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Título VII

Disposições gerais

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Artigo 52.o - Âmbito e interpretação dos direitos e dos princípios

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Artigo 52.o - Âmbito e interpretação dos direitos e dos princípios

1. Qualquer restrição ao exercício dos direitos e liberdades reconhecidos pela presente Carta deve ser prevista por lei e respeitar o conteúdo essencial desses direitos e liberdades. Na observância do princípio da proporcionalidade, essas restrições só podem ser introduzidas se forem necessárias e corresponderem efectivamente a objectivos de interesse geral reconhecidos pela União, ou à necessidade de protecção dos direitos e liberdades de terceiros. 2. Os direitos reconhecidos pela presente Carta que se regem por disposições constantes dos Tratados são exercidos de acordo com as condições e limites por eles definidos. 3. Na medida em que a presente Carta contenha direitos correspondentes aos direitos garantidos pela Convenção Europeia para a Protecção dos Direitos do Homem e das Liberdades Fundamentais, o sentido e o âmbito desses direitos são iguais aos conferidos por essa Convenção. Esta disposição não obsta a que o direito da União confira uma protecção mais ampla. 4. Na medida em que a presente Carta reconheça direitos fundamentais decorrentes das tradições constitucionais comuns aos Estados-Membros, tais direitos devem ser interpretados de harmonia com essas tradições. 5. As disposições da presente Carta que contenham princípios podem ser aplicadas através de actos legislativos e executivos tomados pelas instituições, órgãos e organismos da União e por actos dos Estados-Membros quando estes apliquem o direito da União, no exercício das respectivas competências. Só serão invocadas perante o juiz tendo em vista a interpretação desses actos e a fiscalização da sua legalidade. 6. As legislações e práticas nacionais devem ser plenamente tidas em conta tal como precisado na presente Carta. 7. Os órgãos jurisdicionais da União e dos Estados-Membros têm em devida conta as anotações destinadas a orientar a interpretação da presente Carta.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Anotações

  • Text:

