eu-charter

EU's charter om grundlæggende rettigheder

Artikel 49 - Legalitetsprincippet og princippet om proportionalitet mellem lovovertrædelse og straf

Artikel 49 - Legalitetsprincippet og princippet om proportionalitet mellem lovovertrædelse og straf

  1. Ingen kan kendes skyldig i et strafbart forhold på grund af en handling eller undladelse, som ikke udgjorde en forbrydelse efter national ret eller international ret på det tidspunkt, da den blev begået. Der kan heller ikke pålægges en strengere straf end den, der var anvendelig på det tidspunkt, da lovovertrædelsen blev begået. Hvis der, efter at en lovovertrædelse er begået, i loven fastsættes en mildere straf, skal denne anvendes.
  2. Denne artikel er ikke til hinder for, at en person domfældes og straffes for en handling eller undladelse, som på det tidspunkt, da den blev begået, var en forbrydelse ifølge de almindelige principper, der er anerkendt af alle nationer.
  3. Straffens omfang skal stå i rimeligt forhold til overtrædelsen.
    • Text:

      Denne artikel gentager den klassiske retsregel om ikke at tillægge strafferetlige regler og straffedomme tilbagevirkende kraft. Man har tilføjet reglen om mildere retsreglers tilbagevirkende kraft, der findes i flere medlemsstater, og som findes i artikel 15 i konventionen om borgerlige og politiske rettigheder.

      Artikel 7 i EMK har følgende affattelse:

      »1. Ingen kan kendes skyldig i et strafbart forhold på grund af en handling eller undladelse, der ikke udgjorde en forbrydelse efter national eller international ret på det tidspunkt, da den blev begået. Der kan heller ikke pålægges en strengere straf end den, der var anvendelig på det tidspunkt, da lovovertrædelsen blev begået.

      2. Denne artikel er ikke til hinder for, at en person domfældes og straffes for en handling eller undladelse, der på det tidspunkt, da den blev begået, var en forbrydelse ifølge de af civiliserede nationer anerkendte almindelige retsprincipper.«

      Man har i stk. 2 blot slettet ordet »civiliserede«, hvilket ikke medfører nogen ændringer i betydningen af dette stykke, der bl.a. tager sigte på forbrydelser mod menneskeheden. I overensstemmelse med artikel 52, stk. 3, har den ret, der sikres, altså samme betydning og omfang, som den, der sikres ved EMK.

      Stk. 3 indeholder det almindelige princip om, at straffen skal stå i rimeligt forhold til overtrædelsen, der er stadfæstet i medlemsstaternes fælles forfatningsmæssige traditioner og EF-Domstolens retspraksis.

      Source:
      Den Europæiske Unions Tidende C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Disse forklaringer blev oprindelig udarbejdet under præsidiet for den forsamling, der udarbejdede chartret om grundlæggende rettigheder. De er blevet ajourført under Det Europæiske Konvents præsidiums ansvar i lyset af de udkast til tilpasninger, som konventet har foretaget i charterteksten (især i artikel 51 og 52) og videreudviklingen af EU-retten. Selv om forklaringerne ikke i sig selv har retskraft, udgør de et værdifuldt fortolkningsinstrument beregnet til nærmere præcisering af chartrets bestemmelser.
    • Alchaster II
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:230
    • Alchaster II
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2025:88
    • Minister for Justice and Equality v MA
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Opinion
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Kinsa
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Policy area:
      Asylum and migration
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:941
    • Neves 77 Solutions SRL v Agenţia Naţională de Administrare Fiscală – Direcţia Generală Antifraudă Fiscală
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (Grand Chamber)
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      Foreign and security policy
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:723
    • MA, intervening party: Minister for Justice and Equality
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      Court of Justice of the European Union
      Deciding body:
      Court (Grand Chamber)
      Type:
      Policy area:
      Justice, freedom and security
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:EU:C:2024:649
    • « Orde van Vlaamse balies » and Peter Callens v Conseil des ministres
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
      ECLI:BE:GHCC:2024:ARR.083
    • Dom Zdravlja Otočac
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Referral made by the Târgu Mureş Court of Appeal
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):
    • Prosecutor- general (Riksåklagare) v MB
      Decision date:
      Deciding body type:
      National Court/Tribunal
      Deciding body:
      Type:
      Decision
      Policy area:
      ECLI (European case law identifier):

    52 results found

    • Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden
      Land:
      Netherlands

      Artikel 16 Geen feit is strafbaar dan uit kracht van een daaraan voorafgegane wettelijke strafbepaling.

    • Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
      Land:
      Czechia

      Article 39 Only a law may designate which acts constitute a crime and what penalties, or other detriments to rights or property, may be imposed for committing them. Article 40 (1) Only a court may decide on guilt and on the punishment for criminal offences. (...) (6) The question whether an act is punishable or not shall be considered, and penalties shall be imposed, in accordance with the law in effect at the time the act was committed. A subsequent law shall be applied if it is more favorable for the offender.

    • Listina základních práv a svobod
      Land:
      Czechia

      Článek 39 Jen zákon stanoví, které jednání je trestným činem a jaký trest, jakož i jaké jiné újmy na právech nebo majetku, ze za jeho spáchání uložit. Článek 40 (1) Jen soud rozhoduje o vině a trestu za trestné činy. (...) (6) Trestnost činu se posuzuje a trest se ukládá podle zákona účinného v době, kdy byl čin spáchán. Pozdějšího zákona se použije, jestliže je to pro pachatele příznivější.

    • Human Rights Act 1998
      Land:
      United Kingdom

      See ECHR provisions of Article 7 which have been incorporated into UK law by the Human Rights Act 1998.. Schdule 1, Article 7 No punishment without law
      1 No one shall be held guilty of any criminal offence on account of any act or omission which did not constitute a criminal offence under national or international law at the time when it was committed. Nor shall a heavier penalty be imposed than the one that was applicable at the time the criminal offence was committed.
      2 This Article shall not prejudice the trial and punishment of any person for any act or omission which, at the time when it was committed, was criminal according to the general principles of law recognised by civilised nations.

    • Instrument of Government
      Land:
      Sweden

      Chapter 2 - Fundamental rights and freedoms: Article 10 No one may be sentenced to a penalty or penal sanction for an act which was not subject to a penal sanction at the time it was committed. Nor may anyone be sentenced to a penal sanction which is more severe than that which was in force when the act was committed. The provisions
      laid down here with respect to penal sanctions also apply to forfeiture and other special legal effects of crime (...)

      Article 11 No court of law may be established on account of an act already committed, or for a particular dispute or otherwise for a particular case. Legal proceedings shall be carried out fairly and within a reasonable period of time. Proceedings in courts of law shall be open to the public.

    • Kungörelse (1974:152) om beslutad ny regeringsform
      Land:
      Sweden

      2 kapitlet - Grundläggande fri- och rättigheter: 10 § Straff eller annan brottspåföljd får icke åläggas för gärning som icke var belagd med brottspåföljd, när den förövades. Ej heller får svårare brottspåföljd åläggas för gärningen än den som var föreskriven då. Vad nu sagts om brottspåföljd gäller även förverkande och annan särskild rättsverkan av brott.(...); 11 § Domstol får icke inrättas för redan begången gärning och ej heller för viss tvist eller i övrigt för visst mål. Förhandling vid domstol skall vara offentlig.

    • Constitutión Española
      Land:
      Spain

      Artículo 9 (…) 3. La Constitución garantiza el principio de legalidad, la jerarquía normativa, la publicidad de las normas, la irretroactividad de las disposiciones sancionadoras no favorables o restrictivas de derechos individuales, la seguridad jurídica, la responsabilidad y la interdicción de la arbitrariedad de los poderes públicos. Artículo 25 1. Nadie puede ser condenado o sancionado por acciones u omisiones que en el momento de producirse no constituyan delito, falta o infracción administrativa, según la legislación vigente en aquel momento. 2. Las penas privativas de libertad y las medidas de seguridad estarán orientadas hacia la reeducación y reinserción social y no podrán consistir en trabajos forzados. El condenado a pena de prisión que estuviere cumpliendo la misma gozará de los derechos fundamentales de este Capítulo, a excepción de los que se vean expresamente limitados por el contenido del fallo condenatorio, el sentido de la pena y la ley penitenciaria. En todo caso, tendrá derecho a un trabajo remunerado y a los beneficios correspondientes de la Seguridad Social, así como al acceso a la cultura y al desarrollo integral de su personalidad. 3. La Administración civil no podrá imponer sanciones que, directa o subsidiariamente, impliquen privación de libertad.

