eu-charter

Cairt um Chearta Bunúsacha an Aontais Eorpaigh

Airteagal 52 - Raon feidhme agus léiriú na gceart agus na bprionsabal

Airteagal 52 - Raon feidhme agus léiriú na gceart agus na bprionsabal

1. Ní mór foráil le dlí d'aon teorannú ar fheidhmiú na gceart agus na saoirsí arna n-aithint sa Chairt seo agus ní mór inneachar sár-riachtanach na gceart agus na saoirsí sin a urramú. Faoi réir phrionsabal na comhréireachta, ní fhéadfar teorainneacha a dhéanamh ach amháin má tá gá leo agus má fhreagraíonn siad iarbhír do chuspóirí leasa ghinearálta arna n-aithint ag an Aontas nó don riachtanas cearta agus saoirsí daoine eile a chosaint. 2. Déanfar cearta arna n-aithint sa Chairt seo agus dá bhforáiltear sna Conarthaí a fheidhmiú faoi na coinníollacha agus laistigh de na teorainneacha atá sainithe sna Conarthaí sin. 3. A mhéid a chuimsíonn an Chairt seo cearta a fhreagraíonn do chearta arna ráthú leis an gCoinbhinsiún chun Cearta an Duine agus Saoirsí Bunúsacha a Chosaint, is ionann an bhrí agus an raon feidhme a bheidh ag na cearta sin agus an bhrí agus an raon feidhme atá leagtha síos leis an gCoinbhinsiún sin. Ní choiscfidh an fhoráil seo dlí an Aontais ar chosaint níos forleithne a sholáthar. 4. A mhéid a aithníonn an Chairt seo saoirsí bunúsacha mar a leanann siad ó na traidisiúin bhunreachtúla is coiteann do na Ballstáit, déanfar na cearta sin a léiriú ar aon dul leis na traidisiúin sin. 5. Forálacha den Chairt seo ina bhfuil prionsabail, féadfar iad a chur chun feidhme le gníomhartha reachtacha agus feidhmiúcháin arna nglacadh ag institiúidí, comhlachtaí, oifigí agus gníomhaireachtaí an Aontais, agus le gníomhartha ó na Ballstáit nuair a bhíonn dlí an Aontais á chur chun feidhme acu, i bhfeidhmiú a gcumhachtaí faoi seach. Ní fhéadfar iad a agairt os comhair cúirte ach amháin i dtaca le léiriú na ngníomhartha sin agus le rialú ar a ndlíthiúlacht. 6. Tabharfar aird iomlán, faoi mar atá sonraithe sa Chairt seo, ar dhlíthe agus ar chleachtais náisiúnta. 7. Tabharfaidh cúirteanna an Aontais agus na mBallstát aird chuí ar na mínithe arna dtarraingt suas mar threoir ar mhaithe leis an gCairt seo a léiriú.

    • Text:

      Is é is críoch d'Airteagal 52 raon feidhme cheart agus phrionsabail na Cairte a shocrú, agus rialacha a leagan síos maidir lena léiriú. Déileálann mír 1 leis na socruithe maidir le cearta a theorannú. Is bunaithe ar chásdlí na Cúirte Breithiúnais atá an fhoclaíocht: `... tá sé seanbhunaithe i gcásdlí na Cúirte gur féidir srianta a fhorchur ar cheart bunúsach a fheidhmiú, go háirithe i gcomhthéacs comheagraíochta margaidh, ar chuntar go bhfreagraíonn na srianta sin do chuspóirí leasa choitinn arna saothrú ag an gComhphobal agus nach ionann iad, maidir leis an aidhm atá á saothrú, agus cur isteach neamhréireach, míréasúnta a bhainfeadh an bonn de shubstaint na gceart sin` (breithiúnas an 13 Aibreán 2000, Cás C–292/97, mír 45 de na forais). Folaíonn an tagairt do na leasanna ginearálta atá aitheanta ag an Aontas na cuspóirí atá luaite in Airteagal 3 den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus leasanna eile a chosnaítear le forálacha sonracha de na conarthaí ar nós Airteagal 4(1) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach, Airteagal 35(3) agus Airteagail 36 agus 346 den Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh.
      Tagraíonn mír 2 do chearta a ráthaíodh go sainráite roimhe seo sa Chonradh ag bunú an Chomhphobail Eorpaigh agus a aithníodh sa Chairt agus atá le fáil anois sna conarthaí (go háirithe na cearta a chineann ó shaoránacht den Aontas). Soiléiríonn sé go leanfaidh na cearta sin de bheith faoi réir na gcoinníollacha agus na dteorainneacha is infheidhme maidir leis an dlí sin de chuid an Aontais ar a bhfuil siad bunaithe agus dá bhforáiltear sna conarthaí. Ní athraíonn an Chairt córas na gceart a thugtar le Conradh CE agus atá le fáil anois sna conarthaí.
      Tá mír 3 ceaptha an comhchuibheas is gá a áirithiú idir an Chairt agus an CECD trína rialú, a mhéad a fhreagraíonn na cearta sa Chairt seo do na cearta a ráthaítear sa CECD, gur ionann brí agus raon feidhme dóibh, lena n-áirítear teorainneacha údaraithe, agus dóibh siúd a leagtar síos sa CECD. Ciallaíonn sé sin, ach go háirithe, nach mór don reachtóir, agus teorainneacha á leagan síos aige maidir leis na cearta sin, na caighdeáin chéanna a chomhlíonadh a shocraítear leis na socruithe mionsonraithe um theorannú dá bhforáiltear sa CECD agus atá infheidhme dá bhrí sin maidir leis na cearta a chlúdaítear sa mhír seo, gan dochar a dhéanamh dá chionn sin do neamhspleáchas dhlí an Aontais ná do neamhspleáchas Chúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh.
      Folaíonn an tagairt don CECD an Coinbhinsiún agus na Prótacail a ghabhann leis. Cinntear brí agus raon feidhme na gceart arna ráthú, ní hamháin le téacs na n-ionstraimí sin ach freisin le cásdlí na Cúirte Eorpaí um Chearta an Duine agus Chúirt Bhreithiúnais an Aontais Eorpaigh. Tá sé i gceist leis an abairt dheiridh den mhír a chur ar chumas an Aontais cosaint níos forleithne a áirithiú. Ar aon chaoi, ní fhéadfaidh an leibhéal cosanta a thugtar leis an gCairt a bheith níos ísle choíche ná an leibhéal a ráthaítear leis an CECD.
      Ní chuireann an Chairt de chosc ar na Ballstáit leas a bhaint as Airteagal 15 den CECD, lena n-údaraítear maoluithe ar na cearta sa CECD i gcás cogaidh nó i gcás aon chontúirtí poiblí eile a bheith ag bagairt ar shaol an náisiúin, agus iad i mbun gníomhaíochta i réimse cosanta náisiúnta i gcás cogaidh agus i réimse choimeád an oird phoiblí, i gcomhréir leis na freagrachtaí atá orthu mar a aithnítear in Airteagal 4(1) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus in Airteagail 72 agus 347 den Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh iad.
      Tugtar liosta ina dhiaidh seo de na cearta is féidir a mheas faoi láthair, gan forbairtí a chosc ar an dlí, ar an reachtaíocht ná ar na Conarthaí, mar chearta a fhreagraíonn do na cearta sa CECD de réir bhrí na míre seo. Níl aon chearta sa bhreis orthu sin sa CECD ar áireamh ann.

      1. Airteagail sa Chairt ar ionann brí agus raon feidhme dóibh agus do na hAirteagail chomhfhreagracha den CECD:
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 2 d'Airteagal 2 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 4 d'Airteagal 3 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 5(1) agus (2) d'Airteagal 4 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 6 d'Airteagal 5 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 7 d'Airteagal 8 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 10(1) d'Airteagal 9 den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 11 d'Airteagal 10 den CECD gan dochar d'aon srianta a fhéadfaidh dlí an Aontais a fhorchur ar cheart na mBallstát na socruithe ceadúnais dá bhforáiltear sa tríú habairt d'Airteagal 10(1) den CECD a thabhairt isteach;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 17 d'Airteagal 1 den Phrótacal a ghabhann leis an CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 19(1) d'Airteagal 4 de Phrótacal Uimh. 4;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 19(2) d'Airteagal 3 den CECD mar atá arna léiriú ag an gCúirt Eorpach um Chearta an Duine;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 48 d'Airteagal 6(2) agus (3) den CECD;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 49(1) (seachas an abairt dheiridh) agus Airteagal 49(2) d'Airteagal 7 den CECD.

