eu-charter

Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da UE

Artigo 41.o - Direito a uma boa administração

Artigo 41.o - Direito a uma boa administração

1. Todas as pessoas têm direito a que os seus assuntos sejam tratados pelas instituições, órgãos e organismos da União de forma imparcial, equitativa e num prazo razoável. 2. Este direito compreende, nomeadamente: a) O direito de qualquer pessoa a ser ouvida antes de a seu respeito ser tomada qualquer medida individual que a afecte desfavoravelmente; b) O direito de qualquer pessoa a ter acesso aos processos que se lhe refiram, no respeito pelos legítimos interesses da confidencialidade e do segredo profissional e comercial; c) A obrigação, por parte da administração, de fundamentar as suas decisões. 3. Todas as pessoas têm direito à reparação, por parte da União, dos danos causados pelas suas instituições ou pelos seus agentes no exercício das respectivas funções, de acordo com os princípios gerais comuns às legislações dos Estados-Membros. 4. Todas as pessoas têm a possibilidade de se dirigir às instituições da União numa das línguas dos Tratados, devendo obter uma resposta na mesma língua.

Anotações

  • Text:

    O artigo 41.o fundamenta-se na existência da União como comunidade de direito, cujas características foram desenvolvidas pela jurisprudência que consagrou a boa administração como princípio geral de direito (ver, nomeadamente, o acórdão do Tribunal de Justiça de 31 de Março de 1992, processo C-255/90 P, Burban, Colect. 1992, p. I-2253, bem como os acórdãos do Tribunal de Primeira Instância de 18 de Setembro de 1995, processo T-167/94, Nölle, Colect. 1995, p. II-2589, e de 9 de Julho de 1999, processo T-231/97, New Europe Consulting e outros, Colect. 1999, p. II-2403). As formas deste direito enunciadas nos dois primeiros números resultam da jurisprudência (acórdãos do Tribunal de Justiça de 15 de Outubro de 1987, processo 222/86, Heylens, Colect. 1987, p. 4097, ponto 15; de 18 de Outubro de 1989, processo 374/87, Orkem, Colect. 1989, p. 3283; de 21 de Novembro de 1991, processo C-269/90, TU München, Colect. 1991, p. I-5469; e acórdãos do Tribunal de Primeira Instância de 6 de Dezembro de 1994, processo T-450/93, Lisrestal, Colect. 1994, p. II-1177; de 18 de Setembro de 1995, processo T-167/94, Nölle, Colect. 1995, p. II-2589) e, no que respeita à obrigação de fundamentar, do artigo 296.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia (cf. também a base jurídica no artigo 298.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia para a adopção de legislação no interesse de uma administração europeia aberta, eficiente e independente).

    O n.o 3 reproduz o direito agora garantido no artigo 340.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia. O n.o 4 reproduz o direito agora garantido na alínea d) do n.o 2 do artigo 20.o e no artigo 25.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia. Nos termos do n.o 2 do artigo 52.o da Carta, estes direitos são aplicáveis nas condições e limites definidos pelos Tratados.

    O direito a uma acção judicial efectiva, que constitui um aspecto importante desta questão, é garantido pelo artigo 47.o da presente Carta.

    Source:
    Jornal Oficial da União Europeia C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    As presentes anotações, inicialmente elaboradas sob a responsabilidade do Praesidium da Convenção que redigiu a Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia, foram actualizadas sob a responsabilidade do Praesidium da Convenção Europeia, à luz das adaptações ao texto (nomeadamente aos artigos 51.o e 52.o) da Carta introduzidas pela Convenção Europeia e da evolução do direito da União. Embora não tenham em si força de lei, constituem um valioso instrumento de interpretação destinado a clarificar as disposições da Carta.

Jurisprudência

Direitos constitucionais nacionais

28 results found

  • Slovakia / Constitution of the Slovak Republic
    País:
    Slovakia

    Article 26 (...) (5) Public authority bodies are obliged to provide information on their activities in an appropriate manner and in the State language. The conditions and manner of execution shall be laid down by law.

