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Karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali tal-Unjoni Ewropea

Artikolu 47 - Id-dritt għal rimedju effettiv u għal proċess imparzjali

Artikolu 47 - Id-dritt għal rimedju effettiv u għal proċess imparzjali

Kull persuna li d-drittijiet u l-libertajiet tagħha garantiti mil-liġi ta' l-Unjoni jiġu vjolati għandha d-dritt għal rimedju effettiv quddiem qorti skond il-kondizzjonijiet stabbiliti f'dan l-Artikolu. Kull persuna għandha d-dritt għal smigħ ġust u pubbliku fi żmien raġjonevoli minn qorti indipendenti u imparzjali, stabbilita minn qabel bil-liġi. Kull persuna għandu jkollha l-possibbiltà li tieħu parir, ikollha difiża u tkun irrappreżentata. Għandha tingħata għajnuna legali lil dawk li ma jkollhomx mezzi biżżejjed, fil-każijiet fejn din l-għajnuna hija meħtieġa sabiex jiġi żgurat aċċess effettiv għall-ġustizzja.

    • Text:

      L-ewwel paragrafu huwa bbażat fuq l-Artikolu 13 tal-KEDB:
      `Kull min ikollu miksura d-drittijiet u l-libertajiet tiegħu kontemplati f'din il-Konvenzjoni għandu jkollu rimedju effettiv quddiem awtorità nazzjonali għalkemm dak il-ksur ikun sar minn persuni li jkunu qed jaġixxu f'kariga uffiċjali`.
      Madankollu, fil-liġi ta' l-Unjoni, il-protezzjoni hija aktar estiża billi tiggarantixxi d-dritt għal rimedju effettiv quddiem qorti. Il-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja rrikonoxxiet dak id-dritt bħala prinċipju ġenerali tal-liġi ta' l-Unjoni fis-sentenza tagħha tal- 15 ta' Mejju 1986, Johnston (222/84, Ġabra 1986, p. 1651); (ara wkoll is-sentenzi tal- 15 ta' Ottubru 1987, Heylens (222/86, Ġabra, p. 4097 u tat- 3 ta' Diċembru 1992, Borelli vs Il-Kummissjoni (C-97/91, Ġabra 1992, p. I-6313). Skond il-Qorti, dak il-prinċipju ġenerali tal-liġi ta' l-Unjoni japplika wkoll għall-Istati Membri meta dawn ikunu qegħdin jimplimentaw il-liġi ta' l-Unjoni. L-inklużjoni ta' din il-każistika fil-Karta ma kinetx intiża sabiex tbiddel is-sistema tar-reviżjoni ġudizzjarja prevista mit-Trattati, u partikolarment ir-regoli dwar l-ammissibbiltà ta' rikorsi magħmula direttament quddiem il-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja ta' l-Unjoni Ewropea. Il-Konvenzjoni Ewropea eżaminat is-sistema tar-reviżjoni ġudizzjarja ta' l-Unjoni, inklużi r-regoli dwar l-ammissibbiltà, u kkonfermatha waqt li emendatha fir-rigward ta' ċerti aspetti, kif ġie rifless fl-Artikoli 251 sa 281 tat-Trattat dwar il-Funzjonament ta' l-Unjoni, u b'mod partikolari l-Artikolu 263(4). L-Artikolu 47 japplika għall-istituzzjonijiet ta' l-Unjoni, u ta' l-Istati Membri meta dawn ikunu qegħdin jimplimentaw il-liġi ta' l-Unjoni, u dan, fir-rigward tad-drittijiet kollha li huma ggarantiti mil-liġi ta' l-Unjoni.

      It-tieni paragrafu jikkorrispondi għall-Artikolu 6(1) tal-KEDB li jinqara kif ġej:

      `Fid-deċiżjoni tad-drittijiet ċivili u ta' l-obbligi tiegħu jew ta' xi akkuża kriminali kontra tiegħu, kulħadd huwa ntitolat għal smigħ imparzjali u pubbliku fi żmien raġonevoli minn tribunal indipendenti u imparzjali mwaqqaf bil-liġi. Is-sentenza għandha tingħata pubblikament iżda l-istampa u l-pubbliku jistgħu jiġu esklużi mill-proċeduri kollha jew minn parti minnhom fl-interess tal-morali, ta' l-ordni pubbliku jew tas-sigurtà nazzjonali f'soċjetà demokratika, meta l-interessi tal-minuri jew il-protezzjoni tal-ħajja privata tal-partijiet hekk teħtieġ, jew safejn ikun rigorożament meħtieġ fil-fehma tal-qorti f'ċirkostanzi speċjali meta l-pubbliċità tista' tippreġudika l-interessi tal-ġustizzja`.
      Fil-liġi ta' l-Unjoni, id-dritt għal tribunal mhuwiex limitat għal tilwim konness ma' drittijiet u obbligi ta' natura ċivili. Huwa wieħed mill-konsegwenzi tal-fatt li l-Unjoni hija komunità ibbażata fuq l-istat tad-dritt kif ġie ddikjarat mill-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja fis-sentenza tagħha tat- 23 ta' April 1986, `Les Verts` vs il-Parlament Ewropew (294/83, Ġabra 1986, p. 1339). Madankollu, fir-rigward ta' l-aspetti kollha barra dak ta' l-kamp ta' applikazzjoni tagħhom, il-garanziji mogħtija mill-KEDB japplikaw b'mod simili għall-Unjoni.

