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Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne

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Titre VII

Dispositions générales

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Article 52 - Portée et interprétation des droits et des principes

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Article 52 - Portée et interprétation des droits et des principes

1. Toute limitation de l'exercice des droits et libertés reconnus par la présente Charte doit être prévue par la loi et respecter le contenu essentiel desdits droits et libertés. Dans le respect du principe de proportionnalité, des limitations ne peuvent être apportées que si elles sont nécessaires et répondent effectivement à des objectifs d'intérêt général reconnus par l'Union ou au besoin de protection des droits et libertés d'autrui. 2. Les droits reconnus par la présente Charte qui font l'objet de dispositions dans les traités s'exercent dans les conditions et limites définies par ceux-ci. 3. Dans la mesure où la présente Charte contient des droits correspondant à des droits garantis par la Convention européenne de sauvegarde des droits de l'Homme et des libertés fondamentales, leur sens et leur portée sont les mêmes que ceux que leur confère ladite convention. Cette disposition ne fait pas obstacle à ce que le droit de l'Union accorde une protection plus étendue. 4. Dans la mesure où la présente Charte reconnaît des droits fondamentaux tels qu'ils résultent des traditions constitutionnelles communes aux États membres, ces droits doivent être interprétés en harmonie avec lesdites traditions. 5. Les dispositions de la présente Charte qui contiennent des principes peuvent être mises en oeuvre par des actes législatifs et exécutifs pris par les institutions, organes et organismes de l'Union, et par des actes des États membres lorsqu'ils mettent en oeuvre le droit de l'Union, dans l'exercice de leurs compétences respectives. Leur invocation devant le juge n'est admise que pour l'interprétation et le contrôle de la légalité de tels actes. 6. Les législations et pratiques nationales doivent être pleinement prises en compte comme précisé dans la présente Charte. 7. Les explications élaborées en vue de guider l'interprétation de la présente Charte sont dûment prises en considération par les juridictions de l'Union et des États membres.

CHARTERPEDIA RESOURCES

Explications

  • Texte:

