Příručka evropského práva v oblasti práv dítěte - Vydání z roku 2022

March

2025

Towards Integrated Child Protection Systems - Challenges, promising practices and ways forward

In recent years, the EU has taken steps to improve child protection, yet some Member States do not have an integrated approach. FRA first produced an overview of child protection systems in the EU in 2014, and an update in 2023. The data is published in FRA’s ‘Mapping of Child Protection Systems in the EU – Update 2023’. This report completements the 2023 update with comparative analysis and provides greater detail on children in vulnerable situations, care and the participation of children in matters affecting them. It also offers guidance on creating comprehensive frameworks that ensure that children’s rights are respected.

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Practical tool for guardians: transnational procedures in the framework of international protection

Periodic updates / Series

April

2024

Practical Tool for Guardians - Transnational procedures in the framework of international protection

This booklet is intended to support guardians assigned to children in the asylum procedure. It covers the technical aspects of the legal procedures related to the cross-border movement of such children. This booklet covers only procedures related to international protection. It is part of a series of four practical tools for guardians of unaccompanied children with international protection needs. The objective is to support guardians in their daily tasks and responsibilities during the asylum procedure, including the procedure under the Dublin III regulation and temporary protection. The tools have been developed by the European Union Agency for Asylum (EUAA) and FRA.

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Report / Paper / Summary

January

2024

Mapping Child Protection Systems in the EU – Update 2023

Children’s rights exist to ensure the safety and wellbeing of every child. Improved child protection systems ensure that these rights are met. In recent years, the EU has taken significant steps to improve child protection systems. This mapping of child protection systems gives an overview of the state of such systems at national level and developments since 2015. It promotes the improvement of integrated child protection systems. It is an update of FRA’s mapping of child protection systems in 2015, based on data collected in 2023 in the 27 EU Member States. By publishing this, FRA aims to support securing the sustainable well-being, safety and rights of all children living in the EU.

Access the data explorer

Young teenager boy at counseling - talking to the therapy professional, close up

Handbook / Guide / Manual

March

2023

Guardianship for unaccompanied children - A manual for trainers of guardians

This manual is designed to help institutions, organisations and individuals to train guardians of unaccompanied children or to deliver ‘train-the-trainers’ courses. It can be used in a range of training contexts, such as professional and academic training, on-the-job training and continuing training. The manual is based on human and fundamental rights principles and ethical standards and recognises that the child and the guardian have their own personal stories, resources and capacities. It enhances guardians’ confidence to promote the child’s rights and best interests. It also enhances their confidence to act independently and impartially in relation to different state
officials, service providers and other community members.

Access the online course

Man in handcuffs — New Africa © adobestock.com, 2022

Report / Paper / Summary

Defendants’ rights

June

2022

Children as suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings — procedural safeguards

Every child has a right to be protected even when they are accused or suspected of committing a crime. The basic principles of justice apply to adults and children alike. But children face specific obstacles during criminal proceedings, such as a lack of understandable information about their rights, limited legal support and poor treatment. The report looks at the practical implementation of Directive (EU) 2016/800 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings in nine Member States – Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Estonia, Italy, Malta, Poland and Portugal.

Podpora pro systémy a ochránce lidských práv

group of people walk on across the pedestrian concrete landscape in the city street

Handbook / Guide / Manual

April

2022

Města lidských práv v Evropské unii - Praktická příručka

Tato příručka může pomoci městům, která chtějí rozvinout úsilí o dodržování lidských práv. Jejím cílem je povzbudit místní orgány k přijetí vyšších standardů v oblasti lidských práv, a zároveň podpořit a rozvíjet vzájemné učení o lidských a základních právech. Na přípravě této příručky spolupracovala Agentura Evropské unie pro základní práva (FRA), skupina měst lidských práv a řada odborníků z praxe působících v EU. Příručka vychází ze slibných postupů a zkušeností měst, regionů, odborníků, mezinárodních organizací a sítí, které lze najít ve zprávě agentury FRA Města lidských práv v EU: Rámec pro posílení práv na místní úrovni.

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Report / Paper / Summary

February

2022

Guardianship systems for unaccompanied children in the European Union: developments since 2014

In 2015 and 2016, the numbers of unaccompanied children arriving in Europe increased dramatically, straining national guardianship systems. This report looks at how EU Member States, as well as North Macedonia and Serbia, have adapted their guardianship systems for unaccompanied children since that time.