    O objectivo do artigo 52.o é fixar o âmbito dos direitos e dos princípios da Carta e estabelecer regras para a respectiva interpretação. O n.o 1 trata do regime de restrições. A fórmula utilizada inspira-se na jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça: `... segundo jurisprudência bem assente, podem ser introduzidas restrições ao exercício desses direitos, designadamente no âmbito de uma organização comum de mercado, desde que essas restrições correspondam, efectivamente, a objectivos de interesse geral prosseguidos pela Comunidade e não constituam, face a esses objectivos, uma intervenção desproporcionada e intolerável, susceptível de atentar contra a própria essência desses direitos` (acórdão de 13 de Abril de 2000, processo C-292/97, ponto 45). A menção dos objectivos de interesse geral reconhecidos pela União abrange tanto os objectivos mencionados no artigo 3.o do Tratado da União Europeia como outros interesses protegidos por disposições específicas dos Tratados, tais como o n.o 1 do artigo 4.o do Tratado da União Europeia, o n.o 3 do artigo 35.o e os artigos 36.o e 346.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia.
    O n.o 2 visa direitos já expressamente garantidos no Tratado que institui a Comunidade Europeia, reconhecidos na Carta e agora incluídos nos Tratados (nomeadamente os direitos que decorrem da cidadania da União). Esclarece que esses direitos continuam sujeitos às condições e limites aplicáveis ao direito da União em que se baseiam e previstos nos Tratados. A Carta não modifica o regime de direitos conferidos pelo Tratado CE e agora retomados pelos Tratados.
    O n.o 3 visa garantir a coerência necessária entre a Carta e a CEDH consagrando a regra segundo a qual, na medida em que os direitos da presente Carta correspondam igualmente a direitos garantidos pela CEDH, o seu sentido e âmbito, incluindo as restrições admitidas, são iguais aos previstos pela CEDH. Daí resulta, em especial, que, ao impor restrições a esses direitos, o legislador deve respeitar exactamente as normas estabelecidas pelo regime de restrições previsto pela CEDH, que passam assim a ser aplicáveis aos direitos a que este número diz respeito, sem que tal atente contra a autonomia do direito da União e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia.
    A referência à CEDH visa tanto a Convenção como os respectivos protocolos. O sentido e o âmbito dos direitos garantidos são determinados não só pelo texto desses instrumentos mas também pela jurisprudência do Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem e do Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia. O último período deste número visa permitir à União que esta garanta uma protecção mais ampla. Em todo o caso, o nível de protecção conferido pela Carta nunca poderá ser inferior ao nível garantido pela CEDH.
    A Carta não afecta a possibilidade de os Estados-Membros recorrerem ao artigo 15.o da CEDH, que permite derrogações dos direitos nela previstos em caso de guerra ou de quaisquer outras ameaças à ordem pública que ponham em perigo a vida da nação, sempre que tomem medidas nos domínios da defesa nacional em caso de guerra ou de manutenção da ordem pública, de acordo com as responsabilidades que lhes incumbem e que são reconhecidas no n.o 1 do artigo 4.o do Tratado da União Europeia e nos artigos 72.o e 347.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia.
    Reproduz-se seguidamente a lista dos direitos que podem, neste momento, sem que tal exclua a evolução do direito, da legislação e dos Tratados, ser considerados como correspondentes aos direitos da CEDH na acepção do n.o 3. Dela não constam os direitos previstos na Carta mas não na CEDH.
    1. Artigos da Carta cujo sentido e âmbito são iguais aos dos artigos correspondentes da CEDH:
    - o artigo 2.o corresponde ao artigo 2.o da CEDH,
    - o artigo 4.o corresponde ao artigo 3.o da CEDH,
    - os n.os 1 e 2 do artigo 5.o correspondem ao artigo 4.o da CEDH,
    - o artigo 6.o corresponde ao artigo 5.o da CEDH,
    - o artigo 7.o corresponde ao artigo 8.o da CEDH,
    - o n.o 1 do artigo 10.o corresponde ao artigo 9.o da CEDH,
    - o artigo 11.o corresponde ao artigo 10.o da CEDH, sem prejuízo das restrições que o direito da União possa impor à faculdade dos Estados-Membros de instituírem os regimes de autorização prévia referidos no terceiro período do n.o 1 do artigo 10.o da CEDH,
    - o artigo 17.o corresponde ao artigo 1.o do Protocolo Adicional à CEDH,
    - o n.o 1 do artigo 19.o corresponde ao artigo 4.o do Protocolo n.o 4,
    - o n.o 2 do artigo 19.o corresponde ao artigo 3.o da CEDH, na interpretação que lhe é dada pelo Tribunal Europeu dos Direitos do Homem,
    - o artigo 48.o corresponde aos n.os 2 e 3 do artigo 6.o da CEDH,
    - os n.os 1 (com excepção do último período) e 2 do artigo 49.o correspondem ao artigo 7.o da CEDH.