    L'objet de l'article 52 est de fixer la portée des droits et des principes de la Charte et d'arrêter des règles pour leur interprétation. Le paragraphe 1 traite du régime de limitations. La formule utilisée s'inspire de la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice: `… selon une jurisprudence bien établie, des restrictions peuvent être apportées à l'exercice des droits fondamentaux, notamment dans le cadre d'une organisation commune de marché, à condition que ces restrictions répondent effectivement à des objectifs d'intérêt général poursuivis par la Communauté et ne constituent pas, par rapport au but poursuivi, une intervention démesurée et intolérable, qui porterait atteinte à la substance même de ces droits` (arrêt du 13 avril 2000, aff. C-292/97, point 45). La mention des intérêts généraux reconnus par l'Union couvre aussi bien les objectifs mentionnés à l'article 3 du traité sur l'Union européenne que d'autres intérêts protégés par des dispositions spécifiques des traités comme l'article 4, paragraphe 1, du traité sur l'Union européenne, à l'article 35, paragraphe 3, du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne et les articles 36 et 346 de ce traité.
    Le paragraphe 2 fait référence à des droits qui sont déjà expressément garantis par le traité instituant la Communauté européenne et reconnus dans la Charte et qui se trouvent désormais dans les traités (notamment ceux qui découlent de la citoyenneté de l'Union). Il précise que ces droits restent soumis aux conditions et limites applicables au droit de l'Union sur lequel ils sont fondés et qui sont prévues dans les traités. La Charte ne modifie pas le régime des droits conférés par le traité CE et repris dans les traités.
    Le paragraphe 3 vise à assurer la cohérence nécessaire entre la Charte et la CEDH en posant la règle que, dans la mesure où les droits de la présente Charte correspondent également à des droits garantis par la CEDH, leur sens et leur portée, y compris les limitations admises, sont les mêmes que ceux que prévoit la CEDH. Il en résulte en particulier que le législateur, en fixant des limitations à ces droits, doit respecter les mêmes normes que celles fixées par le régime détaillé des limitations prévu dans la CEDH, qui sont donc rendues applicables aux droits couverts par ce paragraphe, sans que cela porte atteinte à l'autonomie du droit de l'Union et de la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne.
    La référence à la CEDH vise à la fois la Convention et ses protocoles. Le sens et la portée des droits garantis sont déterminés non seulement par le texte de ces instruments, mais aussi par la jurisprudence de la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme et par la Cour de justice de l'Union européenne. La dernière phrase du paragraphe vise à permettre à l'Union d'assurer une protection plus étendue. En tout état de cause, le niveau de protection offert par la Charte ne peut jamais être inférieur à celui qui est garanti par la CEDH.
    La Charte n'empêche pas les États membres de se prévaloir de l'article 15 de la CEDH, qui autorise des dérogations aux droits prévus par cette dernière en cas de guerre ou d'autre danger public menaçant la vie de la nation, lorsqu'ils prennent des mesures dans les domaines de la défense nationale en cas de guerre et du maintien de l'ordre, conformément à leurs responsabilités reconnues dans l'article 4, paragraphe 1, du traité sur l'Union européenne et dans les articles 72 et 347 du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne.
    La liste des droits qui peuvent, au stade actuel, et sans que cela exclue l'évolution du droit, de la législation et des traités, être considérés comme correspondant à des droits de la CEDH au sens du présent paragraphe, est reproduite ci-dessous. Ne sont pas reproduits les droits qui s'ajoutent à ceux de la CEDH.
    1. Articles de la Charte dont le sens et la portée sont les mêmes que les articles correspondants de la CEDH: 
    - l'article 2 correspond à l'article 2 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 4 correspond à l'article 3 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 5, paragraphes 1 et 2, correspond à l'article 4 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 6 correspond à l'article 5 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 7 correspond à l'article 8 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 10, paragraphe 1, correspond à l'article 9 de la CEDH;
    - l'article 11 correspond à l'article 10 de la CEDH, sans préjudice des restrictions que le droit de l'Union peut apporter à la faculté des États membres d'instaurer les régimes d'autorisation visés à l'article 10, paragraphe 1, troisième phrase, de la CEDH;
    - l'article 17 correspond à l'article 1 du protocole additionnel à la CEDH;
    - l'article 19, paragraphe 1, correspond à l'article 4 du protocole additionnel no 4;
    - l'article 19, paragraphe 2, correspond à l'article 3 de la CEDH, tel qu'interprété par la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme;
    - l'article 48 correspond à l'article 6, paragraphes 2 et 3, de la CEDH;
    - l'article 49, paragraphes 1 (à l'exception de la dernière phrase) et 2, correspond à l'article 7 de la CEDH.