Handbook / Guide / Manual

Azyl, migrace a hranice

December

2020

Příručka o evropských právních předpisech v oblasti azylu, hranic a přistěhovalectví - vydání 2020

Evropská úmluva o lidských právech a právo Evropské unie poskytují stále důležitější rámec pro ochranu práv cizinců. Právní předpisy Evropské unie týkající se azylu, hranic a přistěhovalectví se rychle vyvíjejí. Existuje rozsáhlá judikatura Evropského soudu pro lidská práva týkající se zejména článků 3, 5, 8 a 13 EÚLP. Soudní dvůr Evropské unie je stále častěji žádán, aby se vyjádřil k výkladu ustanovení práva Evropské unie v této oblasti. Třetí vydání této příručky, aktualizované k červenci 2020, představuje tyto právní předpisy Evropské unie a judikaturu obou evropských soudů přístupným způsobem. Příručka je určena právníkům, soudcům, státním zástupcům, imigračním úředníkům a nevládním organizacím v členských státech EU a Rady Evropy.

Report / Paper / Summary

May

2020

A long way to go for LGBTI equality

This report presents select findings from FRA’s 2019 survey on LGBTI people in the EU and North Macedonia and Serbia. With almost 140,000 participants, it is the largest survey of its kind. It follows the agency’s first survey on LGBT people in the EU, conducted in 2012. The new survey results show little progress over the past seven years.

Explore survey data

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Graffiti/shadow on a brickwall showing a refugee girl walking with her suitcase — bettysphotos © adobestock.com, 2020

Report / Paper / Summary

View practical guidance infographic

May

2020

Relocating unaccompanied children: applying good practices to future schemes

In recent years, thousands of girls and boys have reached Europe without their parents, and sought international protection. Many of them experienced violence, abuse and neglect in their home countries, and while in transit. They have the right to be protected in line with the provisions of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, the European Convention on Human Rights, and European Union law. This report explores the challenges and good practices gathered in the implementation of such relocation programmes. Based on information FRA collected in 10 EU Member States, it aims to help national authorities to support the relocation of unaccompanied children by taking measures that are fully rights compliant and practically feasible.

Report / Paper / Summary

Legal migration and integration

Access to asylum

November

2019

Integration of young refugees in the EU: good practices and challenges

Over 2.5 million people applied for international protection in the 28 EU Member States in 2015 and 2016. Many of those who were granted some form of protection are young people, who are likely to stay and settle in the EU. The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights interviewed some of them, as well as professionals working with them in 15 locations across six EU Member States: Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Italy and Sweden. This report presents the result of FRA’s fieldwork research, focusing on young people between the
ages of 16 and 24.

Report / Paper / Summary

October

2018

Combating child poverty: an issue of fundamental rights

Almost 25 million children under 18 are at risk of poverty or social exclusion in the EU. Poverty deprives children of educational
opportunities, childcare, access to health care, adequate food and housing, family support and even protection from violence.
This report outlines data and survey findings that highlight the magnitude of child poverty in the EU, but also presents tools
available to counter this phenomenon and keep track of progress made.

Report / Paper / Summary

Judicial cooperation and rule of law

April

2018

Children’s rights and justice – Minimum age requirements in the EU

This report outlines Member States’ approaches to age requirements and limits
regarding child participation in judicial proceedings; procedural safeguards for, and rights of, children involved in criminal
proceedings; as well as issues related to depriving children of their liberty.

Report / Paper / Summary

Judicial cooperation and rule of law

April

2018

Mapping minimum age requirements: Children's rights and justice

The right to access justice and all other relevant procedural rights are not just rights in themselves; they also protect against violations of every other right. Respect for children’s rights in the area of justice is therefore essential. International treaties, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, European Union (EU) secondary law, and national legislation provide a number of relevant rights.

Download reports on minimum age requirements

Handbook / Guide / Manual

Rovnost, nediskriminace a rasismus

Děti, mladí lidé a starší osoby

Osoby se zdravotním postižením

Trestné činy z nenávisti

Rasový a etnický původ

Náboženské vyznání a přesvědčení

Romové

Pohlaví, sexuální orientace a genderová identita

March

2018

Příručka evropského antidiskriminačního práva. Vydání 2018

Evropské antidiskriminační právo, které tvoří směrnice EU o zákazu diskriminace a článek 14 a protokol č. 12 Evropské úmluvy o ochraně lidských práv a základních svobod, zakazuje diskriminaci v celé řadě situací a z celé řady důvodů. Tato příručka zkoumá evropské antidiskriminační právo vycházející z uvedených dvou zdrojů jako vzájemně se doplňující systémy, využívá jejich vzájemné zaměnitelnosti v míře, v jaké se tyto systémy překrývají, a upozorňuje na jejich rozdíly, pokud existují.

Report / Paper / Summary

Legal migration and integration

Hate crime

Racial and ethnic origin

Religion and belief

Roma

Security

December

2017

Second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey - Main results

Seventeen years after adoption of EU laws that forbid discrimination, immigrants, descendants of immigrants, and minority ethnic groups continue to face widespread discrimination across the EU and in all areas of life – most often when seeking employment. For many, discrimination is a recurring experience. This is just one of the findings of FRA’s second European Union Minorities and Discrimination Survey (EU-MIDIS II), which collected information from over 25,500 respondents with different ethnic minority and immigrant backgrounds across all 28 EU Member States.

