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Listina Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah

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Člen 52 - Obseg pravic in načel ter njihova razlaga

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Člen 52 - Obseg pravic in načel ter njihova razlaga

1. Kakršno koli omejevanje uresničevanja pravic in svoboščin, ki jih priznava ta listina, mora biti predpisano z zakonom in spoštovati bistveno vsebino teh pravic in svoboščin. Ob upoštevanju načela sorazmernosti so omejitve dovoljene samo, če so potrebne in če dejansko ustrezajo ciljem splošnega interesa, ki jih priznava Unija, ali če so potrebne zaradi zaščite pravic in svoboščin drugih. 2. Pravice, ki jih priznava ta listina in jih urejajo določbe Pogodb, se uresničujejo v skladu s pogoji in v mejah, opredeljenih v teh pogodbah. 3. Kolikor ta listina vsebuje pravice, ki ustrezajo pravicam, zagotovljenim z Evropsko konvencijo o varstvu človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, sta vsebina in obseg teh pravic enaka kot vsebina in obseg pravic, ki ju določa navedena konvencija. Ta določba ne preprečuje širšega varstva po pravu Unije. 4. Kolikor so v tej listini priznane temeljne pravice, kot izhajajo iz skupnih ustavnih tradicij držav članic, je treba te pravice razlagati skladno s temi tradicijami. 5. Določbe te listine, v katerih so določena načela, se lahko izvajajo z zakonodajnimi in izvedbenimi akti institucij, organov, uradov in agencij Unije ter akti držav članic za izvajanje prava Unije v skladu z njihovimi pristojnostmi. Nanje se sme pred sodišči sklicevati samo pri razlagi teh aktov in pri odločanju o njihovi zakonitosti. 6. Nacionalne zakonodaje in običaji se morajo v celoti upoštevati v skladu s to listino. 7. Sodišča Unije in držav članic ustrezno upoštevajo pojasnila, pripravljena kot vodilo za razlago te listine.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Pojasnila

  • Text:

    Namen člena 52 je opredeliti obseg pravic in načel Listine ter določiti pravila za njihovo razlago. Odstavek 1 obravnava podrobnosti glede omejevanja pravic. Besedilo temelji na sodni praksi Sodišča: `... skladno z ustaljeno sodno prakso Sodišča je mogoče uvesti omejitve pri uresničevanju temeljnih pravic, zlasti v okviru skupne ureditve trga, pod pogojem, da navedene omejitve dejansko ustrezajo ciljem splošnega interesa, za katere se zavzema Skupnost, in da glede na želeni cilj ne povzročajo čezmernega in neutemeljenega poseganja, ki bi ogrožalo samo bistvo navedenih pravic` (sodba z dne 13. aprila 2000, C-292/97, točka 45). Sklicevanje na splošne interese, ki jih priznava Unija, zajema cilje iz člena 3 Pogodbe o Evropski uniji in druge interese, ki so zaščiteni s posebnimi določbami pogodb, na primer členom 4(1) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji, ter členi 35(3), 36 in 346 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije.
    Odstavek 2 se nanaša na pravice, ki jih že izrecno zagotavlja Pogodba ES in priznava Listina in se sedaj nahajajo v pogodbah (predvsem pravice, ki izhajajo iz državljanstva Unije). Pojasnjuje, da za takšne pravice še nadalje veljajo pogoji in omejitve, ki se uporabljajo za pravo Unije, na katerem te pravice temeljijo, in ki so sedaj predvideni v pogodbah. Listina ne spreminja sistema pravic, ki so bile dodeljene s Pogodbo ES in so sedaj povzete v pogodbah.
    Namen odstavka 3 je zagotoviti potrebno usklajenost med Listino in EKČP z vzpostavitvijo pravila, da sta vsebina in obseg navedenih pravic, vključno z dovoljenimi omejitvami, enaka kot vsebina in pomen pravic, ki ju določa EKČP, kolikor pravice v tej listini ustrezajo tudi pravicam, zagotovljenim z EKČP. To zlasti pomeni, da mora zakonodajalec pri določanju omejitev navedenih pravic upoštevati enaka merila, kot so določena v podrobni ureditvi o omejitvah iz EKČP, ki tako postanejo veljavna za pravice, zajete v tem odstavku, ne da bi to škodilo avtonomiji prava Unije in Sodišča Evropske unije.
    Sklicevanje na EKČP zajema Konvencijo in njene protokole. Vsebina in obseg zagotovljenih pravic nista določena le z besedilom navedenih aktov, temveč tudi s sodno prakso Evropskega sodišča za človekove pravice in Sodišča Evropske unije. Namen zadnjega stavka v odstavku je Uniji omogočiti, da zagotavlja širše varstvo. V vsakem primeru raven varstva, ki jo zagotavlja Listina, ne sme biti nižja od ravni, ki jo zagotavlja EKČP.
    Listina ne vpliva na možnost držav članic, da uporabijo 15. člen EKČP, ki dovoljuje odstopanje od pravic, predvidenih v EKČP, v primeru vojne ali druge splošne nevarnosti, ki ogroža življenje naroda, če sprejmejo ukrepe na področju nacionalne obrambe v primeru vojne ali na področju vzdrževanja javnega reda in miru v skladu s svojimi obveznostmi iz člena 4(1) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji ter členov 347 in 72 Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije.
    Seznam pravic, za katere bi lahko v sedanji fazi – brez izključitve razvoja na področju prava, zakonodaje in pogodb – veljalo, da ustrezajo pravicam v EKČP v smislu tega odstavka, je podan v nadaljevanju. Seznam ne vključuje pravic, ki so dodane pravicam v EKČP.
    1. Členi, katerih pomen in področje uporabe sta enaka kot pomen in področje uporabe ustreznih členov EKČP:
    - člen 2 ustreza 2. členu EKČP;
    - člen 4 ustreza 3. členu EKČP;
    - člen 5(1) in (2) ustreza 4. členu EKČP;
    - člen 6 ustreza 5. členu EKČP;
    - člen 7 ustreza 8. členu EKČP;
    - člen 10(1) ustreza 9. členu EKČP;
    - člen 11 ustreza 10. členu EKČP brez poseganja v omejitve, ki jih lahko pravo Unije nalaga državam članicam glede možnosti uvajanja dovoljenj iz tretjega stavka prvega odstavka 10. člena EKČP;
    - člen 17 ustreza 1. členu Protokola k EKČP;
    - člen 19(1) ustreza 4. členu Protokola št. 4;
    - člen 19(2) ustreza 3. členu EKČP, kakor ga razlaga Evropsko sodišče za človekove pravice;
    - člen 48 ustreza drugemu in tretjemu odstavku 6. člena EKČP;
    - člen 49(1) (razen zadnjega stavka) in (2) ustreza 7. členu EKČP.