      Fir-rigward tat-tielet paragrafu, ta' min jinnota li skond il-każistika tal-Qorti Ewropea tad-Drittijiet tal-Bniedem, għandu jsir provvediment għal għajnuna legali fejn in-nuqqas ta' din l-għajnuna jagħmilha impossibbli li jiġi żgurat rimedju effettiv (Sentenza tal-QEDB tad- 9.10.1979, Airey, Serje A, Volum 32, p. 11). Teżisti wkoll sistema ta' għajnuna legali għall-każijiet quddiem il-Qorti tal-Ġustizzja ta' l-Unjoni Ewropea.

      Source:
      Il-Ġurnal Uffiċjali ta’ l-Unjoni Ewropea C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
      Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
      Dawn l-ispjegazzjonijiet ġew imħejjija oriġinarjament taħt ir-responsabbiltà tal-Praesidium tal-Konvenzjoni li abbozza l-Karta tad-Drittijiet Fundamentali ta' l-Unjoni Ewropea. Huma ġew aġġornati taħt ir-responsabbiltà tal-Praesidium tal-Konvenzjoni Ewropea, fid-dawl ta' l-aġġustamenti li saru għat-test tal-Karta minn dik il-Konvenzjoni (partikolarment fl-Artikoli (51 U 52) u ta' l-evoluzzjoni fil-liġi ta' l-Unjoni. Għalkemm dawn l-ispjegazzjonijiet m'għandhomx fihom infushom l-istatus ta' liġi, huma mezz siewi ta' interpretazzjoni intiż sabiex ikunu ċċarati d-dispożizzjonijiet tal-Karta.
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    52 results found

    • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
      Pajjiż:
      Cyprus

      ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 30
      1. Εις ουδένα δύναται ν’ απαγορευθή η προσφυγή ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου, εις ο δικαιούται να προσφύγη δυνάμει του Συντάγματος. Η σύστασις δικαστικών επιτροπών ή εκτάκτων δικαστηρίων υπό οιονδήποτε όνομα απαγορεύεται.
      2. Έκαστος, κατά την διάγνωσιν των αστικών αυτού δικαιωμάτων και υποχρεώσεων ή οιασδήποτε κατ’ αυτού ποινικής κατηγορίας, δικαιούται ανεπηρεάστου, δημοσίας ακροαματικής διαδικασίας εντός ευλόγου χρόνου, ενώπιον ανεξαρτήτου, αμερολήπτου και αρμοδίου δικαστηρίου ιδρυομένου διά νόμου.
      Αι αποφάσεις των δικαστηρίων δέον να είναι ητιολογημέναι και ν’ απαγγέλλωνται εν δημοσία συνεδριάσει, πλην όμως ο τύπος και το κοινόν δύνανται ν’ αποκλεισθώσιν εξ ολοκλήρου ή μέρους της δίκης τη αποφάσει του δικαστηρίου, οσάκις απαιτή τούτο το συμφέρον της ασφαλείας της Δημοκρατίας ή της συνταγματικής τάξεως ή της δημοσίας τάξεως ή της δημοσίας ασφαλείας ή των δημοσίων ηθών ή το συμφέρον των ανηλίκων ή η προστασία της ιδιωτικής ζωής των διαδίκων ή υπό ειδικάς συνθήκας, καθ’ ας κατά την κρίσιν του δικαστηρίου η δημοσιότης θα ηδύνατο να επηρεάσει δυσμενώς το συμφέρον της δικαιοσύνης.
      3. Έκαστος έχει το δικαίωμα:
      (α) να πληροφορηθή τους λόγους, δι’ ους καλείται να εμφανισθή ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου,
      (β) να προβάλη τους ισχυρισμούς αυτού ενώπιον του δικαστηρίου και να έχη χρόνον επαρκή διά την προπαρασκευήν τούτων,
      (γ) να προσάγη ή να προκαλή την προσαγωγήν των μέσων αποδείξεως και να εξετάζη μάρτυρας συμφώνως τω νόμω,
      (δ) να έχη συνήγορον της ιδίας αυτού εκλογής και να έχη δωρεάν νομικήν αρωγήν, οσάκις το συμφέρον της δικαιοσύνης απαιτή τούτο και όπως ο νόμος ορίζει,
      (ε) να έχει δωρεάν συμπαράστασιν διερμηνέως, εφ’ όσον δεν δύναται να κατανοή ή ομιλή την εν τω δικαστηρίω χρησιμοποιουμένην γλώσσαν.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Croatia
      Pajjiż:
      Croatia

      Article 18
      The right to appeal against individual legal decisions made in first-instance proceedings by courts or other authorized bodies shall be guaranteed.
      By way of exception, the right to appeal may be denied in cases specified by law if other legal protections are ensured.

      Article 26
      All citizens of the Republic of Croatia and aliens shall be equal before the courts,
      governmental agencies and other bodies vested with pubic authority.

      Article 28
      Everyone is presumed innocent and may not be held guilty of a criminal offence until such
      guilt is proven by a binding court judgment.