Explore the data

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Report / Paper / Summary

February

2017

Child-friendly justice - Perspectives and experiences of children involved in judicial proceedings as victims, witnesses or parties in nine EU Member States

Around 2.5 million children participate in judicial proceedings across the European Union (EU) every year, affected by parental divorce or as victims of, or witnesses to, crime. Although their effective participation in such proceedings is vital for improving the operation of justice, the treatment of children in justice systems remains a concern. FRA investigated to what extent children’s rights to be heard, to be informed, to be protected, and to non-discrimination are fulfilled in practice.

Handbook / Guide / Manual

Judicial cooperation and rule of law

Defendants’ rights

Civil justice

June

2016

Handbook on European law relating to access to justice

Access to justice is an important element of the rule of law. It enables individuals to protect themselves against infringements of their rights, to remedy civil wrongs, to hold executive power accountable and to defend themselves in criminal proceedings. This handbook summarises the key European legal principles in the area of access to justice, focusing on civil and criminal law.

Report / Paper / Summary

People with disabilities

Hate crime

December

2015

Violence against children with disabilities: legislation, policies and programmes in the EU

Children with disabilities face significant barriers to enjoying their fundamental rights. They are often excluded from society, sometimes living in facilities far from their families. They are also denied access to basic services, such as health care and education, and endure stigma and discrimination, as well as sexual, physical and psychological violence. FRA scrutinised the important but underreported issue of violence against children with disabilities, carrying out desk research and conducting interviews with knowledgeable stakeholders. This report presents the results of that research.

Report / Paper / Summary

Trafficking and labour exploitation

October

2015

Guardianship systems for children deprived of parental care in the European Union

This report explores the key features of guardianship systems put in place to cater for the needs of all children in need of protection, including child victims and those at risk of becoming victims of trafficking in human beings or of other forms of exploitation. The research covers four specific areas, namely the type of guardianship systems in place, the profile of appointed guardians, the appointment procedures, and the tasks of the guardians.

Report / Paper / Summary

June

2015

Severe labour exploitation: workers moving within or into the European Union

Worker exploitation is not an isolated or marginal phenomenon. But despite its pervasiveness in everyday life, severe labour exploitation and its adverse effects on third-country nationals and EU citizens - as workers, but also as consumers - have to date not received much attention from researchers.

Report / Paper / Summary

May

2015

Child-friendly justice – Perspectives and experiences of professionals on children’s participation in civil and criminal judicial proceedings in 10 EU Member States

Each year thousands of children take part in criminal and civil judicial proceedings, affected by parental divorce
or as victims or witnesses to crime. Such proceedings can be stressful for anyone. The European Union Agency
for Fundamental Rights (FRA) investigated whether children’s rights are respected in these proceedings.

Leaflet / Flyer

September

2014

Child-friendly justice: Key terms

This document provides clear explanations for children of the key terms used in the child-friendly justice project. It explains what rights are and how these rights should be protected during legal proceedings.

Report / Paper / Summary

March

2014

Violence against women: an EU-wide survey. Main results report

This FRA survey is the first of its kind on violence against women across the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU). It is based on interviews with 42,000 women across the EU, who were asked about their experiences of physical, sexual and psychological violence, including incidents of intimate partner violence (‘domestic violence’).

Watch findings

Explore survey data

Watch victims' stories

In brief / Factsheet

November

2011

The fundamental rights of migrants in an irregular situation in the European Union

International and European human rights law impose an obligation on EU Member States to guarantee human rights to all individuals within their jurisdiction. This includes irregular migrants.

Report / Paper / Summary

October

2011

Migrants in an irregular situation: access to healthcare in 10 European Union Member States

This report explores the access to healthcare granted to irregular migrants in 10 EU Member States. It focuses on migrants who are present in an irregular situation, namely those who do not fulfil conditions for entry, stay or residence.

Report / Paper / Summary

Access to asylum

December

2010

Separated, asylum-seeking children in European Union Member States

The arrival of thousands of separated children in the European Union from third countries poses a serious challenge to EU institutions and Member States, since, according to the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, they have a duty to care for and protect children. This report examines the experiences and views of 336 separated, asylum-seeking children and those of 302 adults responsible for their care across 12 EU Member States.

Report / Paper / Summary

Trafficking and labour exploitation

July

2009

Child Trafficking in the EU - Challenges, perspectives and good practices

Trafficking in human beings is a major problem both in the EU and worldwide. Every year a substantial number of children fall victim to trafficking for sexual exploitation or other purposes. There are extremely low numbers of convictions in child trafficking cases. Overall, the report finds that the EU must do more to address the issue. The FRA calls for better legislation to combat child trafficking. The protection and care for victims, in particular, must be improved.

Report / Paper / Summary