    Article 46 (...) (2) Anyone who claims to have been deprived of his rights by a decision of a public administration body may turn to the court to have the lawfulness of such decision reexamined, unless laid down by law otherwise. The reexamination of decisions concerning basic rights and freedoms may not, however, be excluded from the court's authority. (3) Everyone is entitled to compensation for damage incurred as a result of an unlawful decision by a court, or another state or public administration body, or as a result of an incorrect official procedure.(4) Conditions and details concerning judicial and other legal protection shall be laid down by law.

  • Slovenia / Constitution of the Republic of Slovenia
    País:
    Slovenia

    Article 22 Everyone shall be guaranteed equal protection of rights in any proceeding before a court and before other state authorities, local community authorities, and bearers of public authority that decide on his rights, duties, or legal interests.

    Article 26 - Right to Compensation Everyone has the right to compensation for damage caused through unlawful actions in connection with the performance of any function or other activity by a person or body performing such function or activity under state authority, local community authority or as a bearer of public authority.Any person suffering damage has the right to demand, in accordance with the law, compensation also directly from the person or body that has caused damage.

    Article 39 - Freedom of Expression Freedom of expression of thought, freedom of speech and public appearance, of the press and other forms of public communication and expression shall be guaranteed. Everyone may freely collect, receive and disseminate information and opinions.Except in such cases as are provided by law, everyone has the right to obtain information of a public nature in which he has a well founded legal interest under law.

    Article 40 - Right to Correction and Reply The right to correct published information which has damaged a right or interest of an individual, organisation or body shall be guaranteed, as shall be the right to reply to such published information.

  • Suomen perustuslaki
    País:
    Finland

    17 § Oikeus omaan kieleen ja kulttuuriin (...) Jokaisen oikeus käyttää tuomioistuimessa ja muussa viranomaisessa asiassaan omaa kieltään, joko suomea tai ruotsia, sekä saada toimituskirjansa tällä kielellä turvataan lailla. (...) Saamelaisten oikeudesta käyttää saamen kieltä viranomaisessa säädetään lailla. Viittomakieltä käyttävien sekä vammaisuuden vuoksi tulkitsemis- ja käännösapua tarvitsevien oikeudet turvataan lailla. 21 § Oikeusturva Jokaisella on oikeus saada asiansa käsitellyksi asianmukaisesti ja ilman aiheetonta viivytystä lain mukaan toimivaltaisessa tuomioistuimessa tai muussa viranomaisessa sekä oikeus saada oikeuksiaan ja velvollisuuksiaan koskeva päätös tuomioistuimen tai muun riippumattoman lainkäyttöelimen käsiteltäväksi. Käsittelyn julkisuus sekä oikeus tulla kuulluksi, saada perusteltu päätös ja hakea muutosta samoin kuin muut oikeudenmukaisen oikeudenkäynnin ja hyvän hallinnon takeet turvataan lailla.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    País:
    Cyprus

    Article 29
    1. Every person has the right individually or jointly with others to address written requests or complaints to any competent public authority and to have them attended to and decided expeditiously; an immediate notice of any such decision taken duly reasoned shall be given to the person making the request or complaint and in any event within a period not exceeding thirty days.
    2. Where any interested person is aggrieved by any such decision or where no such decision is notified to such person within the period specified in paragraph 1 of this Article, such person may have recourse to a competent court in the matter of such request or complaint.

  • The Fundamental Law of Hungary
    País:
    Hungary

    Article XXIV (Freedom and Responsibility)
    (1) Everyone shall have the right to have his or her affairs handled impartially, fairly and within a reasonable time by the authorities. Authorities shall be obliged to give the reasons for their decisions, as provided for by an Act.
    (2) Everyone shall have the right to compensation for any damage unlawfully caused to him or her by the authorities in the performance of their duties, as provided for by an Act.

    Article XXV (Freedom and Responsibility)
    Everyone shall have the right to submit, either individually or jointly with others, written applications, complaints or proposals to any organ exercising public power.