      Article 29
      Everyone shall be entitled have his or her rights and obligations, or suspicion or accusation of
      a criminal offence decided upon fairly before a legally established, independent and impartial
      court within a reasonable period.
      In the case of suspicion or accusation of a criminal offence, the suspected, accused or indicted
      person shall be entitled:
      – to be informed in detail and in a language he/she understands, within the shortest possible
      term, of the nature and grounds for the charges against him/her and the evidence incriminating
      him/her,
      – to have adequate time and opportunity to prepare his/her defence,
      – to defence counsel and unrestricted communication therewith, and to be informed of this
      right,
      – to mount his/her own defence independently or with the assistance of a defence counsel of
      his/her own choice, and if he/she lacks the resources to engage such counsel, to have free
      counsel provided under the conditions specified by law,
      – to be present at his/her trial insofar as he/she is at the disposal of the court,
      – to interrogate or to arrange for interrogation of witnesses for the prosecution and to demand
      the attendance and questioning of defence witnesses under the same conditions which apply to
      witnesses for the prosecution,
      – to assistance by an interpreter free of charge insofar as he/she does not understand the
      language used in the court.
      An admission of guilt may not be coerced from a suspected, accused or indicted individual.
      Evidence obtained illegally may not be admitted in court proceedings.
      Criminal proceedings may only be initiated before the court at the request of an authorized
      prosecutor.

    • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
      Pajjiż:
      Croatia

      Članak 18.
      Jamči se pravo na žalbu protiv pojedinačnih pravnih akata donesenih u postupku prvog stupnja pred sudom ili drugim ovlaštenim tijelom.
      Pravo na žalbu može biti iznimno isključeno u slučajevima određenima zakonom ako je osigurana druga pravna zaštita.

      Članak 26.
      Svi su državljani Republike Hrvatske i stranci jednaki pred sudovima i drugim državnim i inim tijelima koja imaju javne ovlasti.

      Članak 28.
      Svatko je nedužan i nitko ga ne može smatrati krivim za kazneno djelo dok mu se pravomoćnom sudskom presudom ne utvrdi krivnja.

      Članak 29.
      Svatko ima pravo da zakonom ustanovljeni neovisni i nepristrani sud pravično i u razumnom roku odluči o njegovim pravima i obvezama, ili o sumnji ili optužbi zbog kažnjivog djela.

      U slučaju sumnje ili optužbe zbog kažnjivog djela osumnjičenik, okrivljenik ili optuženik ima pravo:
      – da u najkraćem roku bude obaviješten potanko i na jeziku koji razumije o naravi i razlozima optužbe koja se diže protiv njega i o dokazima koji ga terete,
      – da ima odgovarajuće vrijeme i mogućnost za pripremu obrane,
      – na branitelja i nesmetano uspostavljanje veze s braniteljem, i s tim pravom mora biti upoznat,
      – da se brani sam ili uz branitelja po vlastitom izboru, a ako nema dovoljno sredstava da plati branitelja, ima pravo na besplatnog branitelja pod uvjetom propisanim zakonom,
      – da mu se sudi u njegovoj nazočnosti, ukoliko je dostupan sudu,
      – da ispituje ili dade ispitati svjedoke optužbe i da zahtijeva da se osigura nazočnost i ispitivanje svjedoka obrane pod istim uvjetima kao i svjedoka optužbe,
      – na besplatnu pomoć tumača ako ne razumije ili ne govori jezik koji se upotrebljava na sudu.
      Osumnjičenik, okrivljenik i optuženik ne smije se siliti da prizna krivnju.

      Dokazi pribavljeni na nezakonit način ne mogu se uporabiti u sudskom postupku.

      Kazneni postupak može se pokrenuti samo pred sudom na zahtjev ovlaštenog tužitelja.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria
      Pajjiż:
      Bulgaria

      Art. 30 [...] (4) Everyone shall be entitled to legal counsel from the moment of detention or from the moment of being charged.(5) Everyone shall be entitled to meet his legal counsel in private. The confidentiality of such communication shall be inviolable. Art. 31(1) Anyone charged with a crime shall be brought before a court within the time established by law. [...] (4) The rights of a defendant shall not be restricted beyond what is necessary for the purposes of a fair trial. Art. 45.
      All citizens shall have the right to lodge complaints, proposals and petitions with the state authorities.
      Art. 56Everyone shall have the right to legal defence whenever his rights or legitimate interests are violated or endangered. He shall have the right to be accompanied by legal counsel when appearing before an agency of the State. Art. 117.
      (1) The judiciary shall protect the rights and legitimate interests of all citizens, legal entities and the State. [...] Art. 120.
      (1) The courts shall supervise the legality of the acts and actions of the administrative bodies.
      (2) Citizens and legal entities shall be free to challange any administrative act which affects them, except those listed expressly by the laws. Art. 122(1) Citizens and legal entities shall have the right to legal counsel at all stages of a trial.(2) The procedure by which the right to legal counsel shall be practiced shall be established by law.

    • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
      Pajjiż:
      Bulgaria

      Чл. 30 [...] (4) Всеки има право на адвокатска защита от момента на задържането му или на привличането му като обвиняем.(5) Всеки има право да се среща насаме с лицето, което го защитава. Тайната на техните съобщения е неприкосновена. Чл. 31(1) Всеки обвинен в престъпление следва да бъде предаден на съдебната власт в законно определения срок. [...] (4) Не се допускат ограничения на правата на обвиняемия, надхвърлящи необходимото за осъществяване на правосъдието.Чл. 45. Гражданите имат право на жалби, предложения и петиции до държавните органи. Чл. 56 Всеки гражданин има право на защита, когато са нарушени или застрашени негови права или законни интереси. В държавните учреждения той може да се явява и със защитник. Чл. 117. (1) Съдебната власт защитава правата и законните интереси на гражданите, юридическите лица и държавата. [...] Чл. 120. (1) Съдилищата осъществяват контрол за законност на актове и действия на административните органи. (2) Гражданите и юридическите лица могат да обжалват всички административни актове, които ги засягат, освен изрично посочените със закон. Чл. 122(1) Гражданите и юридическите лица имат право на защита във всички стадии на процеса.(2) Редът за упражняване правото на защита се определя със закон.

    • De Belgische Grondwet
      Pajjiż:
      Belgium

      Art 12De vrijheid van de persoon is gewaarborgd.Niemand kan worden vervolgd dan in de gevallen die de wet bepaalt en in de vorm die zij voorschrijft.(...) Art 13Niemand kan tegen zijn wil worden afgetrokken van de rechter die de wet hem toekent.Art 14Geen straf kan worden ingevoerd of toegepast dan krachtens de wet.Art 23Ieder heeft het recht een menswaardig leven te leiden.Daartoe waarborgen de wet, het decreet of de in artikel 134 bedoelde regel, rekening houdend met de overeenkomstige plichten, de economische, sociale en culturele rechten, waarvan ze de voorwaarden voor de uitoefening bepalen.Die rechten omvatten inzonderheid:(...) 2° het recht op sociale zekerheid, bescherming van de gezondheid en sociale, geneeskundige en juridische bijstand(...);Art 144Geschillen over burgerlijke rechten behoren bij uitsluiting tot de bevoegdheid van de rechtbanken.Art 145Geschillen over politieke rechten behoren tot de bevoegdheid van de rechtbanken, behoudens de bij de wet gestelde uitzonderingen.Art 146Geen rechtbank, geen met eigenlijke rechtspraak belast orgaan kan worden ingesteld dan krachtens een wet. Geen buitengewone rechtbanken of commissies kunnen, onder welke benaming ook, in het leven worden geroepen.Art 148De terechtzittingen van de rechtbanken zijn openbaar, tenzij de openbaarheid gevaar oplevert voor de orde of de goede zeden; in dat geval wordt zulks door de rechtbank bij vonnis verklaard.Inzake politieke misdrijven en drukpersmisdrijven kan het sluiten der deuren niet dan met algemene stemmen worden uitgesproken.Art 149Elk vonnis is met redenen omkleed. Het wordt in openbare terechtzitting uitgesproken.

    • La Constitution Belge
      Pajjiż:
      Belgium

      Art 12La liberté individuelle est garantie.Nul ne peut être poursuivi que dans les cas prévus par la loi, et dans la forme qu'elle prescrit.(...) Art 13Nul ne peut être distrait, contre son gré, du juge que la loi lui assigne.Art 14Nulle peine ne peut être établie ni appliquée qu'en vertu de la loi.Art 23Chacun a le droit de mener une vie conforme à la dignité humaine.A cette fin, la loi, le décret ou la règle visée à l'article 134 garantissent, en tenant compte des obligations correspondantes, les droits économiques, sociaux et culturels, et déterminent les conditions de leur exercice.Ces droits comprennent notamment :(...) 2° le droit à la sécurité sociale, à la protection de la santé et à l'aide sociale, médicale et juridique(...);Art 144Les contestations qui ont pour objet des droits civils sont exclusivement du ressort des tribunaux.(....)Art 145Les contestations qui ont pour objet des droits politiques sont du ressort des tribunaux, sauf les exceptions établies par la loi.Art 146Nul tribunal, nulle juridiction contentieuse ne peut être établi qu'en vertu d'une loi. Il ne peu être créé de commissions ni de tribunaux extraordinaires, sous quelque dénomination que ce soit.Art 148Les audiences des tribunaux sont publiques, à moins que cette publicité ne soit dangereuse pour l'ordre ou les moeurs; et, dans ce cas, le tribunal le déclare par un jugement.En matière de délits politiques et de presse, le huis clos ne peut être prononcé qu'à l'unanimité.Art 149Tout jugement est motivé. Il est prononcé en audience publique.

    • The Belgian Constitution
      Pajjiż:
      Belgium

      Article 12.The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the form prescribed by the law.(...) Article 13.No one can be separated, against his will, from the judge that the law has assigned to him. Article 14.No punishment can be introduced or administered except by virtue of the law. Article 23.Everyone has the right to lead a life in keeping with human dignity.
      To this end, the laws, federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134 guarantee
      economic, social and cultural rights, taking into account corresponding obligations, and
      determine the conditions for exercising them:(...) 2° the right to social security, to health care and to social, medical and legal aid;(...) Article 144.Disputes about civil rights belong exclusively to the competence of the courts. However, the law can empower the Council of State or federal administrative courts, in accordance with the terms it specifies, to rule on the effects that their decisions have with respect to civil law. Article 145.Disputes about political rights belong to the competence of the courts, except for the exceptions established by the law. Article 146. A court and a body capable of rendering judgment can only be established by virtue of a law. No extraordinary courts or commissions may be created, no matter under which designation. Article 148. Court hearings are public, unless such public access endangers morals or the peace; if such is the case, the Court so declares in a judgment.In cases of political or press offences, proceedings can only be conducted in camera on the basis of a unanimous vote. Article 149.Each judgment is supported by reasons. It is pronounced publicly.