      2. Airteagail arb ionann brí dóibh agus do na hAirteagail chomhfhreagracha sa CECD, ach ar forleithne a raon feidhme:
      - Clúdaíonn Airteagal 9 an réimse céanna agus a chlúdaíonn Airteagal 12 den CECD, ach féadfar a raon feidhme a leathnú ionas go mbainfidh sé le cineálacha eile pósta má bhunaítear le reachtaíocht náisiúnta iad;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 12(1) d'Airteagal 11 den CECD ach leathnaítear go dtí leibhéal an Aontais Eorpaigh a raon feidhme;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 14(1) d'Airteagal 2 den Phrótacal a ghabhann leis an CECD ach déantar a raon feidhme a leathnú ionas go gclúdóidh sé an rochtain ar an ngairmoiliúint agus ar an oiliúint leanúnach;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 14(3) d'Airteagal 2 den Phrótacal a ghabhann leis an CECD maidir le cearta tuismitheoirí;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 47(2) agus (3) d'Airteagal 6(1) den CECD ach níl feidhm maidir le dlí an Aontais ná maidir lena chur chun feidhme ag an teorannú ar chinneadh ceart sibhialta agus oibleagáidí sibhialta nó cúiseamh coiriúil;
      - Freagraíonn Airteagal 50 d'Airteagal 4 de Phrótacal Uimh. 7 a ghabhann leis an CECD ach déantar a raon feidhme a leathnú go dtí leibhéal an Aontais Eorpaigh idir Chúirteanna na mBallstát;
      - Ar deireadh, ní fhéadfar saoránaigh den Aontas Eorpach a mheas mar eachtrannaigh, faoi raon feidhme dhlí an Aontais, mar gheall ar an toirmeasc ar aon idirdhealú ar fhoras náisiúntachta. Na teorainneacha dá bhforáiltear in Airteagal 16 sa CECD maidir le cearta eachtrannach, níl feidhm acu, dá bhrí sin, maidir leo sa chomhthéacs seo.
      An riail léirithe atá i mír 4, tá sí bunaithe ar fhoclaíocht Airteagal 6(3) den Chonradh ar an Aontas Eorpach agus tugann sí aird chuí ar chur chuige na Cúirte Breithiúnais i leith na gcomhthraidisiún bunreachtúil (m.sh. breithiúnas an 13 Nollaig 1979, Cás 44/79 Hauer [1979] ECR 3727; breithiúnas an 18 Bealtaine 1982, Cás 155/79, AM&S, [1982] ECR 1575). De réir na rialach sin, seachas cur chuige docht a leanúint, bunaithe ar `an gcomhainmneoir is ísle`, ba chóir na cearta Cairte lena mbaineann a léiriú ar shlí a thabharfadh ardleibhéal cosanta, a shásaíonn dlí an Aontais agus a luíonn leis na comhthraidisiúin bhunreachtúla.
      Soiléirítear i mír 5 an t-idirdhealú a dhéantar idir na `cearta` agus na `prionsabail` a leagtar amach sa Chairt. De réir an idirdhealaithe sin, déanfar cearta suibiachtúla a urramú, san áit a ndéanfar prionsabail a chomhlíonadh (Airteagal 51(1)). Féadfar prionsabail a chur chun feidhme le gníomhartha reachtacha nó le gníomhartha feidhmiúcháin (arna nglacadh ag an Aontas i gcomhréir lena chumhachtaí, agus ag na Ballstáit nuair a chuireann siad dlí an Aontais chun feidhme agus ansin amháin); dá réir sin, ní bhíonn tábhacht ag baint leo do na Cúirteanna seachas nuair a bhíonn gníomhartha den sórt sin le léiriú nó le léirmheas. Ní eascraíonn éilimh dhíreacha astu, áfach, ar ghníomhaíocht dhearfach ag institiúidí an Aontais ná ag údaráis na mBallstát. Tagann sé seo le cásdlí na Cúirte Breithiúnais (féach go háirithe an cásdlí maidir le `prionsabal an réamhchúraim` in Airteagal 191(2) den Chonradh ar Fheidhmiú an Aontais Eorpaigh: breithiúnas na Cúirte Céadchéime an 11 Meán Fómhair 2002, Cás T–13/99, Pfizer v. An Chomhairle, le tagairtí iomadúla don chásdlí roimhe sin; agus sraith breithiúnas ar Airteagal 33 (sean-Airteagal 39) maidir le prionsabail dhlí na talmhaíochta, m.sh. breithiúnas na Cúirte Breithiúnais C–265/85, Van den Berg, [1987] ECR 1155: mionscrúdú ar phrionsabal chobhsú an mhargaidh agus ar an ionchas réasúnach) agus le cur chuige chórais bhunreachtúla na mBallstát i leith na `bprionsabal`, go háirithe i réimse an dlí shóisialta. Mar léiriú, áirítear
      Airteagail 25, 26 agus 37 ar na samplaí de phrionsabail a aithnítear sa Chairt. I gcásanna áirithe, féadfaidh gnéithe de cheart agus gnéithe de phrionsabal a bheith san aon Airteagal amháin den Chairt, m.sh. Airteagail 23, 33 agus 34.
      Tagraítear i mír 6 do na hAirteagail éagsúla sa Chairt ina ndéantar tagairt, de mheon na coimhdeachta, do dhlíthe agus do chleachtais náisiúnta.