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    País:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 29
    1. Έκαστος έχει το δικαίωμα ατομικώς ή ομού μετ’ άλλων να υποβάλλη εγγράφους αιτήσεις ή παράπονα προς οιανδήποτε αρμοδίαν δημοσίαν αρχήν δικαιούμενος ν’ απαιτήση, όπως αύτη επιληφθή αυτών και αποφασίση ταχέως. Η απόφασις της αρχής ταύτης, δεόντως ητιολογημένη, γνωστοποιείται εγγράφως αμέσως εις τον υποβαλόντα την αίτησιν ή τα παράπονα εν πάση περιπτώσει ενός προθεσμίας μη υπερβαινούσης τας τριάκοντα ημέρας.
    2. Εφ’ όσον ο ενδιαφερόμενος δεν ικανοποιείται εκ της αποφάσεως ή οσάκις ουδεμία απόφασις γνωστοποιήται προς αυτόν εντός της καθοριζομένης εν τη πρώτη παραγράφω του παρόντος άρθρου προθεσμίας δύναται ο ενδιαφερόμενος ν’ αγάγη ενώπιον αρμοδίου δικαστηρίου διά προσφυγής την υπόθεσιν, εις ην αφορά η αίτησις ή το παράπονον αυτού.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    País:
    Croatia

    Članak 46.
    Svatko ima pravo slati predstavke i pritužbe, davati prijedloge državnim i drugim javnim tijelima i dobiti na njih odgovor.

    Članak 93.
    (2)Svatko može podnijeti pritužbu pučkom pravobranitelju ako smatra da su, uslijed nezakonitog ili nepravilnog rada državnih tijela, tijela lokalne i područne (regionalne) samouprave i tijela s javnim ovlastima, ugrožena ili povrijeđena njegova ustavna ili zakonska prava.

    Članak 146.
    Državljani Republike Hrvatske su građani Europske unije i uživaju prava koja im jamči pravna stečevina Europske unije, a osobito:
    (...)
    – pravo podnošenja peticija Europskom parlamentu, predstavki Europskom ombudsmanu te pravo obraćanja institucijama i savjetodavnim tijelima Europske unije na hrvatskom jeziku, kao i na svim službenim jezicima Europske unije, te pravo dobiti odgovor na istom jeziku.
    Sva prava ostvaruju se u skladu s uvjetima i ograničenjima propisanima ugovorima na kojima se temelji Europska unija te mjerama prihvaćenima na temelju tih ugovora.
    U Republici Hrvatskoj sva prava zajamčena pravnom stečevinom Europske unije uživaju svi građani Europske unije.

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    País:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 7. Държавата отговаря за вреди, причинени от незаконни актове или действия на нейни органи и длъжностни лица.

Direito da UE

11 results found

  • Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection (recast)

    Preamble 
    (33) The best interests of the child should be a primary consideration of Member States when applying this Directive, in accordance with the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter) and the 1989 United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. In assessing the best interest of the child, Member States should in particular take due account of the minor’s well-being and social development, including his or her background.

    (39) In determining whether a situation of uncertainty prevails in the country of origin of an applicant, Member States should ensure that they obtain precise and up-to-date information from relevant sources such as EASO, UNHCR, the Council of Europe and other relevant international organisations. Member States should ensure that any postponement of conclusion of the procedure fully complies with their obligations under Directive 2011/95/EU and Article 41 of the Charter, without prejudice to the efficiency and fairness of the procedures under this Directive.


    (60) This Directive respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter. In particular, this Directive seeks to ensure full respect for human dignity and to promote the application of Articles 1, 4, 18, 19, 21, 23, 24, and 47 of the Charter and has to be implemented accordingly.

    Article 13: Obligations of the applicants

    1. Member States shall impose upon applicants the obligation to cooperate with the competent authorities with a view to establishing their identity and other elements referred to in Article 4(2) of Directive 2011/95/EU. Member States may impose upon applicants other obligations to cooperate with the competent authorities insofar as such obligations are necessary for the processing of the application.

