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Listina Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah

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Člen 52 - Obseg pravic in načel ter njihova razlaga

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Člen 52 - Obseg pravic in načel ter njihova razlaga

1. Kakršno koli omejevanje uresničevanja pravic in svoboščin, ki jih priznava ta listina, mora biti predpisano z zakonom in spoštovati bistveno vsebino teh pravic in svoboščin. Ob upoštevanju načela sorazmernosti so omejitve dovoljene samo, če so potrebne in če dejansko ustrezajo ciljem splošnega interesa, ki jih priznava Unija, ali če so potrebne zaradi zaščite pravic in svoboščin drugih. 2. Pravice, ki jih priznava ta listina in jih urejajo določbe Pogodb, se uresničujejo v skladu s pogoji in v mejah, opredeljenih v teh pogodbah. 3. Kolikor ta listina vsebuje pravice, ki ustrezajo pravicam, zagotovljenim z Evropsko konvencijo o varstvu človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, sta vsebina in obseg teh pravic enaka kot vsebina in obseg pravic, ki ju določa navedena konvencija. Ta določba ne preprečuje širšega varstva po pravu Unije. 4. Kolikor so v tej listini priznane temeljne pravice, kot izhajajo iz skupnih ustavnih tradicij držav članic, je treba te pravice razlagati skladno s temi tradicijami. 5. Določbe te listine, v katerih so določena načela, se lahko izvajajo z zakonodajnimi in izvedbenimi akti institucij, organov, uradov in agencij Unije ter akti držav članic za izvajanje prava Unije v skladu z njihovimi pristojnostmi. Nanje se sme pred sodišči sklicevati samo pri razlagi teh aktov in pri odločanju o njihovi zakonitosti. 6. Nacionalne zakonodaje in običaji se morajo v celoti upoštevati v skladu s to listino. 7. Sodišča Unije in držav članic ustrezno upoštevajo pojasnila, pripravljena kot vodilo za razlago te listine.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Pojasnila

  • Text:

    Namen člena 52 je opredeliti obseg pravic in načel Listine ter določiti pravila za njihovo razlago. Odstavek 1 obravnava podrobnosti glede omejevanja pravic. Besedilo temelji na sodni praksi Sodišča: `... skladno z ustaljeno sodno prakso Sodišča je mogoče uvesti omejitve pri uresničevanju temeljnih pravic, zlasti v okviru skupne ureditve trga, pod pogojem, da navedene omejitve dejansko ustrezajo ciljem splošnega interesa, za katere se zavzema Skupnost, in da glede na želeni cilj ne povzročajo čezmernega in neutemeljenega poseganja, ki bi ogrožalo samo bistvo navedenih pravic` (sodba z dne 13. aprila 2000, C-292/97, točka 45). Sklicevanje na splošne interese, ki jih priznava Unija, zajema cilje iz člena 3 Pogodbe o Evropski uniji in druge interese, ki so zaščiteni s posebnimi določbami pogodb, na primer členom 4(1) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji, ter členi 35(3), 36 in 346 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije.
    Odstavek 2 se nanaša na pravice, ki jih že izrecno zagotavlja Pogodba ES in priznava Listina in se sedaj nahajajo v pogodbah (predvsem pravice, ki izhajajo iz državljanstva Unije). Pojasnjuje, da za takšne pravice še nadalje veljajo pogoji in omejitve, ki se uporabljajo za pravo Unije, na katerem te pravice temeljijo, in ki so sedaj predvideni v pogodbah. Listina ne spreminja sistema pravic, ki so bile dodeljene s Pogodbo ES in so sedaj povzete v pogodbah.
    Namen odstavka 3 je zagotoviti potrebno usklajenost med Listino in EKČP z vzpostavitvijo pravila, da sta vsebina in obseg navedenih pravic, vključno z dovoljenimi omejitvami, enaka kot vsebina in pomen pravic, ki ju določa EKČP, kolikor pravice v tej listini ustrezajo tudi pravicam, zagotovljenim z EKČP. To zlasti pomeni, da mora zakonodajalec pri določanju omejitev navedenih pravic upoštevati enaka merila, kot so določena v podrobni ureditvi o omejitvah iz EKČP, ki tako postanejo veljavna za pravice, zajete v tem odstavku, ne da bi to škodilo avtonomiji prava Unije in Sodišča Evropske unije.
    Sklicevanje na EKČP zajema Konvencijo in njene protokole. Vsebina in obseg zagotovljenih pravic nista določena le z besedilom navedenih aktov, temveč tudi s sodno prakso Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in Sodišča Evropske unije. Namen zadnjega stavka v odstavku je Uniji omogočiti, da zagotavlja širše varstvo. V vsakem primeru raven varstva, ki jo zagotavlja Listina, ne sme biti nižja od ravni, ki jo zagotavlja EKČP.
    Listina ne vpliva na možnost držav članic, da uporabijo 15. člen EKČP, ki dovoljuje odstopanje od pravic, predvidenih v EKČP, v primeru vojne ali druge splošne nevarnosti, ki ogroža življenje naroda, če sprejmejo ukrepe na področju nacionalne obrambe v primeru vojne ali na področju vzdrževanja javnega reda in miru v skladu s svojimi obveznostmi iz člena 4(1) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji ter členov 347 in 72 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije.
    Seznam pravic, za katere bi lahko v sedanji fazi – brez izključitve razvoja na področju prava, zakonodaje in pogodb – veljalo, da ustrezajo pravicam v EKČP v smislu tega odstavka, je podan v nadaljevanju. Seznam ne vključuje pravic, ki so dodane pravicam v EKČP.
    1. Členi, katerih pomen in področje uporabe sta enaka kot pomen in področje uporabe ustreznih členov EKČP:
    - člen 2 ustreza 2. členu EKČP;
    - člen 4 ustreza 3. členu EKČP;
    - člen 5(1) in (2) ustreza 4. členu EKČP;
    - člen 6 ustreza 5. členu EKČP;
    - člen 7 ustreza 8. členu EKČP;
    - člen 10(1) ustreza 9. členu EKČP;
    - člen 11 ustreza 10. členu EKČP brez poseganja v omejitve, ki jih lahko pravo Unije nalaga državam članicam glede možnosti uvajanja dovoljenj iz tretjega stavka prvega odstavka 10. člena EKČP;
    - člen 17 ustreza 1. členu Protokola k EKČP;
    - člen 19(1) ustreza 4. členu Protokola št. 4;
    - člen 19(2) ustreza 3. členu EKČP, kakor ga razlaga Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice;
    - člen 48 ustreza drugemu in tretjemu odstavku 6. člena EKČP;
    - člen 49(1) (razen zadnjega stavka) in (2) ustreza 7. členu EKČP.