    • Bundes-Verfassungsgesetz (B-VG)
      Pajjiż:
      Austria

      Artikel 83(2) Niemand darf seinem gesetzlichen Richter entzogen werden. Artikel 87(1) Die Richter sind in Ausübung ihres richterlichen Amtes unabhängig.(...) Article 90(1) Die Verhandlungen in Zivil- und Strafrechtssachen vor dem erkennenden Gericht sind mündlich und öffentlich. Ausnahmen bestimmt das Gesetz.

    • Constitution of the Republic of Austria
      Pajjiż:
      Austria

      Article 83(2) No one may be deprived of his lawful judge. Article 87(1) Judges are independent in the exercise of their judicial office.(...) Article 90(1) Hearings in civil and criminal cases are oral and public. Exceptions are regulated by law.

    • European Convention on Human Rights - Article 6
      Pajjiż:
      Austria

      Article 6 – Right to a fair trial

      1 In the determination of his civil rights and obligations or of any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law. Judgment shall be pronounced publicly but the press and public may be excluded from all or part of the trial in the interests of morals, public order or national security in a democratic society, where the interests of juveniles or the protection of the private life of the parties so require, or to the extent strictly necessary in the opinion of the court in special circumstances where publicity would prejudice the interests of justice.

      2 Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.

      3 Everyone charged with a criminal offence has the following minimum rights:

      a to be informed promptly, in a language which he understands and in detail, of the nature and cause of the accusation against him;

      b to have adequate time and facilities for the preparation of his defence;

      c to defend himself in person or through legal assistance of his own choosing or, if he has not sufficient means to pay for legal assistance, to be given it free when the interests of justice so require;

      d to examine or have examined witnesses against him and to obtain the attendance and examination of witnesses on his behalf under the same conditions as witnesses against him;

      e to have the free assistance of an interpreter if he cannot understand or speak the language used in court.

    • Konvention zum Schutze der Menschenrechte und Grundfreiheiten
      Pajjiż:
      Austria

      Artikel 6 (1) Jedermann hat Anspruch darauf, daß seine Sache in billiger Weise öffentlich und innerhalb einer angemessenen Frist gehört wird, und zwar von einem unabhängigen und unparteiischen, auf Gesetz beruhenden Gericht, das über zivilrechtliche Ansprüche und Verpflichtungen oder über die Stichhaltigkeit der gegen ihn erhobenen strafrechtlichen Anklage zu entscheiden hat. Das Urteil muß öffentlich verkündet werden, jedoch kann die Presse und die Öffentlichkeit während der gesamten Verhandlung oder eines Teiles derselben im Interesse der Sittlichkeit, der öffentlichen Ordnung oder der nationalen Sicherheit in einem demokratischen Staat ausgeschlossen werden, oder wenn die Interessen von Jugendlichen oder der Schutz des Privatlebens der Prozeßparteien es verlangen, oder, und zwar unter besonderen Umständen, wenn die öffentliche Verhandlung die Interessen der Rechtspflege beeinträchtigen würde, in diesem Fall jedoch nur in dem nach Auffassung des Gerichts erforderlichen Umfang. (3) Jeder Angeklagte hat mindestens (englischer Text) insbesondere (französischer Text) die folgenden Rechte: a) in möglichst kurzer Frist in einer für ihn verständlichen Sprache in allen Einzelheiten über die Art und den Grund der gegen ihn erhobenen Beschuldigung in Kenntnis gesetzt zu werden; b) über ausreichende Zeit und Gelegenheit zur Vorbereitung seiner Verteidigung zu verfügen; c) sich selbst zu verteidigen oder den Beistand eines Verteidigers seiner Wahl zu erhalten und, falls er nicht über die Mittel zur Bezahlung eines Verteidigers verfügt, unentgeltlich den Beistand eines Pflichtverteidigers zu erhalten, wenn dies im Interesse der Rechtspflege erforderlich ist; d) Fragen an die Belastungszeugen zu stellen oder stellen zu lassen und die Ladung und Vernehmung der Entlastungszeugen unter denselben Bedingungen wie die der Belastungszeugen zu erwirken; e) die unentgeltliche Beiziehung eines Dolmetschers zu verlangen, wenn der Angeklagte die Verhandlungssprache des Gerichts nicht versteht oder sich nicht darin ausdrücken kann.

    35 results found

    • Regulation (EU) 2021/784 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2021 on addressing the dissemination of terrorist content online

      Preamble 


      (20) It should be possible for the competent authority of the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established to scrutinise the removal order issued by competent authorities of another Member State to determine whether it seriously or manifestly infringes this Regulation or the fundamental rights enshrined in the Charter. Both the content provider and the hosting service provider should have the right to request such scrutiny by the competent authority in the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established. Where such a request is made, that competent authority should adopt a decision on whether the removal order comprises such an infringement. Where that decision finds such an infringement, the removal order should cease to have legal effects. The scrutiny should be carried out swiftly so as to ensure that erroneously removed or disabled content is reinstated as soon as possible.