      Source:
      Iris Oifigiúil an Aontais Eorpaigh C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Ullmhaíodh na mínithe seo i dtosach faoi údarás Praesidium an Choinbhinsiúin a dhréachtaigh an Chairt um Chearta Bunúsacha an Aontais Eorpaigh. Tugadh suas chun dáta iad faoi chúram Praesidium an Choinbhinsiúin Eorpaigh i bhfianaise na gcoigeartuithe dréachtaithe a rinne an Coinbhinsiún sin ar théacs na Cairte (go háirithe ar Airteagail 51 agus 52) agus i bhfianaise an fhoráis a tháinig ar dhlí an Aontais. Cé nach bhfuil stádas dlí acu iontu féin, is mór is fiú iad mar uirlis léirithe arb é is aidhm di forálacha na Cairte a shoiléiriú.
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      Tír:
      Poland

      Constitution of the Republic of PolandArticle 31.3. Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may by imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights.

    • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
      Tír:
      Poland

      Art. 31.3. Ograniczenia w zakresie korzystania z konstytucyjnych wolności i praw mogą być ustanawiane tylko w ustawie i tylko wtedy, gdy są konieczne w demokratycznym państwie dla jego bezpieczeństwa lub porządku publicznego, bądź dla ochrony środowiska, zdrowia i moralności publicznej, albo wolności i praw innych osób. Ograniczenia te nie mogą naruszać istoty wolności i praw.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
      Tír:
      Latvia

      116. The rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.

    • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
      Tír:
      Latvia

      116. Personas tiesības, kas noteiktas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu.

    • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
      Tír:
      Germany

      Article 19 (1) Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears. (2) In no case may the essence of a basic right be affected. (3) The basic rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons to the extent that the nature of such rights permits.

    • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
      Tír:
      Germany

      Artikel 19 (1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. (3) Die Grundrechte gelten auch für inländische juristische Personen, soweit sie ihrem Wesen nach auf diese anwendbar sind.

    • Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789
      Tír:
      France

      Article 4 La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui : ainsi, l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres Membres de la Société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la Loi.

    • Constitution of Finland
      Tír:
      Finland

      Section 23 Basic rights and liberties in situations of emergency Such provisional exceptions to basic rights and liberties that are compatible with Finland's international human rights obligations and that are deemed necessary in the case of an armed attack against Finland or in the event of other situations of emergency, as provided by an Act, which pose a serious threat to the nation may be provided by an Act or by a Government Decree to be issued on the basis of authorisation given in an Act for a special reason and subject to a precisely circumscribed scope of application. The grounds for provisional exceptions shall be laid down by an Act, however. Government Decrees concerning provisional exceptions shall without delay be submitted to the Parliament for consideration. The Parliament may decide on the validity of the Decrees.

    • Suomen perustuslaki
      Tír:
      Finland

      23 § Perusoikeudet poikkeusoloissa Perusoikeuksista voidaan säätää lailla tai laissa erityisestä syystä säädetyn ja soveltamisalaltaan täsmällisesti rajatun valtuuden nojalla annettavalla valtioneuvoston asetuksella sellaisia tilapäisiä poikkeuksia, jotka ovat välttämättömiä Suomeen kohdistuvan aseellisen hyökkäyksen samoin kuin muiden kansakuntaa vakavasti uhkaavien, laissa säädettyjen poikkeusolojen aikana ja jotka ovat Suomen kansainvälisten ihmisoikeusvelvoitteiden mukaisia. Lailla on kuitenkin säädettävä tilapäisten poikkeusten perusteet. Tilapäisiä poikkeuksia koskevat valtioneuvoston asetukset on saatettava viipymättä eduskunnan käsiteltäviksi. Eduskunta voi päättää asetusten voimassaolosta.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
      Tír:
      Estonia

      Article 11. Rights and freedoms may only be circumscribed in accordance with the Constitution. Such circumscription must be necessary in a democratic society and may not distort the nature of the rights and freedoms circumscribed.

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    • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU

      Preamble 


      (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


      (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

      (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


      (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


      (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

      Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

      4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

      (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

      (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

      (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

      (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

      8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

      Article 6: Duties of media services providers

      3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

      (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

      (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

    • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

      (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

      [...]

      (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

      [...]

      (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

    • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

      Article 1

      Subject matter and scope

      1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

      2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

    • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

      Article 1

      Purpose

      This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

    • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

      (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

      (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

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