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        • Rechtspraak, rechten van slachtoffers en justitiële samenwerking
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        • Asiel, migratie en grenzen
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      • Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
        • Wat zijn grondrechten?
        • What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
        • Preambule
        • Titel I: Waardigheid
          • 1 - De menselijke waardigheid
          • 2 - Het recht op leven
          • 3 - Het recht op menselijke integriteit
          • 4 - Het verbod van folteringen en van onmenselijke of vernederende behandelingen of bestraffingen
          • 5 - Het verbod van slavernij en dwangarbeid
        • Titel II: Vrijheden
          • 6 - Het recht op vrijheid en veiligheid
          • 7 - De eerbiediging van het privé-leven en van het familie
          • 8 - De bescherming van persoonsgegevens
          • 9 - Het recht te huwen en het recht een gezin te stichten
          • 10 - De vrijheid van gedachte, geweten en godsdienst
          • 11 - De vrijheid van meningsuiting en van informatie
          • 12 - De vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging
          • 13 - De vrijheid van kunsten en wetenschappen
          • 14 - Het recht op onderwijs
          • 15 - De vrijheid van beroep en het recht te werken
          • 16 - De vrijheid van ondernemerschap
          • 17 - Het recht op eigendom
          • 18 - Het recht op asiel
          • 19 - Bescherming bij verwijdering, uitzetting en uitlevering
        • Titel III: Gelijkheid
          • 20 - Gelijkheid voor de wet
          • 21 - Non-discriminatie
          • 22 - Verscheidenheid van cultuur, godsdienst en taal
          • 23 - De gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen
          • 24 - De rechten van het kind
          • 25 - De rechten van ouderen
          • 26 - De integratie van personen met een handicap
        • Titel IV: Solidariteit
          • 27 - Het recht op informatie en raadpleging van de werknemers binnen de onderneming
          • 28 - Het recht op collectieve onderhandelingen en op collectieve actie
          • 29 - Het recht op toegang tot arbeidsbemiddeling
          • 30 - Bescherming bij kennelijk onredelijk ontslag
          • 31 - Rechtvaardige en billijke arbeidsomstandigheden en -voorwaarden
          • 32 - Het verbod van kinderarbeid en de bescherming van jongeren op het werk
          • 33 - Het beroeps
          • 34 - Sociale zekerheid en sociale bijstand
          • 35 - De gezondheidszorg
          • 36 - De toegang tot diensten van algemeen economisch belang
          • 37 - Milieubescherming
          • 38 - Consumentenbescherming
        • Titel V: Burgerschap
          • 39 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de verkiezingen voor het Europees Parlement
          • 40 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen
          • 41 - Recht op behoorlijk bestuur
          • 42 - Recht van inzage in documenten
          • 43 - Europees Ombudsman
          • 44 - Recht van petitie
          • 45 - Vrijheid van verkeer en van verblijf
          • 46 - Diplomatieke en consulaire bescherming
        • Titel VI: Rechtspleging
          • 47 - Recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte en op een onpartijdig gerecht
          • 48 - Vermoeden van onschuld en rechten van de verdediging
          • 49 - Legaliteitsbeginsel en evenredigheidsbeginsel inzake delicten en straffen
          • 50 - Recht om niet tweemaal in een strafrechtelijke procedure voor hetzelfde delict te worden berecht of gestraft
        • Titel VII: Algemene bepalingen
          • 51 - Toepassingsgebied
          • 52 - Reikwijdte en uitlegging van de gewaarborgde rechten en beginselen
          • 53 - Beschermingsniveau
          • 54 - Verbod van misbruik van recht
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Home
  • Work on rights
    Work on rights
    • Rechtspraak, rechten van slachtoffers en justitiële samenwerking
      • Slachtofferrechten
      • Rechten van de verdachte
      • Civiel recht
      • Justitiële samenwerking en rechtsstaat
      • Beveiliging
      • Bedrijfsleven en mensenrechten
    • Gelijkheid, non-discriminatie en racisme
      • Kinderen, jongeren en ouderen
      • Mensen met een handicap
      • Haatmisdrijf
      • Ras en etnische afstamming
      • Godsdienst en overtuiging
      • Roma
      • Geslacht, seksuele geaardheid en gender
    • Asiel, migratie en grenzen
      • Toegang tot asiel
      • Grenzen en informatiesystemen
      • Kinderbescherming
      • Irreguliere migratie, terugkeer en immigratiedetentie