    2. Členi, katerih pomen je sicer enak kot pomen ustreznih členov EKČP, njihovo področje uporabe pa je širše:
    - člen 9 zajema enako področje kot 12. člen EKČP, vendar se lahko njegovo področje uporabe razširi na druge vrste sklepanja zakonske zveze, če slednje predvideva nacionalna zakonodaja;
    - člen 12(1) ustreza 11. členu EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi na raven Evropske unije;
    - člen 14(1) ustreza 2. členu Protokola k EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi, tako da zajema dostop do poklicnega in nadaljnjega usposabljanja;
    - člen 14(3) ustreza 2. členu Protokola k EKČP, kar zadeva pravice staršev;
    - člen 47(2) in (3) ustreza prvemu odstavku 6. člena EKČP, vendar omejitev na odločanje o civilnih pravicah in obveznostih ali o kazenskih obtožbah ne velja, kar zadeva pravo Unije in njegovo izvajanje;
    - člen 50 ustreza 4. členu Protokola št. 7 k EKČP, vendar se njegovo področje uporabe razširi na raven Evropske unije in velja med sodišči držav članic;
    - končno se državljani Evropske unije v okviru področja uporabe prava Unije ne smejo obravnavati kot tujci, in sicer zaradi prepovedi vsakršne diskriminacije glede na državljanstvo. Zanje se omejitve, predvidene v 16. členu EKČP v zvezi s pravicami tujcev, v tem okviru ne uporabljajo.
    Pravilo o razlagi, vsebovano v odstavku 4, temelji na besedilu člena 6(3) Pogodbe o Evropski uniji in ustrezno upošteva pristop Sodišča glede skupnih ustavnih tradicij (npr. sodbi z dne 13. decembra 1979 v zadevi Hauer, 44/79, rec. 1979, str. 3727, in z dne 18. maja 1982 v zadevi AM&S, 155/79, rec. 1982, str. 1575). Po tem pravilu je treba zadevne pravice iz Listine namesto s strogim pristopom `najnižjega skupnega imenovalca` razlagati na način, ki omogoča visoko raven varstva, ustrezno pravu Unije in skladno s skupnimi ustavnimi tradicijami.
    Odstavek 5 pojasnjuje razlikovanje med `pravicami` in `načeli` v Listini. V skladu s tem razlikovanjem je treba pravice posameznikov spoštovati, medtem ko je treba načela upoštevati (člen 51(1)). Načela se lahko izvajajo z zakonodajnimi ali izvedbenimi akti (sprejetimi s strani Unije v okviru njenih pristojnosti in s strani držav članic samo pri njihovem izvajanju prava Unije); za sodišča postanejo torej pomembna šele pri razlagi ali reviziji teh aktov. Vendar niso razlog za neposredne zahteve po pozitivnem ukrepanju institucij Unije ali organov držav članic. To je v skladu s sodno prakso Sodišča (glej zlasti sodno prakso v zvezi s `previdnostnim načelom` iz člena 191(2) Pogodbe o delovanju Evropske unije: sodba Sodišča prve stopnje z dne 11. septembra 2002 v zadevi Pfizer proti Svetu, T-13/99, rec 2002, str. II-3305, s številnimi sklicevanji na prejšnjo sodno prakso, in vrsta sodb v zvezi s členom 33 (prej 39) glede načel kmetijskega prava, npr. sodba Sodišča v zadevi Van den Berg, C-265/85, rec. 1987, str. 1155: ocena načela stabilizacije trga in razuminh pričakovanj) in s pristopom v ustavnih sistemih držav članic do `načel`, zlasti na področju socialnega prava. Tako na primer spadajo k načelom, priznanim v Listini, členi 25, 26 in 37. V nekaterih primerih lahko člen Listine vsebuje značilnosti pravice in načela, kot npr. členi 23, 33 in 34.
    Odstavek 6 se nanaša na razne člene v Listini, ki se v duhu subsidiarnosti sklicujejo na nacionalne predpise in običaje.