    2. In particular, Member States may provide that:

    (a) applicants are required to report to the competent authorities or to appear before them in person, either without delay or at a specified time;

    (b) applicants have to hand over documents in their possession relevant to the examination of the application, such as their passports;

    (c) applicants are required to inform the competent authorities of their current place of residence or address and of any changes thereof as soon as possible. Member States may provide that the applicant shall have to accept any communication at the most recent place of residence or address which he or she indicated accordingly;

    (d) the competent authorities may search the applicant and the items which he or she is carrying. Without prejudice to any search carried out for security reasons, a search of the applicant’s person under this Directive shall be carried out by a person of the same sex with full respect for the principles of human dignity and of physical and psychological integrity;

    (e) the competent authorities may take a photograph of the applicant; and

    (f) the competent authorities may record the applicant’s oral statements, provided he or she has previously been informed thereof.

    ...

    Article 30: Collection of information on individual cases

    For the purposes of examining individual cases, Member States shall not:

    (a) disclose information regarding individual applications for international protection, or the fact that an application has been made, to the alleged actor(s) of persecution or serious harm;

    (b) obtain any information from the alleged actor(s) of persecution or serious harm in a manner that would result in such actor(s) being directly informed of the fact that an application has been made by the applicant in question, and would jeopardise the physical integrity of the applicant or his or her dependants, or the liberty and security of his or her family members still living in the country of origin.

    ...

    Article 45: Procedural rules

    1. Member States shall ensure that, where the competent authority is considering withdrawing international protection from a third-country national or stateless person in accordance with Article 14 or 19 of Directive 2011/95/EU, the person concerned enjoys the following guarantees:

    (a) to be informed in writing that the competent authority is reconsidering his or her qualification as a beneficiary of international protection and the reasons for such a reconsideration; and

    (b) to be given the opportunity to submit, in a personal interview in accordance with Article 12(1)(b) and Articles 14 to 17 or in a written statement, reasons as to why his or her international protection should not be withdrawn.

    2. In addition, Member States shall ensure that within the framework of the procedure set out in paragraph 1:

    (a) the competent authority is able to obtain precise and up-to-date information from various sources, such as, where appropriate, from EASO and UNHCR, as to the general situation prevailing in the countries of origin of the persons concerned; and

    (b) where information on an individual case is collected for the purposes of reconsidering international protection, it is not obtained from the actor(s) of persecution or serious harm in a manner that would result in such actor(s) being directly informed of the fact that the person concerned is a beneficiary of international protection whose status is under reconsideration, or jeopardise the physical integrity of the person or his or her dependants, or the liberty and security of his or her family members still living in the country of origin.

    3. Member States shall ensure that the decision of the competent authority to withdraw international protection is given in writing. The reasons in fact and in law shall be stated in the decision and information on how to challenge the decision shall be given in writing.

    4. Once the competent authority has taken the decision to withdraw international protection, Article 20, Article 22, Article 23(1) and Article 29 are equally applicable.

    5. By way of derogation from paragraphs 1 to 4 of this Article, Member States may decide that international protection shall lapse by law where the beneficiary of international protection has unequivocally renounced his or her recognition as such. A Member State may also provide that international protection shall lapse by law where the beneficiary of international protection has become a national of that Member State. 

  • Cross-reference to Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights

    Article 47

    Right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial

    Everyone whose rights and freedoms guaranteed by the law of the Union are violated has the right to an effective remedy before a tribunal in compliance with the conditions laid down in this Article.

    Everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal previously established by law. Everyone shall have the possibility of being advised, defended and represented.

    Legal aid shall be made available to those who lack sufficient resources in so far as such aid is necessary to ensure effective access to justice.

  • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

    Article 340

    (ex Article 288 TEC)

    The contractual liability of the Union shall be governed by the law applicable to the contract in question.