      • Legale migratie en integratie
      • Mensenhandel en arbeidsuitbuiting
    • Gegevensbescherming, privacy en nieuwe technologieën
      • Kunstmatige intelligentie en big data
      • Grenzen en informatiesystemen
      • Gegevensbescherming
      • Onrechtmatige profilering
    • Steun voor mensenrechtensystemen en mensenrechtenverdedigers
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    • Environmental and social sustainability
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      • Business and human rights
      • Human rights due diligence
      • Consumer protection
  • Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
    Het EU-Handvest van de grondrechten
    • Wat zijn grondrechten?
    • What is the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights?
    • Preambule
    • Titel I: Waardigheid
      • 1 - De menselijke waardigheid
      • 2 - Het recht op leven
      • 3 - Het recht op menselijke integriteit
      • 4 - Het verbod van folteringen en van onmenselijke of vernederende behandelingen of bestraffingen
      • 5 - Het verbod van slavernij en dwangarbeid
    • Titel II: Vrijheden
      • 6 - Het recht op vrijheid en veiligheid
      • 7 - De eerbiediging van het privé-leven en van het familie
      • 8 - De bescherming van persoonsgegevens
      • 9 - Het recht te huwen en het recht een gezin te stichten
      • 10 - De vrijheid van gedachte, geweten en godsdienst
      • 11 - De vrijheid van meningsuiting en van informatie
      • 12 - De vrijheid van vergadering en vereniging
      • 13 - De vrijheid van kunsten en wetenschappen
      • 14 - Het recht op onderwijs
      • 15 - De vrijheid van beroep en het recht te werken
      • 16 - De vrijheid van ondernemerschap
      • 17 - Het recht op eigendom
      • 18 - Het recht op asiel
      • 19 - Bescherming bij verwijdering, uitzetting en uitlevering
    • Titel III: Gelijkheid
      • 20 - Gelijkheid voor de wet
      • 21 - Non-discriminatie
      • 22 - Verscheidenheid van cultuur, godsdienst en taal
      • 23 - De gelijkheid van vrouwen en mannen
      • 24 - De rechten van het kind
      • 25 - De rechten van ouderen
      • 26 - De integratie van personen met een handicap
    • Titel IV: Solidariteit
      • 27 - Het recht op informatie en raadpleging van de werknemers binnen de onderneming
      • 28 - Het recht op collectieve onderhandelingen en op collectieve actie
      • 29 - Het recht op toegang tot arbeidsbemiddeling
      • 30 - Bescherming bij kennelijk onredelijk ontslag
      • 31 - Rechtvaardige en billijke arbeidsomstandigheden en -voorwaarden
      • 32 - Het verbod van kinderarbeid en de bescherming van jongeren op het werk
      • 33 - Het beroeps
      • 34 - Sociale zekerheid en sociale bijstand
      • 35 - De gezondheidszorg
      • 36 - De toegang tot diensten van algemeen economisch belang
      • 37 - Milieubescherming
      • 38 - Consumentenbescherming
    • Titel V: Burgerschap
      • 39 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de verkiezingen voor het Europees Parlement
      • 40 - Actief en passief kiesrecht bij de gemeenteraadsverkiezingen
      • 41 - Recht op behoorlijk bestuur
      • 42 - Recht van inzage in documenten
      • 43 - Europees Ombudsman
      • 44 - Recht van petitie
      • 45 - Vrijheid van verkeer en van verblijf
      • 46 - Diplomatieke en consulaire bescherming
    • Titel VI: Rechtspleging
      • 47 - Recht op een doeltreffende voorziening in rechte en op een onpartijdig gerecht
      • 48 - Vermoeden van onschuld en rechten van de verdediging
      • 49 - Legaliteitsbeginsel en evenredigheidsbeginsel inzake delicten en straffen
      • 50 - Recht om niet tweemaal in een strafrechtelijke procedure voor hetzelfde delict te worden berecht of gestraft
    • Titel VII: Algemene bepalingen
      • 51 - Toepassingsgebied
      • 52 - Reikwijdte en uitlegging van de gewaarborgde rechten en beginselen
      • 53 - Beschermingsniveau
      • 54 - Verbod van misbruik van recht
  • Tools
    Tools
    • EU Fundamental Rights Information System - EFRIS
    • Criminal detention database
    • Anti-Muslim hatred database
    • National human rights structures navigator
    • Case-law database
    • Charterpedia
    • FRA e-learning platform
    • Data visualisation
    • Equality data collection: promising practices
    • Fighting hate crime: promising practices
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  • Environmental and social sustainability
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  • Towards a fundamental rights-compliant European Green Deal
Towards a fundamental rights-compliant European Green Deal
glebzter/AdobeStock
15
January
2025