    Source:
    Uradni list Evropske unije C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    V nadaljevanju navedena pojasnila so bila prvotno pripravljena pod vodstvom predsedstva Konvencije, ki je sestavilo Listino Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah. Ta pojasnila so bila posodobljena pod vodstvom predsedstva Evropske konvencije zaradi prilagoditve besedila Listine s strani omenjene konvencije (zlasti členov 51 in 52) in nadaljnjega razvoja prava Unije. Čeprav sama nimajo pravne veljave, so dragocena pomoč pri razlagi in pojasnjevanju določb Listine.

Sodna praksa

Nacionalnem ustavnem pravu

25 results found

  • Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    URL:
    Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany
    Država:
    Germany

    Article 19 (1) Insofar as, under this Basic Law, a basic right may be restricted by or pursuant to a law, such law must apply generally and not merely to a single case. In addition, the law must specify the basic right affected and the Article in which it appears. (2) In no case may the essence of a basic right be affected. (3) The basic rights shall also apply to domestic artificial persons to the extent that the nature of such rights permits.

  • Constitution of Finland
    URL:
    Constitution of Finland
    Država:
    Finland

    Section 23 Basic rights and liberties in situations of emergency Such provisional exceptions to basic rights and liberties that are compatible with Finland's international human rights obligations and that are deemed necessary in the case of an armed attack against Finland or in the event of other situations of emergency, as provided by an Act, which pose a serious threat to the nation may be provided by an Act or by a Government Decree to be issued on the basis of authorisation given in an Act for a special reason and subject to a precisely circumscribed scope of application. The grounds for provisional exceptions shall be laid down by an Act, however. Government Decrees concerning provisional exceptions shall without delay be submitted to the Parliament for consideration. The Parliament may decide on the validity of the Decrees.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
    Država:
    Bulgaria

    Art. 57.
    (1) The fundamental civil rights shall be irrevocable.
    (2) Rights shall not be abused, nor shall they be exercised to the detriment of the rights or the legitimate interests of others.
    (3) Following a proclamation of war, martial law or a state of emergency the exercise of individual civil rights may be temporarily curtailed by law, except for the rights established by Art. 28, Art. 29, Art. 31 paras 1, 2 and 3, Art. 32 para 1, and Art. 37.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
    Država:
    Croatia

    Article 3
    Freedom, equal rights, national and gender equality, peace-making, social justice, respect for human rights, inviolability of ownership, conservation of nature and the environment, the rule of law and a democratic multiparty system are the highest values of the constitutional order of the Republic of Croatia and the ground for interpretation of the Constitution.

    Article 16
    Freedoms and rights may only be curtailed by law in order to protect the freedoms and rights of others, the legal order, and public morals and health.
    Any restriction of freedoms or rights shall be proportionate to the nature of the need to do so in each individual case.

    Article 17
    Individual constitutionally-guaranteed freedoms and rights may be curtailed during a state of war or any clear and present danger to the independence and unity of the Republic of Croatia or in the event of any natural disaster. Such curtailment shall be decided upon by the Croatian
    Parliament by a two-thirds majority of all representatives or, if the Croatian Parliament is unable to convene, by the President of the Republic.
    The extent of such restrictions must be adequate to the nature of the threat, and may not result
    in the inequality of citizens with respect to race, colour, gender, language, religion, national or social origin.
    Even in cases of clear and present danger to the existence of the state, no restrictions may be imposed upon the provisions of this Constitution stipulating the right to life, prohibition of torture, cruel or unusual treatment or punishment, and concerning the legal definitions of criminal offences and punishment, and the freedom of thought, conscience and religion.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
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    Constitution of the Republic of Estonia
    Država:
    Estonia

    Article 11. Rights and freedoms may only be circumscribed in accordance with the Constitution. Such circumscription must be necessary in a democratic society and may not distort the nature of the rights and freedoms circumscribed.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
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    Constitution of the Republic of Latvia
    Država:
    Latvia

    116. The rights of persons set out in Articles ninety-six, ninety-seven, ninety-eight, one hundred, one hundred and two, one hundred and three, one hundred and six, and one hundred and eight of the Constitution may be subject to restrictions in circumstances provided for by law in order to protect the rights of other people, the democratic structure of the State, and public safety, welfare and morals. On the basis of the conditions set forth in this Article, restrictions may also be imposed on the expression of religious beliefs.

  • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    URL:
    Constitution of the Republic of Poland
    Država:
    Poland

    Constitution of the Republic of PolandArticle 31.3. Any limitation upon the exercise of constitutional freedoms and rights may by imposed only by statute, and only when necessary in a democratic state for the protection of its security or public order, or to protect the natural environment, health or public morals, or the freedoms and rights of other persons. Such limitations shall not violate the essence of freedoms and rights.

  • Czechia / Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    URL:
    Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
    Država:
    Czechia

    Article 4 (...) (2) Limitations may be placed upon the fundamental rights and freedoms only by law and under the conditions prescribed in this Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. (3) Any statutory limitation upon the fundamental rights and freedoms must apply in the same
    way to all cases which meet the specified conditions. (4) When employing the provisions concerning limitations upon the fundamental rights and freedoms, the essence and significance of these rights and freedoms must be preserved. Such limitations shall not be misused for purposes other than those for which they were enacted.

  • De Belgische Grondwet
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    De Belgische Grondwet
    Država:
    Belgium

    Artikel 10. (...) De Belgen zijn gelijk voor de wet; zij alleen zijn tot de burgerlijke en militaire bedieningen benoembaar, behoudens de uitzonderingen die voor bijzondere gevallen door een wet kunnen worden gesteld. (....) Artikel 11bis (...) De wet, het decreet of de in artikel 134 bedoelde regel organiseren de aanwezigheid van personen van verschillend geslacht binnen de bestendige deputaties van de provincieraden, de colleges van burgemeester en schepenen, de raden voor maatschappelijk welzijn, de vaste bureaus van de openbare centra voor maatschappelijk welzijn en in de uitvoerende organen van elk ander interprovinciaal, bovengemeentelijk, intercommunaal of binnengemeentelijk territoriaal orgaan.
    Het voorgaande lid is niet van toepassing wanneer de wet, het decreet of de in artikel 134 bedoelde regel de rechtstreekse verkiezing organiseren van de bestendig afgevaardigden van de provincieraden, van de schepenen, van de leden van de raad voor maatschappelijk welzijn, van de leden van het vast bureau van de openbare centra voor maatschappelijk welzijn of van de leden van de uitvoerende organen van elk ander interprovinciaal, bovengemeentelijk, intercommunaal of binnengemeentelijk territoriaal orgaan. Artikel 12. De vrijheid van de persoon is gewaarborgd. Niemand kan worden vervolgd dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft. Artikel 15. De woning is onschendbaar; geen huiszoeking kan plaats hebben dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft. Artikel 16. Niemand kan van zijn eigendom worden ontzet dan ten algemenen nutte, in de gevallen en op de wijze bij de wet bepaald en tegen billijke en voorafgaande schadeloosstelling. Artikel 21. (...) Het burgerlijk huwelijk moet altijd aan de huwelijksinzegening voorafgaan, behoudens de uitzonderingen door de wet te stellen, indien daartoe redenen zijn. Artikel 22. Ieder heeft recht op eerbiediging van zijn privé-leven en zijn gezinsleven, behoudens in de gevallen en onder de voorwaarden door de wet bepaald. Artikel 29. Het briefgeheim is onschendbaar.
    De wet bepaalt welke agenten verantwoordelijk zijn voor de schending van het geheim der aan de post toevertrouwde brieven. Artikel 31. Geen voorafgaand verlof is nodig om vervolgingen in te stellen tegen openbare ambtenaren wegens daden van hun bestuur, behoudens wat ten opzichte van de ministers en de leden van de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestregeringen is bepaald. Artikel 32. Ieder heeft het recht elk bestuursdocument te raadplegen en er een afschrift van te krijgen, behoudens in de gevallen en onder de voorwaarden bepaald door de wet, het decreet of de regel bedoeld in artikel 134. Artikel 117. De leden van de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestparlement worden gekozen voor vijf jaar. De Raden worden om de vijf jaar geheel vernieuwd.
    De verkiezingen voor de Gemeenschaps- en Gewestparlementen vinden plaats op dezelfde dag die samenvalt met die van de verkiezingen voor het Europese Parlement.
    In uitvoering van een wet bedoeld in artikel 118, § 2, vierde lid, kan een decreet of een in artikel 134 bedoelde regel, aangenomen overeenkomstig artikel 118, § 2, vierde lid, afwijken van het eerste en het tweede lid. Artikel 170 (...) § 2. Geen belasting ten behoeve van de gemeenschap of het gewest kan worden ingevoerd dan door een decreet of een in artikel 134 bedoelde regel.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt. § 3. Geen last of belasting kan door de provincie of het bovengemeentelijk bestuur worden ingevoerd dan door een beslissing van haar raad.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt.
    De wet kan de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen geheel of gedeeltelijk afschaffen.
    § 4. Geen last of belasting kan door de agglomeratie, de federatie van gemeenten en de gemeente worden ingevoerd dan door een beslissing van hun raad.
    De wet bepaalt ten aanzien van de in het eerste lid bedoelde belastingen, de uitzonderingen waarvan de noodzakelijkheid blijkt. Artikel 172. Inzake belastingen kunnen geen voorrechten worden ingevoerd.
    Geen vrijstelling of vermindering van belasting kan worden ingevoerd dan door een wet. Artikel 173. Behalve voor de provincies, de polders en wateringen en de gevallen uitdrukkelijk uitgezonderd door de wet, het decreet en de regelen bedoeld in artikel 134, kan van de burgers geen retributie worden gevorderd dan alleen als belasting ten behoeve van de Staat, de gemeenschap, het gewest, de agglomeratie, de federatie van gemeenten of de gemeente. Article 185. Vreemde troepen mogen niet dan krachtens een wet tot de dienst van de Staat worden toegelaten, het grondgebied bezetten of er doorheen trekken. Artikel 186.Militairen kunnen niet van hun graden, ererechten en pensioenen worden ontzet dan op de wijze bij de wet bepaald. Artikel 191. Iedere vreemdeling die zich op het grondgebied van België bevindt, geniet de bescherming verleend aan personen en aan goederen, behoudens de bij de wet gestelde uitzonderingen.

  • Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789
    URL:
    Declaration des Droits de l’Homme et du Citoyen du 26 août 1789
    Država:
    France

    Article 4 La liberté consiste à pouvoir faire tout ce qui ne nuit pas à autrui : ainsi, l'exercice des droits naturels de chaque homme n'a de bornes que celles qui assurent aux autres Membres de la Société la jouissance de ces mêmes droits. Ces bornes ne peuvent être déterminées que par la Loi.

  • Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    URL:
    Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland
    Država:
    Germany

    Artikel 19 (1) Soweit nach diesem Grundgesetz ein Grundrecht durch Gesetz oder auf Grund eines Gesetzes eingeschränkt werden kann, muß das Gesetz allgemein und nicht nur für den Einzelfall gelten. Außerdem muß das Gesetz das Grundrecht unter Angabe des Artikels nennen. (2) In keinem Falle darf ein Grundrecht in seinem Wesensgehalt angetastet werden. (3) Die Grundrechte gelten auch für inländische juristische Personen, soweit sie ihrem Wesen nach auf diese anwendbar sind.

  • Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    URL:
    Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej
    Država:
    Poland

    Art. 31.3. Ograniczenia w zakresie korzystania z konstytucyjnych wolności i praw mogą być ustanawiane tylko w ustawie i tylko wtedy, gdy są konieczne w demokratycznym państwie dla jego bezpieczeństwa lub porządku publicznego, bądź dla ochrony środowiska, zdrowia i moralności publicznej, albo wolności i praw innych osób. Ograniczenia te nie mogą naruszać istoty wolności i praw.