    2. Artigos com o mesmo sentido que o dos artigos correspondentes da CEDH, mas com um âmbito mais alargado:
    - o artigo 9.o abrange o domínio do artigo 12.o da CEDH, mas o seu âmbito de aplicação pode ser alargado a outras formas de casamento desde que a legislação nacional as institua,
    - o n.o 1 do artigo 12.o corresponde ao artigo 11.o da CEDH, mas o seu âmbito de aplicação abrange também o nível da União Europeia,
    - o n.o 1 do artigo 14.o corresponde ao artigo 2.o do Protocolo Adicional à CEDH, mas o seu âmbito de aplicação abrange também o acesso à formação profissional e contínua,
    - o n.o 3 do artigo 14.o corresponde ao artigo 2.o do Protocolo Adicional à CEDH, no que respeita aos direitos dos pais,
    - os n.os 2 e 3 do artigo 47.o correspondem ao n.o 1 do artigo 6.o da CEDH, mas a restrição aos litígios relativos a direitos e obrigações do foro civil ou a acusações em matéria penal não se aplica no que respeita ao direito da União e sua execução,
    - o artigo 50.o corresponde ao artigo 4.o do Protocolo n.o 7 à CEDH, mas o seu âmbito de aplicação abrange o nível da União Europeia entre os órgãos jurisdicionais dos Estados-Membros,
    - por último, os cidadãos da União Europeia não podem, no âmbito de aplicação do direito da União, ser considerados como estrangeiros, dada a proibição de toda e qualquer discriminação com base na nacionalidade. As restrições previstas no artigo 16.o da CEDH relativamente aos direitos dos estrangeiros não lhes são, como tal, aplicáveis neste contexto.
    A regra de interpretação do n.o 4 baseou-se no n.o 3 do artigo 6.o do Tratado da União Europeia e tem devidamente em conta a abordagem respeitante às tradições constitucionais comuns seguida pelo Tribunal de Justiça (p. ex.: acórdão de 13 de Dezembro de 1979, processo 44/79, Hauer, Colect. 1979, p. 3727; acórdão de 18 de Maio de 1982, processo 155/79, AM&S, Colect. 1982, p. 1575). De acordo com essa regra, em vez de se seguir a abordagem rígida do `menor denominador comum`, os direitos em causa consignados na Carta deverão ser interpretados de forma a proporcionar um elevado nível de protecção que seja adequado ao direito da União e esteja em harmonia com as tradições constitucionais comuns.
    O n.o 5 esclarece a distinção estabelecida na Carta entre `direitos` e `princípios`. De acordo com essa distinção, os direitos subjectivos devem ser respeitados, enquanto os princípios devem ser observados (n.o 1 do artigo 51.o). Os princípios podem ser aplicados através de actos legislativos ou de execução (adoptados pela União de acordo com as respectivas competências, e pelos Estados-Membros apenas quando estes implementem legislação da União); assim, só se tornam relevantes para os tribunais quando há que proceder à interpretação ou à revisão desses actos. No entanto, não podem servir de fundamento a pedidos directos que exijam a acção positiva das instituições da União ou das autoridades dos Estados-Membros. Este modus operandi segue, tanto a jurisprudência do Tribunal de Justiça [cf., nomeadamente, a jurisprudência sobre o `princípio da precaução` referido no n.o 2 do artigo 191.o do Tratado sobre o Funcionamento da União Europeia: acórdão do Tribunal de Primeira Instância de 11 de Setembro de 2002, processo T-13/99, Pfizer contra Conselho, com numerosas referências à jurisprudência anterior; e uma série de acórdãos sobre o artigo 33.o (ex-artigo 39.o) relativamente aos princípios por que se rege a legislação agrícola, por exemplo o acórdão do Tribunal de Justiça no processo 265/85, Van den Berg, Colect. 1987, p. 1155: controlo do princípio de estabilização dos mercados e das expectativas razoáveis], como a abordagem seguida pelos sistemas constitucionais dos Estados-Membros em relação aos `princípios`, especialmente no domínio da legislação social. A título de exemplo, refiram-se os princípios reconhecidos na Carta, nomeadamente nos artigos 25.o, 26.o e 37.o Alguns artigos da Carta podem conter tanto elementos de um direito como de um princípio, nomeadamente os artigos 23.o, 33.o e 34.o
    O n.o 6 refere-se aos artigos da Carta que, no espírito da subsidiariedade, fazem referência às legislações e práticas nacionais.

    Source:
    Jornal Oficial da União Europeia C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    As presentes anotações, inicialmente elaboradas sob a responsabilidade do Praesidium da Convenção que redigiu a Carta dos Direitos Fundamentais da União Europeia, foram actualizadas sob a responsabilidade do Praesidium da Convenção Europeia, à luz das adaptações ao texto (nomeadamente aos artigos 51.o e 52.o) da Carta introduzidas pela Convenção Europeia e da evolução do direito da União. Embora não tenham em si força de lei, constituem um valioso instrumento de interpretação destinado a clarificar as disposições da Carta.