Towards a fundamental rights-compliant European Green Deal

Climate change and environmental protection
Business and human rights
Environmental and social sustainability
Climate change affects the daily lives of everyone in the EU and has significant environmental, economic, social and health impacts. To tackle this, the European Green Deal was adopted in 2019. This report examines the Green Deal from a fundamental rights perspective, with the aim of protecting the right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment for all. It highlights the lack of fundamental rights in EU climate policy and the need to incorporate these rights into future legislation. It also considers how applying a human-rights-based approach to climate policy could support a fair and inclusive transition.
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  • Introduction
  • 1. A human-rights-based approach to the Green Deal
  • 2. The human right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment
    • 2.1. The European Union’s commitment to environmental protection
    • 2.2. International recognition of the human right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment
    • 2.3. The Council of Europe and the human right to a safe, clean, healthy and sustainable environment
  • 3. The Green Deal through a fundamental rights lens
    • 3.1. EU funds and the common provisions regulation
      • 3.1.1. Just Transition Mechanism & Social Climate Fund
      • 3.1.2. Recovery and Resilience Facility
    • 3.2. EU action to address energy poverty
    • 3.3. The European Pillar of Social Rights
    • 3.4. The EU environment action programme to 2030
  • 4. Challenges from existing EU legislation and policies
    • 4.1. Reinforcing existing inequalities through the green transition
    • 4.2. Climate change, health and impact on vulnerable groups
    • 4.3. Energy poverty and fundamental rights
    • 4.4. Employment and green jobs in the just transition
    • 4.5. Equal access to essential services
    • 4.6. Monitoring the just transition
  • Ways forward
    • Systematic integration of fundamental rights in the EU’s green transition
    • Effective application of fundamental rights as enabling conditions of EU funds
    • A monitoring framework for a just transition
    • Ensure effective participation
    • Access to justice and adequate enforcement
  • Abbreviations
  • About this publication

About this publication

© European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2025

Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.

For any use or reproduction of photos or other material that is not under the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights copyright, permission must be sought directly from the copyright holders.

Neither the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights nor any person acting on behalf of the Agency is responsible for the use that might be made of the following information.