    2. Členi, katerih pomen je sicer enak kot pomen ustreznih členov EKČP, njihovo področje uporabe pa je širše:
    - člen 9 zajema enako področje kot 12. člen EKČP, vendar se lahko njegovo področje uporabe razširi na druge vrste sklepanja zakonske zveze, če slednje predvideva nacionalna zakonodaja;
    - člen 12(1) ustreza 11. členu EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi na raven Evropske unije;
    - člen 14(1) ustreza 2. členu Protokola k EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi, tako da zajema dostop do poklicnega in nadaljnjega usposabljanja;
    - člen 14(3) ustreza 2. členu Protokola k EKČP, kar zadeva pravice staršev;
    - člen 47(2) in (3) ustreza prvemu odstavku 6. člena EKČP, vendar omejitev na odločanje o civilnih pravicah in obveznostih ali o kazenskih obtožbah ne velja, kar zadeva pravo Unije in njegovo izvajanje;
    - člen 50 ustreza 4. členu Protokola št. 7 k EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi na raven Evropske unije in velja med sodišči držav članic;
    - končno se državljani Evropske unije v okviru področja uporabe prava Unije ne smejo obravnavati kot tujci, in sicer zaradi prepovedi vsakršne diskriminacije glede na državljanstvo. Zanje se omejitve, predvidene v 16. členu EKČP v zvezi s pravicami tujcev, v tem okviru ne uporabljajo.
    Pravilo o razlagi, vsebovano v odstavku 4, temelji na besedilu člena 6(3) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji in ustrezno upošteva pristop Sodišča glede skupnih ustavnih tradicij (npr. sodbi z dne 13. decembra 1979 v zadevi Hauer, 44/79, rec. 1979, str. 3727, in z dne 18. maja 1982 v zadevi AM&S, 155/79, rec. 1982, str. 1575). Po tem pravilu je treba zadevne pravice iz Listine namesto s strogim pristopom `najnižjega skupnega imenovalca` razlagati na način, ki omogoča visoko raven varstva, ustrezno pravu Unije in skladno s skupnimi ustavnimi tradicijami.
    Odstavek 5 pojasnjuje razlikovanje med `pravicami` in `načeli` v Listini. V skladu s tem razlikovanjem je treba pravice posameznikov spoštovati, medtem ko je treba načela upoštevati (člen 51(1)). Načela se lahko izvajajo z zakonodajnimi ali izvedbenimi akti (sprejetimi s strani Unije v okviru njenih pristojnosti in s strani držav članic samo pri njihovem izvajanju prava Unije); za sodišča postanejo torej pomembna šele pri razlagi ali reviziji teh aktov. Vendar niso razlog za neposredne zahteve po pozitivnem ukrepanju institucij Unije ali organov držav članic. To je v skladu s sodno prakso Sodišča (glej zlasti sodno prakso v zvezi s `previdnostnim načelom` iz člena 191(2) Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije: sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 11. septembra 2002 v zadevi Pfizer proti Svetu, T-13/99, rec 2002, str. II-3305, s številnimi sklicevanji na prejšnjo sodno prakso, in vrsta sodb v zvezi s členom 33 (prej 39) glede načel kmetijskega prava, npr. sodba Sodišča v zadevi Van den Berg, C-265/85, rec. 1987, str. 1155: ocena načela stabilizacije trga in razuminh pričakovanj) in s pristopom v ustavnih sistemih držav članic do `načel`, zlasti na področju socialnega prava. Tako na primer spadajo k načelom, priznanim v Listini, členi 25, 26 in 37. V nekaterih primerih lahko člen Listine vsebuje značilnosti pravice in načela, kot npr. členi 23, 33 in 34.
    Odstavek 6 se nanaša na razne člene v Listini, ki se v duhu subsidiarnosti sklicujejo na nacionalne predpise in običaje.

    Source:
    Uradni list Evropske unije C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    V nadaljevanju navedena pojasnila so bila prvotno pripravljena pod vodstvom predsedstva Konvencije, ki je sestavilo Listino Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah. Ta pojasnila so bila posodobljena pod vodstvom predsedstva Evropske konvencije zaradi prilagoditve besedila Listine s strani omenjene konvencije (zlasti členov 51 in 52) in nadaljnjega razvoja prava Unije. Čeprav sama nimajo pravne veljave, so dragocena pomoč pri razlagi in pojasnjevanju določb Listine.

Sodna praksa

Nacionalnem ustavnem pravu

25 results found

  • The Belgian Constitution
    URL:
    The Belgian Constitution
    Država:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Belgians are equal before the law;they alone are eligible for civil and military service,
    but for the exceptions that can be created by a law for particular cases.(...) Article 11bis.(...) The law,federate law or rule referred to inArticle 134 provides for women and men to sit on the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, the colleges of the burgomasters and aldermen,the councils and permanent committees of the public centres
    for social welfare and on the executives of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal,
    inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body.
    The preceding paragraph does not apply when the law, federate law or rule referred
    to in Article 134 provides for the direct election of the members of the permanent
    deputations of the provincial councils, of aldermen, of the members of the councils and
    permanent committees of the social welfare centres or of the members of the executives
    of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body Article 12. The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.
    No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the
    form prescribed by the law Article 15. One’s home is inviolable no house search may take place except in the cases provided for by the law and in the form prescribed by the law. Article 16. No one can be deprived of his property except in the case of expropriation for a public purpose, in the cases and manner established by the law and in return for fair
    compensation paid beforehand. Article 21. A civil wedding should always precede the blessing of the marriage, apart from the exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
    Article 22. Everyone has the right to the respect of his private and family life, except in the cases and conditions determined by the law. Article 29. The confidentiality of letters is inviolable.
    The law determines which officials may violate the confidentiality of letters entrusted
    to the postal service. Article 31. No authorisation is necessary prior to taking legal action against civil
    servants for offences resulting from their administration, except with regard to what
    has been ruled on concerning ministers and members of the Community and Regional
    Government Article 32. Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to obtain a
    copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate laws or rules
    referred to in Article 134. Article 117. Members of the Community and Regional Parliaments are elected for a period of five years. The Community and Regional Parliaments are re-elected as a whole every fi e years.
    Elections for the Community and Regional Parliaments take place on the same day
    and coincide with elections for the European Parliament.
    In execution of a law as described in Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, a federate
    law or a rule referred to in Article 134, passed in accordance with Article 118, § 2,
    fourth sub-paragraph, may derogate from the first and second paragraphs.”. Article 170 § 2.Taxes to the benefit of a Community or Region can only be introduced by a federate law or a rule as described in Article 134.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. § 3.A charge or tax can only be introduced by a province or a supra-municipal collectivity
    by the decision of its council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes described in the first paragraph, the
    exceptions that are proved to be necessary.
    The law can abolish, either totally or partially, the taxes referred to in the first
    sub-paragraph.
    § 4. A charge or tax can only be introduced by the metropolitan districts, federations
    of municipalities or by the municipalities by a decision of their council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. Article 172. No privileges with regard to taxes can be introduced.
    No exemption or reduction of taxes can be introduced except by a law. Article 173. Except to the benefit of the provinces, the bodies responsible for polders and for draining and flood protection, and except for the cases formally excepted by the laws, the federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134, charges can only be claimed from citizens in the form of taxes to the benefit of the State, the Community,the Region, the metropolitan district, the federation of municipalities or the municipality. Article 185. Foreign troops may only be admitted to the service of the State, or occupy or crossthe territory by virtue of a law. Article 186. Military personnel can only be deprived of rank, honours and pensions in the manner described by the law. Article 191. All foreigners on Belgian soil benefit from the protection provided to persons and property, except for those exceptions provided for by the law.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    URL:
    The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    Država:
    Cyprus