      (23) When putting in place specific measures, hosting service providers should ensure that users’ right to freedom of expression and information as well as the freedom and pluralism of the media as protected under the Charter are preserved. In addition to any requirement laid down in the law, including legislation on the protection of personal data, hosting service providers should act with due diligence and implement safeguards, where appropriate, including human oversight and verifications, to avoid any unintended or erroneous decision leading to the removal of or disabling of access to content that is not terrorist content.

      Article 1: Subject matter and scope

      1. This Regulation lays down uniform rules to address the misuse of hosting services for the dissemination to the public of terrorist content online, in particular on:

      (a) reasonable and proportionate duties of care to be applied by hosting service providers in order to address the dissemination to the public of terrorist content through their services and ensure, where necessary, the expeditious removal of or disabling of access to such content;

      (b) the measures to be put in place by Member States, in accordance with Union law and subject to suitable safeguards to protect fundamental rights, in particular the freedom of expression and information in an open and democratic society, in order to:

      (i) identify and ensure the expeditious removal of terrorist content by hosting service providers; and

      (ii) facilitate cooperation among the competent authorities of Member States, hosting service providers and, where appropriate, Europol.

      2. This Regulation applies to hosting service providers offering services in the Union, irrespective of their place of main establishment, insofar as they disseminate information to the public.

      3. Material disseminated to the public for educational, journalistic, artistic or research purposes or for the purposes of preventing or countering terrorism, including material which represents an expression of polemic or controversial views in the course of public debate, shall not be considered to be terrorist content. An assessment shall determine the true purpose of that dissemination and whether material is disseminated to the public for those purposes.

      4. This Regulation shall not have the effect of modifying the obligation to respect the rights, freedoms and principles referred to in Article 6 TEU and shall apply without prejudice to fundamental principles relating to freedom of expression and information, including freedom and pluralism of the media.

      5. This Regulation shall be without prejudice to Directives 2000/31/EC and 2010/13/EU. For audiovisual media services as defined in point (a) of Article 1(1) of Directive 2010/13/EU, Directive 2010/13/EU shall prevail.

      Article 4: Procedure for cross-borders removal orders 

      3.   The competent authority of the Member State where the hosting service provider has its main establishment or where its legal representative resides or is established may, on its own initiative, within 72 hours of receiving the copy of the removal order in accordance with paragraph 1, scrutinise the removal order to determine whether it seriously or manifestly infringes this Regulation or the fundamental rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Charter.

      Where it finds an infringement, it shall, within the same period, adopt a reasoned decision to that effect. 

    • Directive (EU) 2016/800 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 May 2016 on procedural safeguards for children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings

      Preamble

      (31) Member States should be able to derogate temporarily from the obligation to provide assistance by a lawyer in the pre-trial phase for compelling reasons, namely where there is an urgent need to avert serious adverse consequences for the life, liberty or physical integrity of a person, or where immediate action by the investigating authorities is imperative to prevent substantial jeopardy to criminal proceedings in relation to a serious criminal offence, inter alia, with a view to obtaining information concerning the alleged co-perpetrators of a serious criminal offence, or in order to avoid the loss of important evidence regarding a serious criminal offence. During a temporary derogation for one of those compelling reasons, the competent authorities should be able to question children without the lawyer being present, provided that they have been informed of their right to remain silent and can exercise that right, and that such questioning does not prejudice the rights of the defence, including the right not to incriminate oneself. It should be possible to carry out questioning, to the extent necessary, for the sole purpose of obtaining information that is essential to avert serious adverse consequences for the life, liberty or physical integrity of a person, or to prevent substantial jeopardy to criminal proceedings. Any abuse of this temporary derogation would, in principle, irretrievably prejudice the rights of the defence.‘
       

      (33) Confidentiality of communication between children and their lawyer is key to ensuring the effective exercise of the rights of the defence and is an essential part of the right to a fair trial. Member States should therefore respect the confidentiality of meetings and other forms of communication between the lawyer and the child in the context of the assistance by a lawyer provided for in this Directive, without derogation.

      (35) Children who are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings should have the right to an individual assessment to identify their specific needs in terms of protection, education, training and social integration, to determine if and to what extent they would need special measures during the criminal proceedings, the extent of their criminal responsibility and the appropriateness of a particular penalty or educative measure.

      Article 3: Definitions
      For the purposes of this Directive the following definitions apply:
      (1) ‘child’ means a person below the age of 18;
      (2) ‘holder of parental responsibility’ means any person having parental responsibility over a child;  [...]
      With regard to point (1) of the first paragraph, where it is uncertain whether a person has reached the age of 18, that person shall be presumed to be a child.


      Article 4: Right to information
      1.   Member States shall ensure that when children are made aware that they are suspects or accused persons in criminal proceedings, they are informed promptly about their rights [...].


      Article 5 - Right of the child to have the holder of parental responsibility informed
      1.   Member States shall ensure that the holder of parental responsibility is provided, as soon as possible, with the information that the child has a right to receive in accordance with Article 4.

      Article 6: Assistance by a lawyer
      2.   Member States shall ensure that children are assisted by a lawyer in accordance with this Article in order to allow them to exercise the rights of the defence effectively.