  • La Constitution Belge
    URL:
    La Constitution Belge
    Država:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Les Belges sont égaux devant la loi; seuls ils sont admissibles aux emplois civils et militaires, sauf les exceptions qui peuvent être établies par une loi pour des cas particuliers.(...) Article 11bis. (...) La loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134 organisent la présence de personnes de sexe différent au sein des députations permanentes des conseils provinciaux, des collèges des bourgmestre et échevins, des conseils de l'aide sociale, des bureaux permanents des centres publics d'aide sociale et dans les exécutifs de tout autre organe territorial interprovincial, supracommuna intercommunal ou intracommunal. Article 12. La liberté individuelle est garantie.
    Nul ne peut être poursuivi que dans les cas prévus par la loi, et dans la forme qu'elle prescrit. Article 15. Le domicile est inviolable; aucune visite domiciliaire ne peut avoir lieu que dans les cas prévus par la loi et dans la forme qu'elle prescrit. Article 16. Nul ne peut être privé de sa propriété que pour cause d'utilité publique, dans les cas et de la manière établis par la loi, et moyennant une juste et préalable indemnité. Article 21. (...) Le mariage civil devra toujours précéder la bénédiction nuptiale, sauf les exceptions à établir par la loi, s'il y a lieu. Article 22. Chacun a droit au respect de sa vie privée et familiale, sauf dans les cas et conditions fixés par la loi.
    L'alinéa qui précède ne s'applique pas lorsque la loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134 organisent l'élection directe des députés permanents des conseils provinciaux, des échevins, des membres du conseil de l'aide sociale, des membres du bureau permanent des centres publics d'aide sociale ou des membres des exécutifs de tout autre organe territorial interprovincial, supracommunal intercommunal ou intracommunal. Article 29.Le secret des lettres est inviolable.
    La loi détermine quels sont les agents responsables de la violation du secret des lettres confiées à la poste. Article 31. Nulle autorisation préalable n'est nécessaire pour exercer des poursuites contre les fonctionnaires publics, pour faits de leur administration, sauf ce qui est statué à l'égard des ministres et des membres des Gouvernements de communauté et de région. Article 32. Chacun a le droit de consulter chaque document administratif et de s'en faire remettre copie, sauf dans les cas et conditions fixés par la loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134. Article 117. Les membres des Parlements de Communauté et de région sont élus pour une période de cinq ans. Les Parlements de Communauté et de région sont intégralement renouvelés tous les cinq ans.
    Les élections pour les Parlements de communauté et de région ont lieu le même jour et coïncident avec les élections pour le Parlement européen.
    En exécution d'une loi visée à l'article 118, § 2, alinéa 4, un décret ou une règle visée à l'article 134, adopté conformément à l'article 118, § 2, alinéa 4, peut déroger aux alinéas 1er et 2. Article 170 § 2. Aucun impôt au profit de la communauté ou de la région ne peut être établi que par un décret ou une règle visée à l'article 134.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée. § 3. Aucune charge, aucune imposition ne peut être établie par la province ou la collectivité supracommunale que par une décision de son conseil.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée.
    La loi peut supprimer en tout ou en partie les impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er.
    § 4. Aucune charge, aucune imposition ne peut être établie par l'agglomération, par la fédération de communes et par la commune que par une décision de leur conseil.
    La loi détermine, relativement aux impositions visées à l'alinéa 1er, les exceptions dont la nécessité est démontrée. Article 172. Il ne peut être établi de privilège en matière d'impôts.
    Nulle exemption ou modération d'impôt ne peut être établie que par une loi. Article 173. Hors les provinces, les polders et wateringues et les cas formellement exceptés par la loi, le décret et les règles visées à l'article 134, aucune rétribution ne peut être exigée des citoyens qu'à titre d'impôt au profit de l'Etat, de la communauté, de la région, de l'agglomération, de la fédération de communes ou de la commune. Article 185. Aucune troupe étrangère ne peut être admise au service de l'Etat, occuper ou traverser le territoire qu'en vertu d'une loi. Article 186. Les militaires ne peuvent être privés de leurs grades, honneurs et pensions que de la manière déterminée par la loi. Article 191. Tout étranger qui se trouve sur le territoire de la Belgique jouit de la protection accordée aux personnes et aux biens, sauf les exceptions établies par la loi.

  • Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    URL:
    Latvijas Republikas Satversme
    Država:
    Latvia

    116. Personas tiesības, kas noteiktas Satversmes deviņdesmit sestajā, deviņdesmit septītajā, deviņdesmit astotajā, simtajā, simt otrajā, simt trešajā, simt sestajā un simt astotajā pantā, var ierobežot likumā paredzētajos gadījumos, lai aizsargātu citu cilvēku tiesības, demokrātisko valsts iekārtu, sabiedrības drošību, labklājību un tikumību. Uz šajā pantā minēto nosacījumu pamata var ierobežot arī reliģiskās pārliecības paušanu.

  • Luxembourg / Constitution of the Grand Ducal of Luxembourg
    URL:
    Constitution du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg
    Država:
    Luxembourg

    Art. 37. Toute limitation de l’exercice des libertés publiques doit être prévue par la loi et respecter leur contenu essentiel. Dans le respect du principe de proportionnalité, des limitations ne peuvent être apportées que si elles sont nécessaires dans une société démocratique et répondent effectivement à des objectifs d’intérêt général ou au besoin de protection des droits et libertés d’autrui.

  • Netherlands / Constitution of the Kingdom of the Netherlands
    URL:
    Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
    Država:
    Netherlands

    Article 93 Provisions of treaties and of resolutions by international institutions which may be binding on all persons by virtue of their contents shall become binding after they have been published.

  • Portugal / Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
    URL:
    Constituição da República Portuguesa
    Država:
    Portugal

    Article 16 (Scope and interpretation of fundamental rights) (1) The fundamental rights contained in this Constitution shall not exclude any other fundamental rights provided for in the laws or resulting from applicable rules of international law. (2) The provisions of this Constitution and of laws relating to fundamental rights shall be construed and interpreted in harmony with the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
    ...
    Article 18 (Legal force) (1) The constitutional precepts with regard to rights, freedoms and guarantees are directly applicable and are binding on public and private entities. (2) Rights, freedoms and guarantees may be restricted by law in only those cases expressly provided for in this Constitution; restrictions shall be limited to the extent necessary to safeguard other rights or interests protected by this Constitution. (3) Laws restricting rights, freedoms and guarantees shall be general and abstract in character, shall not have retroactive effect and shall not limit, in extent or scope, the essential content of the constitutional provisions.