    • Constitution of the Kingdom of Spain
      Land:
      Spain

      Section 9 (...) (3) The Constitution guarantees the principle of legality, the hierarchy of legal provisions, the publicity of legal statutes, the non-retroactivity of punitive provisions that are not favourable to or restrictive of individual rights, the certainty that the rule of law shall prevail, the accountability of public authorities, and the prohibition of arbitrary action of public authorities.

      Section 25(1) No one may be convicted or sentenced for actions or omissions which when committed did not constitute a criminal offence, misdemeanour or administrative offence under the law then in force. (2) Punishments entailing imprisonment and security measures shall be aimed at reeducation and social rehabilitation and may not involve forced labour. The person sentenced to prison shall enjoy, during the imprisonment, the fundamental rights contained in this Chapter except those expressly restricted by the content of the sentence, the purpose of the punishment and the penitentiary law. In any case, he or she shall be entitled to paid work and to the appropriate Social Security benefits, as well as to access to cultural opportunities and the overall development of his or her personality. (3) The Civil Administration may not impose penalties which directly of indirectly imply deprivation of freedom.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
      Land:
      Slovenia

      Article 28 (Principle of Legality in Criminal Law) No one may be punished for an act which had not been declared a criminal offence under law, or for which a penalty had not been prescribed, at the time the act was performed. Acts that are criminal shall be established and the resulting penalties pronounced according to the law that was in force at the time the act was performed, save where a more recent law adopted is more lenient towards the offender.

    • Ustava Republike Slovenije
      Land:
      Slovenia

      28. člen (načelo zakonitosti v kazenskem pravu)Nihče ne sme biti kaznovan za dejanje, za katero ni zakon določil, da je kaznivo, in ni zanj predpisal kazni, še preden je bilo dejanje storjeno. Dejanja, ki so kazniva, se ugotavljajo in kazni zanje izrekajo po zakonu, ki je veljal ob storitvi dejanja, razen če je novi zakon za storilca milejši.

    • Constitution of the Slovak Republic
      Land:
      Slovakia

      Article 49 Only the law shall lay down which conduct constitutes a criminal act, and what punishment, or other forms of deprivation of rights, or property, may be imposed for its commitment. Article 50 (...) (6) Whether any act is criminal is assessed, and punishment is determined, in accordance with the law valid at the time when the act was committed. A more recent law is applied, if it is more favorable for the perpetrator.

    • Ústava Slovenskej republiky
      Land:
      Slovakia

      Čl. 49 Len zákon ustanoví, ktoré konanie je trestným činom a aký trest, prípadne iné ujmy na právach alebo majetku možno uložiť za jeho spáchanie. Čl. 50(...) (6) Trestnosť činu sa posudzuje a trest sa ukladá podľa zákona účinného v čase, keď bol čin spáchaný. Neskorší zákon sa použije, ak je to pre páchateľa priaznivejšie.

    • Constituția României
      Land:
      Romania

      Articolul 23(12) Nici o pedeapsa nu poate fi stabilita sau aplicata decât în conditiile si în temeiul legii.

    • Constitution of Romania
      Land:
      Romania

      Article 23(12) Penalties shall be established or applied only in accordance with and on the grounds of the law.

