets in the appropriate language, including in Braille, may often assist the detainee in retaining the information. Detained foreign nationals should be informed of their right to communicate with their consular authorities, or, in the case of asylum seekers, with the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. Independent and impartial mechanisms should be established for visiting and inspecting all places of detention, including mental-health institutions.‘

  • UN General Assembly Resolution 70/175 (2015) - United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (the Nelson Mandela Rules)
    URL
    (the Nelson Mandela Rules)

    Rule 1
    ‘All prisoners shall be treated with the respect due to their inherent dignity and value as human beings. No prisoner shall be subjected to, and all prisoners shall be protected from, torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, for which no circumstances whatsoever may be invoked as a justification. The safety and security of prisoners, staff, service providers and visitors shall be ensured at all times.‘
    Rule 32
    ‘1. The relationship between the physician or other health-care professionals and the prisoners shall be governed by the same ethical and professional standards as those applicable to patients in the community, in particular: [...]
    (d) An absolute prohibition on engaging, actively or passively, in acts that may constitute torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, including medical or scientific experimentation that may be detrimental to a prisoner’s health, such as the removal of a prisoner’s cells, body tissues or organs.‘
    Rule 43
    ‘1. In no circumstances may restrictions or disciplinary sanctions amount
    to torture or other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment.
    The following practices, in particular, shall be prohibited:
    (a) Indefinite solitary confinement;
    (b) Prolonged solitary confinement;
    (c) Placement of a prisoner in a dark or constantly lit cell;
    (d) Corporal punishment or the reduction of a prisoner’s diet or drinking water;
    (e) Collective punishment.‘

Produkte

  • Report / Paper / Summary
    7
    Juli
    2017

    Fundamental rights and the interoperability of EU information systems: borders and security

    Various proposals on EU-level information systems in the areas of borders and security mention interoperability, aiming to provide fast and easy access to information about third-country nationals.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    24
    Februar
    2017

    Current migration situation in the EU: Torture, trauma and its possible impact on drug use

    This report looks at the prevalence of torture
    and trauma among arrivals, as well as its impact in terms of drug use. It also
    discusses the support available to victims.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    Februar
    2017

    Kindgerechte Justiz – Sichtweisen und Erfahrungen von Kindern und Fachkräften - Zusammenfassung

    Rund 2,5 Millionen Kinder nehmen jedes Jahr an Gerichtsverfahren in der gesamten Europäischen
    Union (EU) teil; dabei geht es um die Scheidung ihrer Eltern, oder aber sie sind Opfer oder
    Zeugen von Straftaten geworden. Obwohl eine wirksame Beteiligung von Kindern an solchen
    Verfahren entscheidend ist, um die Arbeitsweise der Justiz zu verbessern, ist der Umgang mit
    Kindern in den Justizsystemen nach wie vor besorgniserregend.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    Februar
    2017

    Child-friendly justice - Perspectives and experiences of children involved in judicial proceedings as victims, witnesses or parties in nine EU Member States

    Around 2.5 million children participate in judicial proceedings across the European Union (EU) every year, affected by parental divorce or as victims of, or witnesses to, crime. Although their effective participation in such proceedings is vital for improving the operation of justice, the treatment of children in justice systems remains a concern. FRA investigated to what extent children’s rights to be heard, to be informed, to be protected, and to non-discrimination are fulfilled in practice.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    5
    Dezember
    2016

    Leitlinien zur Verringerung des Risikos der Zurückweisung im Rahmen des Außengrenzen-Managements in oder in Zusammenarbeit mit Drittländern