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2025

HTML

  • TK-01-25-021-EN-Q
  • ISBN: 978-92-9489-665-1
  • DOI: 10.2811/9516227

Photo credits (cover):

  • Cover: © glebzter/AdobeStock

FRA – EUROPEAN UNION AGENCY FOR FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS

Schwarzenbergplatz 11 – 1040 Vienna – Austria

T +43 158030-0 – F +43 158030-699

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Abbreviations
Related
Photograph of an elderly couple which is covered in blankets and is sitting next to a heater studying a bill.
AdobeStock@257248327
Report / Paper / Summary
Just and green transition
Environmental and social sustainability
29
January
2026

Fundamental rights and housing in the EU’s climate and energy transition

Making homes energy efficient and equipping them with clean energy can help the EU to reach its climate and energy goals. These measures improve living conditions and support fighting energy poverty, but they can also compromise affordability and displace low-income families. This report looks at housing renovation and clean energy installation programmes and wider EU climate and energy transition policies. It analyses their impact on fundamental rights. It finds that measures often inadvertently exclude people or risk exacerbating existing inequalities. Climate and social policies must comply with fundamental rights obligations. This report builds on FRA’s 2025 publication: Towards a fundamental rights-compliant European Green Deal.
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Report / Paper / Summary
Environmental and social sustainability
Climate change and environmental protection
15
December
2025

Climate change - ECtHR and CJEU Case-Law

This factsheet outlines key judgments of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) and the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) relating to the intersection of climate change and human rights. The issues examined include territorial jurisdiction, standards of protection, standing and victim status, and procedural guarantees in climate-related cases, including the rights of access to information. It is intended to assist legal practitioners, policymakers, and researchers in understanding and applying the evolving human rights jurisprudence in the context of climate change within the European legal space.
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BillionPhotos.com / adobestock.com, 2025
Report / Paper / Summary
EU Charter of Fundamental Rights
Support for human rights systems and defenders
8
December
2025

Better legislation – Human rights impact assessments in lawmaking

This report examines how human rights impact assessments (HRIAs) are built into lawmaking across the EU and its Member States. It highlights that, although progress has been made, the use of HRIAs remains uneven and often superficial. In many EU countries, the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights is frequently overlooked. The report identifies insufficient consultation with external experts, limited stakeholder participation and a lack of evaluation once laws are in force. To address these gaps, it offers practical recommendations for more systematic, inclusive and evidence-based HRIAs that strengthen human rights protection and ensure better, more accountable legislation throughout the EU.
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Fundamental Rights Report
Support for human rights systems and defenders
Asylum, migration and borders
Data protection, privacy and new technologies
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation
10
June
2025

Fundamental Rights Report 2025 - FRA opinions

This publication is an excerpt from the Fundamental Rights Report 2025, the annual report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). It presents selected critical developments in fundamental rights in 2024, as well as the key findings and FRA opinions from the report’s chapters.
Read press release
Download full report
Download opinions
Lady justice with EU flag as background
respiro888 / Adobestock.com, 2019
Fundamental Rights Report
Support for human rights systems and defenders
Asylum, migration and borders
Data protection, privacy and new technologies
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation
10
June
2025

Fundamental Rights Report 2025

The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 is the annual report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). It provides an overview of the state of fundamental rights in the EU and highlights selected critical developments and trends in 2024. The report covers issues such as inclusive elections, gender-based violence, and the implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, setting out the actions that the EU and Member States should take. This annual publication is a valuable resource for those seeking to stay informed about the EU’s shifting landscape of fundamental rights.
Read press release
Download full report
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Report / Paper / Summary
Religion and belief
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Hate crime
Racial and ethnic origin
25
October
2024

Being Muslim in the EU - Experiences of Muslims

Racism towards Muslims is increasing in countries across the EU. Muslims face racial discrimination and racist harassment because of their religion, skin colour or ethnic background. This report shows a sharp rise since the last survey in 2016.
Read press release
FRA's Fundamental rights report 2024
Fundamental Rights Report
Support for human rights systems and defenders
Asylum, migration and borders
Data protection, privacy and new technologies
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation
Environmental and social sustainability
5
June
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Fundamental Rights Report 2024

FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2024 analyses the year’s developments in fundamental rights. It focuses on the most pressing fundamental rights concerns facing Europe in 2023: the cost-of-living crisis, rights concerns at the EU’s external borders and migration, and threats to democracy. Re-structured, this year’s new approach is a shorter and sharper analysis. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a summary of the evidence supporting these opinions.
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Industry smoking chimneys with forest overlay.
Report / Paper / Summary
Consumer protection
Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation
Environmental and social sustainability
7
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Enforcing consumer rights to combat greenwashing

Tackling greenwashing is an issue where human rights, consumer rights and climate goals align. Companies use greenwashing to convince people to buy products that are not always as environmentally friendly as they claim to be. They mislead consumers and harm the environment. This report shows how a human rights approach can combat greenwashing. It is based on consultations with experts in 10 Member States. The report identifies gaps in existing laws and enforcement. It includes case studies of consumers seeking remedies for misleading environmental claims.
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Report / Paper / Summary
Child protection
Asylum, migration and borders
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Children, youth and older people
31
January
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Mapping Child Protection Systems in the EU – Update 2023

Children’s rights exist to ensure the safety and wellbeing of every child. Improved child protection systems ensure that these rights are met. In recent years, the EU has taken significant steps to improve child protection systems. This mapping of child protection systems gives an overview of the state of such systems at national level and developments since 2015. It promotes the improvement of integrated child protection systems. It is an update of FRA’s mapping of child protection systems in 2015, based on data collected in 2023 in the 27 EU Member States. By publishing this, FRA aims to support securing the sustainable well-being, safety and rights of all children living in the EU.
Access the data explorer
Montage of faces of various Black people.
Report / Paper / Summary
Racial and ethnic origin
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Hate crime
25
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Being Black in the EU – Experiences of people of African descent

FRA's first Being Black in the EU report exposed widespread and entrenched racism against people of African descent in Europe. Now updated with new data, this report revisits the situation revealing persistent racial discrimination, harassment and violence. Overall, experiences of racial discrimination increased in the EU countries since 2016, reaching as high as 77%. The lack of progress is alarming despite binding anti-discrimination law in the EU since 2000 and significant EU policy developments since then.
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Report / Paper / Summary
Support for human rights systems and defenders
Asylum, migration and borders
Data protection, privacy and new technologies
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Justice, victims’ rights and judicial cooperation
20
October
2023

FRA Strategic Plan 2023-2028

FRA’s strategic priorities and objectives are based on the agency’s role and mission as defined in its amended founding regulation. They build on FRA’s 2018–2022 strategy as well as how it performed, its experience and its vision. Their design takes into account future fundamental rights challenges facing Europe, the agency’s mandate, the broader operational context and the resources available.
Little Girl With Down Syndrome And Boy Hugging
kali9 © iStockphoto.com, 2022
Handbook / Guide / Manual
People with disabilities
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
20
March
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Implementing the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Human rights indicators

This guide helps independent national monitoring frameworks to fulfil their monitoring responsibility set out in Article 33 of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). It focuses on the use of indicators. It does not deal with aspects such as compliance with the Paris Principles or the efficiency of complaints mechanisms. Its objective is to support national monitoring frameworks in designing or improving indicators for assessing progress of CRPD implementation at national level.
Read news item
Roma man outside housing in Hungary
Christophe Vander Eecken / EEA and Norway Grants
Report / Paper / Summary
Roma
Equality, non-discrimination and racism
Children, youth and older people
Hate crime
25
October
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02 November 2022

Roma in 10 European Countries - Main results

This report presents findings from FRA’s 2021 survey on Roma in Croatia, Czechia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Romania and Spain, as well as in North Macedonia and Serbia. The survey includes interviews with more than 8,400 Roma, collecting information on more than 20,000 individuals living in their households. By focusing on Roma, the survey provides unique data and information that are not available from European general population surveys, which do not disaggregate on grounds of ethnic origin. The findings present a bleak but familiar picture of exclusion, deprivation, discrimination and racism.
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Explore survey data
Download dataset
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