    • Constituição da República Portuguesa
      Land:
      Portugal

      Artigo 29.º (Aplicação da lei criminal) 1. Ninguém pode ser sentenciado criminalmente senão em virtude de lei anterior que declare punível a acção ou a omissão, nem sofrer medida de segurança cujos pressupostos não estejam fixados em lei anterior. 2. O disposto no número anterior não impede a punição, nos limites da lei interna, por acção ou omissão que no momento da sua prática seja considerada criminosa segundo os princípios gerais de direito internacional comummente reconhecidos. 3. Não podem ser aplicadas penas ou medidas de segurança que não estejam expressamente cominadas em lei anterior. 4. Ninguém pode sofrer pena ou medida de segurança mais graves do que as previstas no momento da correspondente conduta ou da verificação dos respectivos pressupostos, aplicando-se retroactivamente as leis penais de conteúdo mais favorável ao arguido. 5. Ninguém pode ser julgado mais do que uma vez pela prática do mesmo crime. 6. Os cidadãos injustamente condenados têm direito, nas condições que a lei prescrever, à revisão da sentença e à indemnização pelos danos sofridos. Artigo 30.º (Limites das penas e das medidas de segurança) 1. Não pode haver penas nem medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade com carácter perpétuo ou de duração ilimitada ou indefinida. 2. Em caso de perigosidade baseada em grave anomalia psíquica, e na impossibilidade de terapêutica em meio aberto, poderão as medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade ser prorrogadas sucessivamente enquanto tal estado se mantiver, mas sempre mediante decisão judicial. 3. A responsabilidade penal é insusceptível de transmissão. 4. Nenhuma pena envolve como efeito necessário a perda de quaisquer direitos civis, profissionais ou políticos. 5. Os condenados a quem sejam aplicadas pena ou medida de segurança privativas da liberdade mantêm a titularidade dos direitos fundamentais, salvas as limitações inerentes ao sentido da condenação e às exigências próprias da respectiva execução.

    • Constituição da República Portuguesa
      Land:
      Portugal

      Artigo 29.º (Aplicação da lei criminal) 1. Ninguém pode ser sentenciado criminalmente senão em virtude de lei anterior que declare punível a acção ou a omissão, nem sofrer medida de segurança cujos pressupostos não estejam fixados em lei anterior. 2. O disposto no número anterior não impede a punição, nos limites da lei interna, por acção ou omissão que no momento da sua prática seja considerada criminosa segundo os princípios gerais de direito internacional comummente reconhecidos. 3. Não podem ser aplicadas penas ou medidas de segurança que não estejam expressamente cominadas em lei anterior. 4. Ninguém pode sofrer pena ou medida de segurança mais graves do que as previstas no momento da correspondente conduta ou da verificação dos respectivos pressupostos, aplicando-se retroactivamente as leis penais de conteúdo mais favorável ao arguido. 5. Ninguém pode ser julgado mais do que uma vez pela prática do mesmo crime. 6. Os cidadãos injustamente condenados têm direito, nas condições que a lei prescrever, à revisão da sentença e à indemnização pelos danos sofridos. Artigo 30.º (Limites das penas e das medidas de segurança) 1. Não pode haver penas nem medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade com carácter perpétuo ou de duração ilimitada ou indefinida. 2. Em caso de perigosidade baseada em grave anomalia psíquica, e na impossibilidade de terapêutica em meio aberto, poderão as medidas de segurança privativas ou restritivas da liberdade ser prorrogadas sucessivamente enquanto tal estado se mantiver, mas sempre mediante decisão judicial. 3. A responsabilidade penal é insusceptível de transmissão. 4. Nenhuma pena envolve como efeito necessário a perda de quaisquer direitos civis, profissionais ou políticos. 5. Os condenados a quem sejam aplicadas pena ou medida de segurança privativas da liberdade mantêm a titularidade dos direitos fundamentais, salvas as limitações inerentes ao sentido da condenação e às exigências próprias da respectiva execução.

    • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
      Land:
      Portugal

      Article 29 (Application of criminal law) (1) No one may be sentenced under the criminal law unless the action or omission in question is punishable under a pre-existing law, nor may any person be the object of a security measure unless the prerequisites therefore are laid down by a pre-existing law. (2) The provisions of the previous paragraph do not preclude the punishment up to the limits laid down by internal Portuguese law of an action or omission which was deemed criminal under the general principles of international law that were commonly recognised at the moment of its commission. (3) No sentence or security measure may be applied unless it is expressly sanctioned by a pre-existing law. (4) No one may be the object of a sentence or security measure that is more severe than those provided for at the moment of the conduct in question, or at that at which the prerequisites for the application of such a measure were fulfilled, while criminal laws whose content is more favourable to the accused person shall be applied retroactively. (5) No one may be tried more than once for commission of the same crime. (6) Citizens who are unjustly convicted have the right to the review of their sentences and to compensation for the damages they have suffered, as laid down by law. Article 30 (Limits on sentences and security measures) (1) No sentence or security measure that deprives or restricts freedom may be perpetual in nature or have an unlimited or undefined duration. (2) In cases of danger based on a serious psychic abnormality in which therapy in an open environment is impossible, security measures that deprive or restrict freedom may be successively extended for as long as the psychic state in question is maintained, but always by judicial decision. (3) Criminal liability is not transferable. (4) No sentence shall automatically involve the loss of any civil, professional or political right. (5) Convicted persons who are the object of a sentence or security measure that deprives them of their freedom retain their fundamental rights, save for the limitations that are inherent to the purpose of their convictions and to the specific requirements imposed by the execution of the respective sentences.