    ARTICLE 1A
    No provision of the Constitution is deemed as annulling laws adopted, deeds carried out or measures taken by the Republic which are rendered necessary as a result of the obligations of the Republic as a member state of the European Union nor does it preclude Regulations, Directives or other acts or binding measures of a legislative character adopted by the European Union or by the European Communities or by the institutions or competent bodies under the treaties setting up the European Communities or the European Union from having legal force in the Republic.
    ARTICLE 179
    1. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 1A, the Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic.
    2. No law or decision of the House of Parliament or of each Communal Chamber and no act or decision of any organ, authority or person in the Republic exercising executive power or any administrative function shall in any way be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, any of the provisions of this Constitution.

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    URL:
    Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    Država:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 1A
    Ουδεμία διάταξη του Συντάγματος θεωρείται ότι ακυρώνει νόμους που θεσπίζονται, πράξεις που διενεργούνται ή μέτρα που λαμβάνονται από τη Δημοκρατία τα οποία καθίστανται αναγκαία από τις υποχρεώσεις της ως κράτους μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ούτε εμποδίζει Κανονισμούς, Οδηγίες ή άλλες πράξεις ή δεσμευτικά μέτρα νομοθετικού χαρακτήρα που θεσπίζονται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ή από τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή από τα θεσμικά τους όργανα ή από τα αρμόδιά τους σώματα στη βάση των συνθηκών που ιδρύουν τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση από του να έχουν νομική ισχύ στη Δημοκρατία.
    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 179
    1. Τηρουμένων των διατάξεων του άρθρου 1Α, το Σύνταγμα είναι ο υπέρτατος νόμος της Δημοκρατίας.
    2. Ουδείς νόμος ή απόφασις της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων ή εκατέρας Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεων ως και ουδεμία πράξις ή απόφασις ιουδήποτε οργάνου, αρχής ή προσώπου εν τη Δημοκρατία ασκούντος εκτελεστικήν εξουσίαν ή οιονδήποτε διοικητικόν λειτούργημα δύναται να είναι καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπον αντίθετος ή ασύμφωνος προς οιανδήποτε των διατάξεων του Συντάγματος ή προς οποιαδήποτε υποχρέωση επιβάλλεται στη Δημοκρατία ως αποτέλεσμα της συμμετοχής της ως κράτους μέλους στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    URL:
    Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    Država:
    Croatia

    Članak 3.
    Sloboda, jednakost, nacionalna ravnopravnost i ravnopravnost spolova, mirotvorstvo, socijalna pravda, poštivanje prava čovjeka, nepovredivost vlasništva, očuvanje prirode i čovjekova okoliša, vladavina prava i demokratski višestranački sustav najviše su vrednote ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske i temelj za tumačenje Ustava.