    In the of non-contractual liability, the Union shall, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States, make good any damage caused by its institutions or by its servants in the performance of their duties.

    Notwithstanding the second paragraph, the European Central Bank shall, in accordance with the general principles common to the laws of the Member States, make good any damage caused by it or by its servants in the performance of their duties.

    The personal liability of its servants towards the Union shall be governed by the provisions laid down in their Staff Regulations or in the Conditions of Employment applicable to them.

  • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

    Article 298

    1. In carrying out their missions, the institutions, bodies, offices and agencies of the Union shall have the support of an open, efficient and independent European administration.

    2. In compliance with the Staff Regulations and the Conditions of Employment adopted on the basis of Article 336, the European Parliament and the Council, acting by means of regulations in accordance with the ordinary legislative procedure, shall establish provisions to that end.

  • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

    Article 296

    (ex Article 253 TEC)

    Where the Treaties do not specify the type of act to be adopted, the institutions shall select it on a case-by-basis, in compliance with the applicable procedures and with the principle of proportionality.

    Legal acts shall state the reasons on which they are based and shall refer to any proposals, initiatives, recommendations, requests or opinions required by the Treaties.

    When considering draft legislative acts, the European Parliament and the Council shall refrain from adopting acts not provided for by the relevant legislative procedure in the area in question.

  • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

    Article 25

    (ex Article 22 TEC)

    The Commission shall report to the European Parliament, to the Council and to the Economic and Social Committee every three years on the application of the provisions of this Part. This report shall take account of the development of the Union.

    On this basis, and without prejudice to the other provisions of the Treaties, the Council, acting unanimously in accordance with a special legislative procedure and after obtaining the consent of the European Parliament, may adopt provisions to strengthen or to add to the rights listed in Article 20(2). These provisions shall enter into force after their approval by the Member States in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements.

  • Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union

    Article 20

    (ex Article 17 TEC)

    2. Citizens of the Union shall enjoy the rights and be subject to the duties provided for in the Treaties. They shall have, inter alia:

    (d) the right to petition the European Parliament, to apply to the European Ombudsman, and to address the institutions and advisory bodies of the Union in any of the Treaty languages and to obtain a reply in the same language.

    These rights shall be exercised in accordance with the conditions and limits defined by the Treaties and by the measures adopted thereunder.

  • Council of Europe Convention on Access to Official Documents

    .

  • Directive (EU) 2019/1024 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 June 2019 on open data and the re-use of public sector information

    .

  • Directive (EU) 2017/1371 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 5 July 2017 on the fight against fraud to the Union's financial interests by means of criminal law

    Article 1 - Subject matter
    ‘This Directive establishes minimum rules concerning the definition of criminal offences and sanctions with regard to combatting fraud and other illegal activities affecting the Union's financial interests, with a view to strengthening protection against criminal offences which affect those financial interests, in line with the acquis of the Union in this field.‘
    Article 3 - Fraud affecting the Union's financial interests
    ‘1. Member States shall take the necessary measures to ensure that fraud affecting the Union's financial interests constitutes a criminal offence when committed intentionally.
    2. For the purposes of this Directive, the following shall be regarded as fraud affecting the Union's financial interests:
    (a) in respect of non-procurement-related expenditure, any act or omission relating to:
    (i) the use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents, which has as its effect the misappropriation or wrongful retention of funds or assets from the Union budget or budgets managed by the Union, or on its behalf;
    (ii) non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation, with the same effect; or
    (iii) the misapplication of such funds or assets for purposes other than those for which they were originally granted;
    (b) in respect of procurement-related expenditure, at least when committed in order to make an unlawful gain for the perpetrator or another by causing a loss to the Union's financial interests, any act or omission relating to:
    (i) the use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents, which has as its effect the misappropriation or wrongful retention of funds or assets from the Union budget or budgets managed by the Union, or on its behalf;
    (ii) non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation, with the same effect; or
    (iii) the misapplication of such funds or assets for purposes other than those for which they were originally granted, which damages the Union's financial interests;
    (c) in respect of revenue other than revenue arising from VAT own resources referred to in point (d), any act or omission relating to:
    (i) the use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete statements or documents, which has as its effect the illegal diminution of the resources of the Union budget or budgets managed by the Union, or on its behalf;
    (ii) non-disclosure of information in violation of a specific obligation, with the same effect; or
    (iii) misapplication of a legally obtained benefit, with the same effect;
    (d) in respect of revenue arising from VAT own resources, any act or omission committed in cross-border fraudulent schemes in relation to:
    (i) the use or presentation of false, incorrect or incomplete VAT-related statements or documents, which has as an effect the diminution of the resources of the Union budget;
    (ii) non-disclosure of VAT-related information in violation of a specific obligation, with the same effect; or
    (iii) the presentation of correct VAT-related statements for the purposes of fraudulently disguising the non-payment or wrongful creation of rights to VAT refunds.‘