Jurisprudência

Direitos constitucionais nacionais

25 results found

  • The Belgian Constitution
    URL:
    The Belgian Constitution
    País:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Belgians are equal before the law;they alone are eligible for civil and military service,
    but for the exceptions that can be created by a law for particular cases.(...) Article 11bis.(...) The law,federate law or rule referred to inArticle 134 provides for women and men to sit on the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, the colleges of the burgomasters and aldermen,the councils and permanent committees of the public centres
    for social welfare and on the executives of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal,
    inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body.
    The preceding paragraph does not apply when the law, federate law or rule referred
    to in Article 134 provides for the direct election of the members of the permanent
    deputations of the provincial councils, of aldermen, of the members of the councils and
    permanent committees of the social welfare centres or of the members of the executives
    of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body Article 12. The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.
    No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the
    form prescribed by the law Article 15. One’s home is inviolable no house search may take place except in the cases provided for by the law and in the form prescribed by the law. Article 16. No one can be deprived of his property except in the case of expropriation for a public purpose, in the cases and manner established by the law and in return for fair
    compensation paid beforehand. Article 21. A civil wedding should always precede the blessing of the marriage, apart from the exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
    Article 22. Everyone has the right to the respect of his private and family life, except in the cases and conditions determined by the law. Article 29. The confidentiality of letters is inviolable.
    The law determines which officials may violate the confidentiality of letters entrusted
    to the postal service. Article 31. No authorisation is necessary prior to taking legal action against civil
    servants for offences resulting from their administration, except with regard to what
    has been ruled on concerning ministers and members of the Community and Regional
    Government Article 32. Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to obtain a
    copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate laws or rules
    referred to in Article 134. Article 117. Members of the Community and Regional Parliaments are elected for a period of five years. The Community and Regional Parliaments are re-elected as a whole every fi e years.
    Elections for the Community and Regional Parliaments take place on the same day
    and coincide with elections for the European Parliament.
    In execution of a law as described in Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, a federate
    law or a rule referred to in Article 134, passed in accordance with Article 118, § 2,
    fourth sub-paragraph, may derogate from the first and second paragraphs.”. Article 170 § 2.Taxes to the benefit of a Community or Region can only be introduced by a federate law or a rule as described in Article 134.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. § 3.A charge or tax can only be introduced by a province or a supra-municipal collectivity
    by the decision of its council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes described in the first paragraph, the
    exceptions that are proved to be necessary.
    The law can abolish, either totally or partially, the taxes referred to in the first
    sub-paragraph.
    § 4. A charge or tax can only be introduced by the metropolitan districts, federations
    of municipalities or by the municipalities by a decision of their council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. Article 172. No privileges with regard to taxes can be introduced.
    No exemption or reduction of taxes can be introduced except by a law. Article 173. Except to the benefit of the provinces, the bodies responsible for polders and for draining and flood protection, and except for the cases formally excepted by the laws, the federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134, charges can only be claimed from citizens in the form of taxes to the benefit of the State, the Community,the Region, the metropolitan district, the federation of municipalities or the municipality. Article 185. Foreign troops may only be admitted to the service of the State, or occupy or crossthe territory by virtue of a law. Article 186. Military personnel can only be deprived of rank, honours and pensions in the manner described by the law. Article 191. All foreigners on Belgian soil benefit from the protection provided to persons and property, except for those exceptions provided for by the law.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    URL:
    The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    País:
    Cyprus

    ARTICLE 1A
    No provision of the Constitution is deemed as annulling laws adopted, deeds carried out or measures taken by the Republic which are rendered necessary as a result of the obligations of the Republic as a member state of the European Union nor does it preclude Regulations, Directives or other acts or binding measures of a legislative character adopted by the European Union or by the European Communities or by the institutions or competent bodies under the treaties setting up the European Communities or the European Union from having legal force in the Republic.
    ARTICLE 179
    1. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 1A, the Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic.
    2. No law or decision of the House of Parliament or of each Communal Chamber and no act or decision of any organ, authority or person in the Republic exercising executive power or any administrative function shall in any way be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, any of the provisions of this Constitution.