    Članak 16.
    Slobode i prava mogu se ograničiti samo zakonom da bi se zaštitila sloboda i prava drugih ljudi te pravni poredak, javni moral i zdravlje.
    Svako ograničenje slobode ili prava mora biti razmjerno naravi potrebe za ograničenjem u svakom pojedinom slučaju.

    Članak 17.
    U doba ratnog stanja ili neposredne ugroženosti neovisnosti i jedinstvenosti države, te velikih prirodnih nepogoda pojedine slobode i prava zajamčena Ustavom mogu se ograničiti. O tome odlučuje Hrvatski sabor dvotrećinskom većinom svih zastupnika, a ako se Hrvatski sabor ne može sastati, na prijedlog Vlade i uz supotpis predsjednika Vlade, Predsjednik Republike.

    Opseg ograničenja mora biti primjeren naravi pogibelji, a za posljedicu ne može imati nejednakost osoba s obzirom na rasu, boju kože, spol, jezik, vjeru, nacionalno ili socijalno podrijetlo.

    Niti u slučaju neposredne opasnosti za opstanak države ne može se ograničiti primjena odredbi Ustava o pravu na život, zabrani mučenja, surovog ili ponižavajućeg postupanja ili kažnjavanja, o pravnoj određenosti kažnjivih djela i kazni, te o slobodi misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijedi.

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    URL:
    КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    Država:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 57. (1) Основните права на гражданите са неотменими.
    (2) Не се допуска злоупотреба с права, както и тяхното упражняване, ако то накърнява права или законни интереси на други.
    (3) При обявяване на война, на военно или друго извънредно положение със закон може да бъде временно ограничено упражняването на отделни права на гражданите с изключение на правата, предвидени в чл. 28, 29, 31, ал. 1, 2 и 3, чл. 32, ал. 1 и чл. 37.

Pravo EU

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1083/oj/eng

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms
    URL:
    Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

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  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    23
    October
    2018
    BG, DA and EL versions now available
    04 November 2020

    Uporaba Listine Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah v pravu in pri oblikovanju politike na nacionalni ravni

    Kot zelo sodoben katalog človekovih pravic, ki vsebuje veliko pravic, ki jih ni mogoče najti v veljavnih listinah o pravicah, je Listina na papirju resnično videti dobro. Tisti, ki poznajo glavna načela prava EU, lahko običajno hitro navedejo, da je Listina vedno zavezujoča za EU, za države članice pa samo, ko „izvajajo pravo Unije“. Ampak kaj ta pogosto citirana določba iz člena 51 Listine dejansko pomeni?
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    19
    August
    2022
    CS, DE, ES, FR, HU, IT, NL, PL, RO versions now available
    16 November 2022

    Študije primerov, ki se nanašajo na listino – priročnik za izvajalca usposabljanja

    Listina Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah (Listina) je listina pravic EU. Za institucije EU in države članice je zavezujoča vedno, ko delujejo na področju uporabe prava EU. Vendar pa še zdaleč ni preprosto ugotoviti, ali konkretna zadeva spada na področje uporabe prava EU. Delavcem v pravni stroki je zato treba zagotavljati usposabljanje in gradivo za usposabljanje, da se jim omogoči razumevanje področja uporabe Listine, kot je določeno v njenem členu 51. Cilj tega priročnika za izvajalca usposabljanja je zagotoviti smernice tako o organizaciji kot o izvajanju takih usposabljanj na podlagi niza študij primerov, ki se bo v prihodnosti razširil.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    25
    May
    2018
    New language versions - Danish, Lithuanian, Slovenian
    10 November 2021

    Priročnik o evropskem pravu varstva osebnih podatkov – Izdaja iz leta 2018

    Hiter razvoj informacijske tehnologije stopnjuje potrebo po trdnem varstvu osebnih podatkov, kar je pravica,
    ki je zaščitena z instrumenti Evropske unije (EU) in Sveta Evrope. Varovanje te pomembne pravice prinaša
    nove in pomembne izzive, saj se s tehnološkim napredkom širijo meje področij, kot so nadzor, prestrezanje
    komunikacij in shranjevanje podatkov. Ta priročnik je bil oblikovan, da bi delavce v pravni stroki, ki niso
    specializirani za varstvo osebnih podatkov, seznanil s tem nastajajočim področjem prava.
    Publication series: FRA-CoE Handbooks
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    5
    December
    2018
    Last versions available are EL and NL
    11 March 2021