       

       

      Article 10: Limitation of deprivation of liberty
      1.   Member States shall ensure that deprivation of liberty of a child at any stage of the proceedings is limited to the shortest appropriate period of time. Due account shall be taken of the age and individual situation of the child, and of the particular circumstances of the case.
      2.   Member States shall ensure that deprivation of liberty, in particular detention, shall be imposed on children only as a measure of last resort. Member States shall ensure that any detention is based on a reasoned decision, subject to judicial review by a court. Such a decision shall also be subject to periodic review, at reasonable intervals of time, by a court, either ex officio or at the request of the child, of the child's lawyer, or of a judicial authority which is not a court. Without prejudice to judicial independence, Member States shall ensure that decisions to be taken pursuant to this paragraph are taken without undue delay. 
       

      Article 11: Alternative measures
      Member States shall ensure that, where possible, the competent authorities have recourse to measures alternative to detention (alternative measures).
       

      Article 12: Specific treatment in the case of deprivation of liberty
      1.   Member States shall ensure that children who are detained are held separately from adults, unless it is considered to be in the child's best interests not to do so.
      2.   Member States shall also ensure that children who are kept in police custody are held separately from adults, unless:
      (a) it is considered to be in the child's best interests not to do so; or
      (b) in exceptional circumstances, it is not possible in practice to do so, provided that children are held together with adults in a manner that is compatible with the child's best interests.
      3.   Without prejudice to paragraph 1, when a detained child reaches the age of 18, Member States shall provide for the possibility to continue to hold that person separately from other detained adults where warranted, taking into account the circumstances of the person concerned, provided that this is compatible with the best interests of children who are detained with that person.
      4.   Without prejudice to paragraph 1, and taking into account paragraph 3, children may be detained with young adults, unless this is contrary to the child's best interests.
      5.   When children are detained, Member States shall take appropriate measures to:
      (a) ensure and preserve their health and their physical and mental development;
      (b) ensure their right to education and training, including where the children have physical, sensory or learning disabilities;
      (c) ensure the effective and regular exercise of their right to family life;
      (d) ensure access to programmes that foster their development and their reintegration into society; and
      (e) ensure respect for their freedom of religion or belief.
      The measures taken pursuant to this paragraph shall be proportionate and appropriate to the duration of the detention.
      Points (a) and (e) of the first subparagraph shall also apply to situations of deprivation of liberty other than detention. The measures taken shall be proportionate and appropriate to such situations of deprivation of liberty.
      Points (b), (c), and (d) of the first subparagraph shall apply to situations of deprivation of liberty other than detention only to the extent that is appropriate and proportionate in the light of the nature and duration of such situations.
      6.   Member States shall endeavour to ensure that children who are deprived of liberty can meet with the holder of parental responsibility as soon as possible, where such a meeting is compatible with investigative and operational requirements. This paragraph shall be without prejudice to the nomination or designation of another appropriate adult pursuant to Article 5 or 15.
       

    • Council Regulation (EU) 2016/1103 of 24 June 2016 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of jurisdiction, applicable law and the recognition and enforcement of decisions in matters of matrimonial property regimes

      [...]

      (73) This Regulation respects fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised in the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 9, 17, 21 and 47 concerning, respectively, respect for private and family life, the right to marry and to found a family according to national laws, property rights, the principle of non-discrimination and the right to an effective remedy and to a fair trial. This Regulation should be applied by the courts and other competent authorities of the Member States in compliance with those rights and principles.

      [...]

    • Regulation (EU) 2023/1543 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 12 July 2023 on European Production Orders and European Preservation Orders for electronic evidence in criminal proceedings and for the execution of custodial sentences

      Preamble 


      (13) The respect for private and family life and the protection of natural persons regarding the processing of personal data are fundamental rights. In accordance with Article 7 and Article 8(1) of the Charter, everyone has the right to respect for their private and family life, home and communications and to the protection of personal data concerning them.

      (46) The principle of ne bis in idem is a fundamental principle of law in the Union, as recognised by the Charter and developed by the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union. Where the issuing authority has grounds to believe that parallel criminal proceedings could be ongoing in another Member State, it should consult the authorities of that Member State in accordance with Council Framework Decision 2009/948/JHA . In any case, a European Production Order or a European Preservation Order is not to be issued where the issuing authority has grounds to believe that this would be contrary to the ne bis in idem principle.

      Article 1: Subject matter

      1. This Regulation lays down the rules under which an authority of a Member State, in criminal proceedings, may issue a European Production Order or a European Preservation Order and thereby order a service provider offering services in the Union and established in another Member State, or, if not established, represented by a legal representative in another Member State, to produce or to preserve electronic evidence regardless of the location of the data. This Regulation is without prejudice to the powers of national authorities to address service providers established or represented on their territory for the purpose of ensuring that they comply with national measures similar to those referred to in the first subparagraph.

      2. The issuing of a European Production Order or of a European Preservation Order may also be requested by a suspect or an accused person, or by a lawyer on that person’s behalf within the framework of applicable defence rights in accordance with national criminal procedural law.

      3. This Regulation shall not have the effect of modifying the obligation to respect the fundamental rights and legal principles as enshrined in the Charter and in Article 6 TEU, and any obligations applicable to law enforcement authorities or judicial authorities in this respect shall remain unaffected. This Regulation applies without prejudice to fundamental principles, in particular the freedom of expression and information, including the freedom and pluralism of the media, respect for private and family life, the protection of personal data, as well as the right to effective judicial protection.

    • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

      Article 1

      Purpose

      This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

    • Directive (EU) 2019/1937 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 October 2019 on the protection of persons who report breaches of Union law

      Article 1

      Purpose

      The purpose of this Directive is to enhance the enforcement of Union law and policies in specific areas by laying down common minimum standards providing for a high level of protection of persons reporting breaches of Union law.

    • Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)

      Article 34: Risk assessment

      1. Providers of very large online platforms and of very large online search engines shall diligently identify, analyse and assess any systemic risks in the Union stemming from the design or functioning of their service and its related systems, including algorithmic systems, or from the use made of their services.

      They shall carry out the risk assessments by the date of application referred to in Article 33(6), second subparagraph, and at least once every year thereafter, and in any event prior to deploying functionalities that are likely to have a critical impact on the risks identified pursuant to this Article. This risk assessment shall be specific to their services and proportionate to the systemic risks, taking into consideration their severity and probability, and shall include the following systemic risks:

      [...]

      (b) any actual or foreseeable negative effects for the exercise of fundamental rights, in particular the fundamental rights to human dignity enshrined in Article 1 of the Charter, to respect for private and family life enshrined in Article 7 of the Charter, to the protection of personal data enshrined in Article 8 of the Charter, to freedom of expression and information, including the freedom and pluralism of the media, enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter, to non-discrimination enshrined in Article 21 of the Charter, to respect for the rights of the child enshrined in Article 24 of the Charter and to a high-level of consumer protection enshrined in Article 38 of the Charter;

    • Directive 2010/64/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20 October 2010 on the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings

      Preamble 

      (5) Article 6 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (hereinafter the ECHR) and Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (hereinafter the Charter) enshrine the right to a fair trial. Article 48(2) of the Charter guarantees respect for the right of defence. This Directive respects those rights and should be implemented accordingly.

      Article 1: Subject matter and scope

      1. This Directive lays down rules concerning the right to interpretation and translation in criminal proceedings and proceedings for the execution of a European arrest warrant.

      2. The right referred to in paragraph 1 shall apply to persons from the time that they are made aware by the competent authorities of a Member State, by official notification or otherwise, that they are suspected or accused of having committed a criminal offence until the conclusion of the proceedings, which is understood to mean the final determination of the question whether they have committed the offence, including, where applicable, sentencing and the resolution of any appeal.

      3. Where the law of a Member State provides for the imposition of a sanction regarding minor offences by an authority other than a court having jurisdiction in criminal matters, and the imposition of such a sanction may be appealed to such a court, this Directive shall apply only to the proceedings before that court following such an appeal.

      4. This Directive does not affect national law concerning the presence of legal counsel during any stage of the criminal proceedings, nor does it affect national law concerning the right of access of a suspected or accused person to documents in criminal proceedings.

    • Directive 2013/48/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2013 on the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in European arrest warrant proceedings

      Preamble 

      (1) Article 47 of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the  European Union (the Charter), Article 6 of the European  Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and  Fundamental Freedoms (the ECHR) and Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (the ICCPR) enshrine the right to a fair trial. Article 48(2) of the Charter guarantees respect for the rights of the defence.


      (12) This Directive lays down minimum rules concerning the right of access to a lawyer in criminal proceedings and in proceedings for the execution of a European arrest warrant pursuant to Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA of 13 June 2002 on the European arrest warrant and the surrender procedures between Member States (European arrest warrant proceedings) and the right to have a third party informed upon deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty. In doing so, it promotes the application of the Charter, in particular Articles 4, 6, 7, 47 and 48 thereof, by building upon Articles 3, 5, 6 and 8 ECHR, as interpreted by the European Court of Human Rights, which, in its case-law, on an ongoing basis, sets standards on the right of access to a lawyer. That case-law provides, inter alia, that the fairness of proceedings requires that a suspect or accused person be able to obtain the whole range of services specifically associated with legal assistance. In that regard, the lawyers of suspects or accused persons should be able to secure without restriction, the fundamental aspects of the defence.

      (52) This Directive upholds the fundamental rights and principles recognised by the Charter, including the prohibition of torture and inhuman and degrading treatment, the right to liberty and security, respect for private and family life, the right to the integrity of the person, the rights of the child, integration of persons with disabilities, the right to an effective remedy and the right to a fair trial, the presumption of innocence and the rights of the defence. This Directive should be implemented in accordance with those rights and principles.

      Article 1: Subject matter

      This Directive lays down minimum rules concerning the rights of suspects and accused persons in criminal proceedings and of persons subject to proceedings pursuant to Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (‘European arrest warrant proceedings’) to have access to a lawyer, to have a third party informed of the deprivation of liberty and to communicate with third persons and with consular authorities while deprived of liberty.

      Article 11: Legal aid

      This Directive is without prejudice to national law in relation to legal aid, which shall apply in accordance with the Charter and the ECHR.

       
    • Regulation (EU) 2021/693 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 28 April 2021 establishing the Justice Programme and repealing Regulation (EU) No 1382/2013

      Article 1

      Subject matter

      This Regulation establishes the Justice Programme (the ‘Programme’) for the duration of the multiannual financial framework 2021-2027, as laid down in Regulation (EU, Euratom) 2020/2093.

      It lays down the objectives of the Programme, the budget for the period 2021–2027, the forms of Union funding and the rules for providing such funding.

    0 results found