  • Slovakia / Constitution of the Slovak Republic
    URL:
    Ústava Slovenskej republiky
    Država:
    Slovakia

    Article 13 (...) (2) Limits to basic rights and freedoms may be set only by law under conditions laid down in this Constitution. (3) Legal restrictions of basic rights and freedoms must apply equally to all cases which meet prescribed conditions. (4) When restricting basic rights and freedoms, attention must be paid to their essence and meaning. These restrictions may only be used for the prescribed purpose.

  • Slovenija / Ustava Republike Slovenije
    URL:
    Ustava Republike Slovenije
    Država:
    Slovenija

    15. člen (uresničevanje in omejevanje pravic) Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine se uresničujejo neposredno na podlagi ustave. Z zakonom je mogoče predpisati način uresničevanja človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin, kadar tako določa ustava, ali če je to nujno zaradi same narave posamezne pravice ali svoboščine. Človekove pravice in temeljne svoboščine so omejene samo s pravicami drugih in v primerih, ki jih določa ta ustava. agotovljeni sta sodno varstvo človekovih pravic in temeljnih svoboščin ter pravica do odprave posledic njihove kršitve. Nobene človekove pravice ali temeljne svoboščine, urejene v pravnih aktih, ki veljajo v Sloveniji, ni dopustno omejevati z izgovorom, da je ta ustava ne priznava ali da jo priznava v manjši meri.

  • Suomen perustuslaki
    URL:
    Suomen perustuslaki
    Država:
    Finland

    23 § Perusoikeudet poikkeusoloissa Perusoikeuksista voidaan säätää lailla tai laissa erityisestä syystä säädetyn ja soveltamisalaltaan täsmällisesti rajatun valtuuden nojalla annettavalla valtioneuvoston asetuksella sellaisia tilapäisiä poikkeuksia, jotka ovat välttämättömiä Suomeen kohdistuvan aseellisen hyökkäyksen samoin kuin muiden kansakuntaa vakavasti uhkaavien, laissa säädettyjen poikkeusolojen aikana ja jotka ovat Suomen kansainvälisten ihmisoikeusvelvoitteiden mukaisia. Lailla on kuitenkin säädettävä tilapäisten poikkeusten perusteet. Tilapäisiä poikkeuksia koskevat valtioneuvoston asetukset on saatettava viipymättä eduskunnan käsiteltäviksi. Eduskunta voi päättää asetusten voimassaolosta.

Pravo EU

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1083/oj/eng

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms
    URL:
    Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

Mednarodno pravo

0 results found

Gradivo

  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    23
    October
    2018
    BG, DA and EL versions now available
    04 November 2020

    Uporaba Listine Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah v pravu in pri oblikovanju politike na nacionalni ravni

    Kot zelo sodoben katalog človekovih pravic, ki vsebuje veliko pravic, ki jih ni mogoče najti v veljavnih listinah o pravicah, je Listina na papirju resnično videti dobro. Tisti, ki poznajo glavna načela prava EU, lahko običajno hitro navedejo, da je Listina vedno zavezujoča za EU, za države članice pa samo, ko „izvajajo pravo Unije“. Ampak kaj ta pogosto citirana določba iz člena 51 Listine dejansko pomeni?
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    19
    August
    2022
    CS, DE, ES, FR, HU, IT, NL, PL, RO versions now available
    16 November 2022

    Študije primerov, ki se nanašajo na listino – priročnik za izvajalca usposabljanja

    Listina Evropske unije o temeljnih pravicah (Listina) je listina pravic EU. Za institucije EU in države članice je zavezujoča vedno, ko delujejo na področju uporabe prava EU. Vendar pa še zdaleč ni preprosto ugotoviti, ali konkretna zadeva spada na področje uporabe prava EU. Delavcem v pravni stroki je zato treba zagotavljati usposabljanje in gradivo za usposabljanje, da se jim omogoči razumevanje področja uporabe Listine, kot je določeno v njenem členu 51. Cilj tega priročnika za izvajalca usposabljanja je zagotoviti smernice tako o organizaciji kot o izvajanju takih usposabljanj na podlagi niza študij primerov, ki se bo v prihodnosti razširil.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    25
    May
    2018
    New language versions - Danish, Lithuanian, Slovenian
    10 November 2021