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    URL:
    Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    País:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 1A
    Ουδεμία διάταξη του Συντάγματος θεωρείται ότι ακυρώνει νόμους που θεσπίζονται, πράξεις που διενεργούνται ή μέτρα που λαμβάνονται από τη Δημοκρατία τα οποία καθίστανται αναγκαία από τις υποχρεώσεις της ως κράτους μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ούτε εμποδίζει Κανονισμούς, Οδηγίες ή άλλες πράξεις ή δεσμευτικά μέτρα νομοθετικού χαρακτήρα που θεσπίζονται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ή από τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή από τα θεσμικά τους όργανα ή από τα αρμόδιά τους σώματα στη βάση των συνθηκών που ιδρύουν τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση από του να έχουν νομική ισχύ στη Δημοκρατία.
    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 179
    1. Τηρουμένων των διατάξεων του άρθρου 1Α, το Σύνταγμα είναι ο υπέρτατος νόμος της Δημοκρατίας.
    2. Ουδείς νόμος ή απόφασις της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων ή εκατέρας Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεων ως και ουδεμία πράξις ή απόφασις ιουδήποτε οργάνου, αρχής ή προσώπου εν τη Δημοκρατία ασκούντος εκτελεστικήν εξουσίαν ή οιονδήποτε διοικητικόν λειτούργημα δύναται να είναι καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπον αντίθετος ή ασύμφωνος προς οιανδήποτε των διατάξεων του Συντάγματος ή προς οποιαδήποτε υποχρέωση επιβάλλεται στη Δημοκρατία ως αποτέλεσμα της συμμετοχής της ως κράτους μέλους στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    URL:
    Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    País:
    Croatia

    Članak 3.
    Sloboda, jednakost, nacionalna ravnopravnost i ravnopravnost spolova, mirotvorstvo, socijalna pravda, poštivanje prava čovjeka, nepovredivost vlasništva, očuvanje prirode i čovjekova okoliša, vladavina prava i demokratski višestranački sustav najviše su vrednote ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske i temelj za tumačenje Ustava.

    Članak 16.
    Slobode i prava mogu se ograničiti samo zakonom da bi se zaštitila sloboda i prava drugih ljudi te pravni poredak, javni moral i zdravlje.
    Svako ograničenje slobode ili prava mora biti razmjerno naravi potrebe za ograničenjem u svakom pojedinom slučaju.

    Članak 17.
    U doba ratnog stanja ili neposredne ugroženosti neovisnosti i jedinstvenosti države, te velikih prirodnih nepogoda pojedine slobode i prava zajamčena Ustavom mogu se ograničiti. O tome odlučuje Hrvatski sabor dvotrećinskom većinom svih zastupnika, a ako se Hrvatski sabor ne može sastati, na prijedlog Vlade i uz supotpis predsjednika Vlade, Predsjednik Republike.

    Opseg ograničenja mora biti primjeren naravi pogibelji, a za posljedicu ne može imati nejednakost osoba s obzirom na rasu, boju kože, spol, jezik, vjeru, nacionalno ili socijalno podrijetlo.

    Niti u slučaju neposredne opasnosti za opstanak države ne može se ograničiti primjena odredbi Ustava o pravu na život, zabrani mučenja, surovog ili ponižavajućeg postupanja ili kažnjavanja, o pravnoj određenosti kažnjivih djela i kazni, te o slobodi misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijedi.

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    URL:
    КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    País:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 57. (1) Основните права на гражданите са неотменими.
    (2) Не се допуска злоупотреба с права, както и тяхното упражняване, ако то накърнява права или законни интереси на други.
    (3) При обявяване на война, на военно или друго извънредно положение със закон може да бъде временно ограничено упражняването на отделни права на гражданите с изключение на правата, предвидени в чл. 28, 29, 31, ал. 1, 2 и 3, чл. 32, ал. 1 и чл. 37.

Direito da UE

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1083/oj/eng

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms
    URL:
    Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

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Produtos

  • Fundamental Rights Report
    10
    June
    2025

    Fundamental Rights Report 2025

    The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 is the annual report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). It provides an overview of the state of fundamental rights in the EU and highlights selected critical developments and trends in 2024. The report covers issues such as inclusive elections, gender-based violence, and the implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, setting out the actions that the EU and Member States should take. This annual publication is a valuable resource for those seeking to stay informed about the EU’s shifting landscape of fundamental rights.
    respiro888 / Adobestock.com, 2019
  • Opinion / Position Paper
    6
    February
    2025