    Die EU-Mitgliedstaaten beteiligen sich immer häufiger an Maßnahmen des Grenzmanagements auf hoher See, die in oder in Zusammenarbeit mit Drittländern und an den EU Grenzen stattfinden. Derartige Maßnahmen bergen die Gefahr, gegen den Grundsatz der Nichtzurückweisung zu verstoßen. Dieser Eckpfeiler des internationalen Rechtsrahmens für den Schutz von Flüchtlingen verbietet die Rückführung von Personen in ein Land, in dem ihnen Verfolgung droht. Die vorliegenden Leitlinien enthalten konkrete Vorschläge, wie das Risiko der Zurückweisung in solchen Situationen verringert werden kann – ein praktisches Instrument, das unter Mitwirkung von ExpertInnen anlässlich eines Treffens in Wien im März 2016 entwickelt wurde.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    5
    Dezember
    2016

    Scope of the principle of non-refoulement in contemporary border management: evolving areas of law

    EU Member States are increasingly involved in border management activities on the high seas, within – or i cooperation with – third countries, and at the EU’s borders. Such activities entail risks of violating the principle of non-refoulement, the cornerstone of the international legal regime for the protection of refugees, which prohibits returning individuals to a risk of persecution. This report aims to encourage fundamental-rights compliant approaches to border management, including by highlighting potential grey areas.
    cc drewsaunders - Some rights reserved
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    10
    November
    2016

    Criminal detention and alternatives: fundamental rights aspects in EU cross-border transfers

    EU Member States have largely implemented, and started applying, three instruments on transferring prison sentences, probation measures and alternative sanctions, as well as pre-trial supervision measures, to other Member States. This report provides an overview of their first experiences with these measures, highlighting both best practices and shortcomings.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    11
    Dezember
    2015

    Schutz vor Diskriminierung aufgrund der sexuellen Ausrichtung, der Geschlechtsidentität sowie der Geschlechtsmerkmale in der EU – Vergleichende rechtliche Analyse - Aktualisierung 2015

    Während das Bewusstsein für die Rechte von lesbischen, schwulen, bisexuellen, transsexuellen und intersexuellen
    (LGBTI-)Personen in der Europäischen Union (EU) zunimmt, gibt es nach wie vor Hürden, die LGBTI daran hindern,
    ihre Grundrechte in vollem Umfang wahrzunehmen. Dieser Bericht stellt eine Aktualisierung der vergleichenden
    rechtlichen Analyse der FRA zum Thema Diskriminierung aufgrund der sexuellen Ausrichtung und Geschlechtsidentität
    aus dem Jahr 2010 dar: Homophobie, Transphobie und Diskriminierung aufgrund der sexuellen Ausrichtung und der
    Geschlechtsidentität.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    19
    Juni
    2015

    Grundrechte an den Landgrenzen: Ergebnisse von ausgewählten EU Grenzübergangsstellen

    Der Situation an Grenzübergangsstellen der Landgrenzen zur Einreise in die EU wird weniger Auf‑
    merksamkeit gewidmet als der Lage an Europas südlichen Seegrenzen, wo das Leben von Migran‑
    ten und Migrantinnen gefährdet ist. An den Landgrenzen werden die Grenzübertrittskontrollen von
    Drittstaatsangehörigen im Allgemeinen routinemäßig durchgeführt und verlaufen ohne Zwischen‑
    fälle. Die Forschungsarbeiten der FRA zeigen jedoch, dass es auch hier eine Reihe von Herausfor‑
    derungen gibt, die die Grundrechte von Reisenden beeinträchtigen. Diese reichen von respektloser
    Behandlung bis hin zur Nichterkennung von Personen, die Schutz benötigen. Solche Herausforde‑
    rungen dürfen nicht außer Acht gelassen werden.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    5
    Mai
    2015

    Child-friendly justice – Perspectives and experiences of professionals on children’s participation in civil and criminal judicial proceedings in 10 EU Member States

    Each year thousands of children take part in criminal and civil judicial proceedings, affected by parental divorce
    or as victims or witnesses to crime. Such proceedings can be stressful for anyone. The European Union Agency
    for Fundamental Rights (FRA) investigated whether children’s rights are respected in these proceedings.