    Priročnik o evropskem pravu varstva osebnih podatkov – Izdaja iz leta 2018

    Hiter razvoj informacijske tehnologije stopnjuje potrebo po trdnem varstvu osebnih podatkov, kar je pravica,
    ki je zaščitena z instrumenti Evropske unije (EU) in Sveta Evrope. Varovanje te pomembne pravice prinaša
    nove in pomembne izzive, saj se s tehnološkim napredkom širijo meje področij, kot so nadzor, prestrezanje
    komunikacij in shranjevanje podatkov. Ta priročnik je bil oblikovan, da bi delavce v pravni stroki, ki niso
    specializirani za varstvo osebnih podatkov, seznanil s tem nastajajočim področjem prava.
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    5
    December
    2018
    Last versions available are EL and NL
    11 March 2021

    Preprečevanje nezakonitega profiliranja danes in v prihodnosti: priročnik

    V tem priročniku je pojasnjeno, kaj je profiliranje, kateri pravni okviri ga urejajo ter zakaj je zakonitost profiliranja potrebna zaradi spoštovanja temeljnih pravic ter ključna za učinkovito policijsko delo in upravljanje meja. Priročnik vsebuje tudi praktične smernice o tem, kako se izogniti nezakonitemu profiliranju pri policijskih operacijah in operacijah upravljanja meja.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    14
    April
    2026

    Operationalising the Pact on Migration and Asylum: Experiences from the hotspot approach

    In response to increased arrivals of asylum seekers, in 2015 the European Commission introduced the hotspot approach. Under this approach, the European Commission and EU agencies supported Greece and Italy in identifying, registering and fingerprinting newly arrived people. FRA regularly visited the initial reception facilities hosting them. This report looks back at the lessons learnt from 10 years of FRA visits. It identifies recurring risks to rights and highlights practical measures and promising practices to prevent or address them. These ‘lessons learnt’ can inform the implementation of the 2024 Pact on Migration and Asylum in line with the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    January
    2026

    Regulating online terrorist content – Balancing public safety and fundamental rights

    Online terrorist content is a threat to fundamental rights, rule of law and democracy. EU measures to tackle such content aim to prevent terrorism while upholding these values. FRA’s report looks at how online terrorist content is detected and removed under EU legislation. It highlights challenges in interpreting rules, risks of over-removal and potential impacts on freedom of expression. It finds that moderation practices by authorities and platforms can disproportionately affect certain groups, such as Muslims and Arabic speakers, while far-right content often receives less scrutiny. The findings, based on research and expert interviews with those addressing online terrorist content, offer ways to improve transparency in content moderation and to better balance public security and fundamental rights, contributing to wider debates on regulating online content responsibly.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    12
    December
    2025

    EU accession to the European Convention on Human Rights - Questions and answers on legal and operational implications

    As the EU prepares to join the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR), this report outlines the main changes that accession would bring, offering an overview of the legal and operational implications. Presented in a Q&A format, it provides answers to 19 key questions for legal professionals and a broader audience. It describes the steps needed to conclude accession, the expected benefits for protecting rights, and some of the challenges that may come up. This legal analysis contributes to the current discussions on EU accession.
    yavdat /Adobestock.com, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    8
    October
    2025

    Entry/Exit System: Fundamental rights guidance for managers

    The Entry/Exit System (EES), launching in 2025, will register non-EU nationals crossing the EU’s external borders. This FRA guidance supports managers overseeing the operation of the new system. It helps them to ensure compliance with EU fundamental rights. It outlines operational considerations: clear communication, dignified biometric data collection and data protection. It also addresses staff training needs. Based on fieldwork at 10 border crossing points in 6 Member States, the guidance will ensure rights are respected under the new system. A separate guidance publication for border guards accompanies this publication.
    ©Savvapanf Photo / adobestock, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    8
    October
    2025

    Entry/Exit System: Fundamental rights guidance for border guards

    The Entry/Exit System (EES), launching in 2025, will register non-EU nationals crossing the EU’s external borders. This FRA guidance helps border guards apply the new rules in line with EU fundamental rights. It offers practical tips on informing people, collecting biometric data and supporting people with specific needs. Based on fieldwork at 10 border crossing points in 6 Member States, the guidance will ensure rights are respected under the new system. A separate guidance publication for managers accompanies this publication.
    ©Savvapanf Photo / adobestock, 2025
  • Opinion / Position Paper
    23
    July
    2025

    Countering the instrumentalisation of migrants and refugees and respecting fundamental rights

    This position paper examines how the EU can counter the instrumentalisation of migrants while also upholding fundamental rights. Instrumentalisation refers to countries outside the EU using migration to exert political pressure. This position paper defines the phenomenon, provides examples, and outlines legal obligations under EU law. It provides legal analysis and warns that some responses risk undermining fundamental rights at the EU’s external borders, including the right to asylum. To counter instrumentalisation and uphold fundamental rights, the position paper proposes practical measures for Member States to take, such as sanctions, border controls, and cooperation with private operators.
    blende11.photo © adobestock.com, 2020