    Planned return hubs in third countries: EU fundamental rights law issues

    This FRA Position Paper outlines the Agency’s position on the creation of 'return hubs' in non-EU countries for migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU. Considering the serious fundamental rights risks connected with running return hubs, this legal analysis presents the conditions that would have to be met for return hubs to respect fundamental rights and comply with EU law. These include setting up agreements with the host countries and creating independent human rights monitoring mechanisms. The position paper does not examine centres in third countries that process asylum applications.
    Bettysphotos / Adobestock, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    19
    September
    2024

    Monitoring fundamental rights during screening and the asylum border procedure – A guide on national independent mechanisms

    This publication guides EU countries on setting up independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure fundamental rights are respected during screening and asylum border procedures. These processes at borders are for people arriving from non-EU countries. Monitoring mechanisms are meant to prevent rights violations, protect victims, and support investigations into any allegations of wrongdoing by public authorities. The guidance highlights the importance of transparency and accountability, which builds trust in public authorities. New EU regulations coming into effect in 2026 will require such monitoring systems to be in place. This updates the guidance published in 2022.
    BillionPhotos.com, Adobestock.com, 2024
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    30
    July
    2024

    Guidance on investigating alleged ill-treatment at borders

    Fundamental rights violations on the EU’s land and sea borders often go unreported. Investigations into these violations need to be more effective. This report gathers examples of alleged rights violations of migrants and refugees between 2020 and 2023. It sets out 10 steps to promote prompt and effective national investigations into incidents of ill-treatment at borders.
    Miljan Živković / adobestock.com, 2024
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    5
    June
    2024

    Fundamental Rights Report 2024

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2024 analyses the year’s developments in fundamental rights. It focuses on the most pressing fundamental rights concerns facing Europe in 2023: the cost-of-living crisis, rights concerns at the EU’s external borders and migration, and threats to democracy. Re-structured, this year’s new approach is a shorter and sharper analysis. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a summary of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    29
    November
    2023

    Online content moderation - Current challenges in detecting hate speech

    Online hate speech is a growing problem in today’s digitalised societies. Women, Black people, Jews and Roma are often targets of online hate speech. Online hate proliferates where human content moderators miss offensive content. Also, algorithms are prone to errors. They may multiply errors over time and may even end up promoting online hate. This report presents the challenges in identifying and detecting online hate. Hate of any kind should not be tolerated, regardless of whether it is online or offline. The report discusses the implications for fundamental rights to support creating a rights-compliant digital environment.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    31
    October
    2023

    The European Border and Coast Guard and fundamental rights

    Fundamental rights are an important consideration in European border management. Virtually all activities can have an impact on rights – from risk analysis to training, border checks and border surveillance. Safeguards in laws regulating European border management aim to protect rights. This report is a contribution to the first review of the European Border and Coast Guard Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 that offers an opportunity to reflect on how best to improve the fundamental rights situation at the external borders of the EU.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    6
    July
    2023

    Preventing and responding to deaths at sea: what the European Union can do

    Following yet another recent tragic shipwreck and loss of life in the Mediterranean, this short report sets out examples of actions the EU could take to meet its obligations to protect the right to life and prevent more deaths at sea. As part of the work that the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) does on upholding fundamental rights in asylum and return procedures, this report calls for better protection for shipwreck survivors, and prompt and independent investigations. It sets out measures that EU Member States should take to improve search and rescue efforts and provide legal pathways to safety to prevent deaths at sea.
    © European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), 2023
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    8
    June
    2023

    Fundamental Rights Report 2023

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2023 reviews major developments in the field in 2022, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    February
    2023

    Underpinning victims’ rights: support services, reporting and protection

    Directive 2012/29/EU represents a milestone in the development of victims’ rights. It establishes minimum standards for the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. It defines the scope of support services, guarantees the right to effective protection against secondary victimisation and comprehensively regulates the measures required for this purpose. This report covers three core components underpinning victims’ rights: support services, crime reporting, and protection from secondary and repeat victimisation. Examples highlight the relevant legal provisions in Member States and how specific rights under the Victims’ Rights Directive work in practice.
    Rawpixel.com © adobestock.com, 2023