    Preprečevanje nezakonitega profiliranja danes in v prihodnosti: priročnik

    V tem priročniku je pojasnjeno, kaj je profiliranje, kateri pravni okviri ga urejajo ter zakaj je zakonitost profiliranja potrebna zaradi spoštovanja temeljnih pravic ter ključna za učinkovito policijsko delo in upravljanje meja. Priročnik vsebuje tudi praktične smernice o tem, kako se izogniti nezakonitemu profiliranju pri policijskih operacijah in operacijah upravljanja meja.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    30
    September
    2026

    Remote biometric identification for law enforcement purposes - Fundamental rights implications

    Today, a single camera scan from a distance can identify one person in a crowd. Law enforcement authorities in a growing number of EU Member States use or are considering using this AI-driven technique, known as remote biometric identification. While it can support public security and protect people from crime, it also poses serious risks to fundamental rights. FRA’s report draws on legal analysis, interviews with law enforcement practitioners and other experts, observations of police work and a public survey across selected EU Member States. FRA points to the need for a comprehensive legal basis for RBI use for law enforcement, including defined purposes, limits on identifying participants in peaceful assemblies or political gatherings, independent oversight and fundamental rights impact assessments, all of which should be in place before RBI is deployed.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    14
    April
    2026

    Operationalising the Pact on Migration and Asylum: Experiences from the hotspot approach

    In response to increased arrivals of asylum seekers, in 2015 the European Commission introduced the hotspot approach. Under this approach, the European Commission and EU agencies supported Greece and Italy in identifying, registering and fingerprinting newly arrived people. FRA regularly visited the initial reception facilities hosting them. This report looks back at the lessons learnt from 10 years of FRA visits. It identifies recurring risks to rights and highlights practical measures and promising practices to prevent or address them. These ‘lessons learnt’ can inform the implementation of the 2024 Pact on Migration and Asylum in line with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    January
    2026

    Regulating online terrorist content – Balancing public safety and fundamental rights

    Online terrorist content is a threat to fundamental rights, rule of law and democracy. EU measures to tackle such content aim to prevent terrorism while upholding these values. FRA’s report looks at how online terrorist content is detected and removed under EU legislation. It highlights challenges in interpreting rules, risks of over-removal and potential impacts on freedom of expression. It finds that moderation practices by authorities and platforms can disproportionately affect certain groups, such as Muslims and Arabic speakers, while far-right content often receives less scrutiny. The findings, based on research and expert interviews with those addressing online terrorist content, offer ways to improve transparency in content moderation and to better balance public security and fundamental rights, contributing to wider debates on regulating online content responsibly.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    12
    December
    2025

    EU accession to the European Convention on Human Rights - Questions and answers on legal and operational implications

    As the EU prepares to join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), this report outlines the main changes that accession would bring, offering an overview of the legal and operational implications. Presented in a Q&A format, it provides answers to 19 key questions for legal professionals and a broader audience. It describes the steps needed to conclude accession, the expected benefits for protecting rights, and some of the challenges that may come up. This legal analysis contributes to the current discussions on EU accession.
    yavdat /Adobestock.com, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    8
    October
    2025

    Entry/Exit System: Fundamental rights guidance for managers

    The Entry/Exit System (EES), launching in 2025, will register non-EU nationals crossing the EU’s external borders. This FRA guidance supports managers overseeing the operation of the new system. It helps them to ensure compliance with EU fundamental rights. It outlines operational considerations: clear communication, dignified biometric data collection and data protection. It also addresses staff training needs. Based on fieldwork at 10 border crossing points in 6 Member States, the guidance will ensure rights are respected under the new system. A separate guidance publication for border guards accompanies this publication.
    ©Savvapanf Photo / adobestock, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    8
    October
    2025

    Entry/Exit System: Fundamental rights guidance for border guards

    The Entry/Exit System (EES), launching in 2025, will register non-EU nationals crossing the EU’s external borders. This FRA guidance helps border guards apply the new rules in line with EU fundamental rights. It offers practical tips on informing people, collecting biometric data and supporting people with specific needs. Based on fieldwork at 10 border crossing points in 6 Member States, the guidance will ensure rights are respected under the new system. A separate guidance publication for managers accompanies this publication.
    ©Savvapanf Photo / adobestock, 2025