    • Constitution of the Portuguese Republic
      Land:
      Portugal

      Article 29 (Application of criminal law) (1) No one may be sentenced under the criminal law unless the action or omission in question is punishable under a pre-existing law, nor may any person be the object of a security measure unless the prerequisites therefore are laid down by a pre-existing law. (2) The provisions of the previous paragraph do not preclude the punishment up to the limits laid down by internal Portuguese law of an action or omission which was deemed criminal under the general principles of international law that were commonly recognised at the moment of its commission. (3) No sentence or security measure may be applied unless it is expressly sanctioned by a pre-existing law. (4) No one may be the object of a sentence or security measure that is more severe than those provided for at the moment of the conduct in question, or at that at which the prerequisites for the application of such a measure were fulfilled, while criminal laws whose content is more favourable to the accused person shall be applied retroactively. (5) No one may be tried more than once for commission of the same crime. (6) Citizens who are unjustly convicted have the right to the review of their sentences and to compensation for the damages they have suffered, as laid down by law. Article 30 (Limits on sentences and security measures) (1) No sentence or security measure that deprives or restricts freedom may be perpetual in nature or have an unlimited or undefined duration. (2) In cases of danger based on a serious psychic abnormality in which therapy in an open environment is impossible, security measures that deprive or restrict freedom may be successively extended for as long as the psychic state in question is maintained, but always by judicial decision. (3) Criminal liability is not transferable. (4) No sentence shall automatically involve the loss of any civil, professional or political right. (5) Convicted persons who are the object of a sentence or security measure that deprives them of their freedom retain their fundamental rights, save for the limitations that are inherent to the purpose of their convictions and to the specific requirements imposed by the execution of the respective sentences.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
      Land:
      Poland

      Article 421. Only a person who has committed an act prohibited by a statute in force at the moment of commission thereof, and which is subject to a penalty, shall be held criminally responsible. This principle shall not prevent punishment of any act which, at the moment of its commission, constituted an offence within the meaning of international law.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Poland
      Land:
      Poland

      Article 42.1. Only a person who has committed an act prohibited by a statute in force at the moment of commission thereof, and which is subject to a penalty, shall be held criminally responsible. This principle shall not prevent punishment of any act which, at the moment of its commission, constituted an offence within the meaning of international law.

    5 results found

    • Directive (EU) 2024/1203 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 on the protection of the environment through criminal law

      Preamble 
      (44) The publication of the personal data of convicted persons contained in judicial decisions should only be possible in duly justified exceptional cases following a case-by-case assessment, weighing the public interest against the rights to respect for private life and protection of the personal data of the convicted person provided for in Articles 7 and 8 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’), respectively. 


      (53)To ensure successful enforcement of environmental criminal law, Member States should make available to competent authorities effective investigative tools for environmental criminal offences such as those available under their national law for combatting organised crime or other serious criminal offences, if and to the extent that the use of those tools is appropriate and proportionate to the nature and gravity of the criminal offences as provided for in national law. Such tools could include the interception of communications, covert surveillance, including electronic surveillance, controlled deliveries, the monitoring of bank accounts and other financial investigation tools. Those tools should be used in line with the principle of proportionality and in full respect of the Charter. It is imperative that the right to the protection of personal data be respected.


      (75) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles as recognised in particular by the Charter, including the protection of personal data, the freedom of expression and information, the freedom to conduct a business, the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence and right of defence, the principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties, and the right not to be tried or punished twice in criminal proceedings for the same offence. This Directive seeks to ensure full respect for those rights and principles and should be implemented accordingly.

      Article 1: Subject matter

      This Directive establishes minimum rules with regard to the definition of criminal offences and penalties in order to protect the environment more effectively, as well as with regard to measures to prevent and combat environmental crime and to effectively enforce Union environmental law.

      Article 5: Penalties for natural persons

      1.   Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that criminal offences referred to in Articles 3 and 4 are punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal penalties.