Direito internacional

6 results found

Produtos

  • Report / Paper / Summary
    4
    November
    2021
    This report outlines to what extent legal aid is available to those held in pre-removal detention in the 27 EU Member States, and in North Macedonia and Serbia, during procedures related to their return. These involve decisions on return, on detention pending removal, the removal itself and on bans on entry. The report also examines when people are entitled to free legal aid and how this aid is funded, as well as who provides representation and various factors that limit the scope of legal aid.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    9
    July
    2021
    This note sets out human rights standards stemming from both the European Convention on Human Rights and European Union (EU) law that apply to effective remedies for human rights violations at borders, together with those on complaints mechanisms and investigations into complaints of rights violations at borders.
  • Periodic updates / Series
    29
    July
    2020
    As we enter the second half of 2020, the constraints on our daily lives brought about by the Coronavirus pandemic have become a firm reality. New local lockdowns and the reintroduction of restrictive measures prompted by fresh outbreaks of the virus are a stark reminder that COVID-19 continues to shape our lives – and our enjoyment of fundamental rights – in profound ways. There is compelling evidence of how the pandemic has exacerbated existing challenges in our societies. This FRA Bulletin outlines some of the measures EU Member States adopted to safely reopen their societies and economies while continuing to mitigate the spread of COVID-19. It highlights the impact these measures may have on civil, political and socioeconomic rights.
  • Periodic updates / Series
    30
    June
    2020
    The Coronavirus pandemic continues to interrupt everyday life in the EU in unprecedented ways. But the way it affects our societies is shifting. As governments gradually lift some of the measures put in place to contain the spread of COVID-19, new fundamental rights concerns arise: how to ensure that the rights to life and health are upheld as daily life transitions to a ‘new normal’. This Bulletin looks at declarations of states of emergency, or equivalent, and how they came under scrutiny. It considers
    the impact on fundamental rights in important areas of daily life, and includes a thematic focus on the pandemic's impact on older people.
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    11
    June
    2020
    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2020 reviews major developments in the field in 2019, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions. This year’s focus chapter explores how to unlock the full potential of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    28
    March
    2018
    This report outlines the fundamental rights implications of collecting, storing and using
    biometric and other data in EU IT systems in the area of asylum and migration.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    15
    March
    2017
    Integrating migrants, refugees and their descendants is of critical importance for the future of the European Union. This report examines Member States’ integration policies and action plans for promoting their participation in society, focusing on non-discrimination, education, employment, language learning and political engagement.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    19
    June
    2015
    The situation at land border crossing points into the EU has received less attention than
    Europe’s southern sea borders, where migrants’ lives are at risk. Although FRA research
    shows that land border checks of third-country nationals are generally conducted routinely
    and take place without incident, a number of challenges affect travellers’ fundamental
    rights.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    27
    November
    2014
    The Conclusions contain suggestions and concerns voiced by participants at the conference, from plenary speakers and panellists through to members of the thematic working groups.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    10
    November
    2014
    The report examines the procedures for and conduct of checks that border guards carry out on third-country national passengers entering European Union (EU) territory at five international airports.