      Article 7: Penalties for legal persons

      1.   Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that a legal person held liable pursuant to Article 6(1) or (2) is punishable by effective, proportionate and dissuasive criminal or non-criminal penalties or measures.

    • Directive 2009/52/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 June 2009 providing for minimum standards on sanctions and measures against employers of illegally staying third-country nationals

      Preamble  


      (37) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in particular by the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union. Specifically, it should be applied with due respect for the freedom to conduct a business, equality before the law and the principle of non-discrimination, the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial and the principles of legality and proportionality of criminal offences and penalties, in accordance with Articles 16, 20, 21, 47 and 49 of the Charter.

    • Directive (EU) 2019/1153 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 laying down rules facilitating the use of financial and other information for the prevention, detection, investigation or prosecution of certain criminal offences, and

      .

    • Directive 2014/42/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 3 April 2014 on the freezing and confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds of crime in the European Union

      Article 4 - Confiscation
      ‘1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to enable the confiscation, either in whole or in part, of instrumentalities and proceeds or property the value of which corresponds to such instrumentalities or proceeds, subject to a final conviction for a criminal offence, which may also result from proceedings in absentia.
      2. Where confiscation on the basis of paragraph 1 is not possible, at least where such impossibility is the result of illness or absconding of the suspected or accused person, Member States shall take the necessary measures to enable the confiscation of instrumentalities and proceeds in cases where criminal proceedings have been initiated regarding a criminal offence which is liable to give rise, directly or indirectly, to economic benefit, and such proceedings could have led to a criminal conviction if the suspected or accused person had been able to stand trial.‘
      Article 5 - Extended confiscation
      ‘1. Member States shall adopt the necessary measures to enable the confiscation, either in whole or in part, of property belonging to a person convicted of a criminal offence which is liable to give rise, directly or indirectly, to economic benefit, where a court, on the basis of the circumstances of the case, including the specific facts and available evidence, such as that the value of the property is disproportionate to the lawful income of the convicted person, is satisfied that the property in question is derived from criminal conduct.‘

    • Directive (EU) 2016/680 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 27 April 2016 on the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detec...

      Article 1 - Subject-matter and objectives
      ‘1. This Directive lays down the rules relating to the protection of natural persons with regard to the processing of personal data by competent authorities for the purposes of the prevention, investigation, detection or prosecution of criminal offences or the execution of criminal penalties, including the safeguarding against and the prevention of threats to public security.
      2. In accordance with this Directive, Member States shall:
      (a) protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of natural persons and in particular their right to the protection of personal data‘
      Article 4
      ‘Principles relating to processing of personal data
      1. Member States shall provide for personal data to be:
      (a) processed lawfully and fairly;
      (b) collected for specified, explicit and legitimate purposes and not processed in a manner that is incompatible with those purposes;
      (c) adequate, relevant and not excessive in relation to the purposes for which they are processed;
      (d) accurate and, where necessary, kept up to date; every reasonable step must be taken to ensure that personal data that are inaccurate, having regard to the purposes for which they are processed, are erased or rectified without delay;
      (e) kept in a form which permits identification of data subjects for no longer than is necessary for the purposes for which they are processed;
      (f) processed in a manner that ensures appropriate security of the personal data, including protection against unauthorised or unlawful processing and against accidental loss, destruction or damage, using appropriate technical or organisational measures.
      2. Processing by the same or another controller for any of the purposes set out in Article 1(1) other than that for which the personal data are collected shall be permitted in so far as:
      (a) the controller is authorised to process such personal data for such a purpose in accordance with Union or Member State law; and
      (b) processing is necessary and proportionate to that other purpose in accordance with Union or Member State law.
      3. Processing by the same or another controller may include archiving in the public interest, scientific, statistical or historical use, for the purposes set out in Article 1(1), subject to appropriate safeguards for the rights and freedoms of data subjects.
      4. The controller shall be responsible for, and be able to demonstrate compliance with, paragraphs 1, 2 and 3.‘

      Article 57. Penalties:
      Member States shall lay down the rules on penalties applicable to infringements of the provisions adopted pursuant to this Directive and shall take all measures necessary to ensure that they are implemented. The penalties provided for shall be effective, proportionate and dissuasive.

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