    2. Articles dont le sens est le même que les articles correspondant de la CEDH, mais dont la portée est plus étendue:
    - l'article 9 couvre le champ de l'article 12 de la CEDH, mais son champ d'application peut être étendu à d'autres formes de mariages dès lors que la législation nationale les institue;
    - l'article 12, paragraphe 1, correspond à l'article 11 de la CEDH, mais son champ d'application est étendu au niveau de l'Union européenne;
    - l'article 14, paragraphe 1, correspond à l'article 2 du protocole additionnel à la CEDH, mais son champ d'application est étendu à l'accès à la formation professionnelle et continue;
    - l'article 14, paragraphe 3, correspond à l'article 2 du protocole additionnel à la CEDH, en ce qui concerne les droits des parents;
    - l'article 47, paragraphes 2 et 3, correspond à l'article 6, paragraphe 1, de la CEDH, mais la limitation aux contestations sur des droits et obligations de caractère civil ou sur des accusations en matière pénale ne joue pas en ce qui concerne le droit de l'Union et sa mise en œuvre;
    - l'article 50 correspond à l'article 4 du protocole no 7 de la CEDH, mais sa portée est étendue au niveau de l'Union européenne entre les juridictions des États membres;
    - enfin, les citoyens de l'Union européenne ne peuvent, dans le champ d'application du droit de l'Union, être considérés comme des étrangers en raison de l'interdiction de toute discrimination sur la base de la nationalité. Les limitations prévues par l'article 16 de la CEDH en ce qui concerne les droits des étrangers ne leur sont donc pas applicables dans ce cadre.
    La règle d'interprétation figurant au paragraphe 4 est fondée sur le libellé de l'article 6, paragraphe 3, du traité sur l'Union européenne et tient dûment compte de l'approche suivie par la Cour de justice à l'égard des traditions constitutionnelles communes (par exemple, l'arrêt rendu le 13 décembre 1979 dans l'affaire 44/79, Hauer, rec. 1979, p. 3727; l'arrêt rendu le 18 mai 1982 dans l'affaire 155/79, AM&S, rec.1982, p. 1575). Selon cette règle, plutôt que de suivre une approche rigide du `plus petit dénominateur commun`, il convient d'interpréter les droits en cause de la Charte d'une manière qui offre un niveau élevé de protection, adapté au droit de l'Union et en harmonie avec les traditions constitutionnelles communes.
    Le paragraphe 5 clarifie la distinction entre `droits` et `principes` faite dans la Charte. En vertu de cette distinction, les droits subjectifs doivent être respectés, tandis que les principes doivent être observés (article 51, paragraphe 1). Les principes peuvent être mis en œuvre par le biais d'actes législatifs ou exécutifs (adoptés par l'Union dans le cadre de ses compétences et par les États membres uniquement lorsqu'ils mettent en œuvre le droit de l'Union); ils acquièrent donc une importance particulière pour les tribunaux seulement lorsque ces actes sont interprétés ou contrôlés. Ils ne donnent toutefois pas lieu à des droits immédiats à une action positive de la part des institutions de l'Union ou des autorités des États membres, ce qui correspond tant à la jurisprudence de la Cour de justice (voir notamment la jurisprudence sur le `principe de précaution` figurant à l'article 191, paragraphe 2, du traité sur le fonctionnement de l'Union européenne: arrêt rendu par le TPI le 11 septembre 2002 dans l'affaire T-13/99, Pfizer contre Conseil, avec de nombreuses citations de la jurisprudence antérieure, et une série d'arrêts sur l'article 33 (ex-39) concernant les principes du droit agricole: par exemple, l'arrêt rendu par la Cour de justice dans l'affaire 265/85, Van den Berg, rec. 1987, p. 1155: examen du principe de l'assainissement du marché et de la confiance légitime) qu'à l'approche suivie par les systèmes constitutionnels des États membres à l'égard des `principes`, en particulier dans le domaine du droit social. À titre d'illustration, citons, parmi les exemples de principes reconnus dans la Charte, les articles 25, 26 et 37. Dans certains cas, un article de la Charte peut contenir des éléments relevant d'un droit et d'un principe: par exemple, les articles 23, 33 et 34.
    Le paragraphe 6 fait référence aux divers articles de la Charte qui, dans l'esprit de la subsidiarité, font référence aux législations et aux pratiques nationales.

    Source:
    Journal officiel de l'Union européenne C 303/17 - 14.12.2007
    Preamble - Explanations relating to the Charter of Fundamental Rights:
    Les explications qui figurent ci-après ont été établies initialement sous la responsabilité du praesidium de la Convention qui a élaboré la Charte des droits fondamentaux de l'Union européenne. Elles ont été mises à jour sous la responsabilité du praesidium de la Convention européenne, compte tenu des adaptations apportées au texte de la Charte par ladite Convention (notamment aux articles 51 et 52) et de l'évolution du droit de l'Union. Bien que ces explications n'aient pas en soi de valeur juridique, elles constituent un outil d'interprétation précieux destiné à éclairer les dispositions de la Charte.

Références à la jurisprudence

Droit constitutionnel national

25 results found

  • The Belgian Constitution
    URL:
    The Belgian Constitution
    Pays:
    Belgium

    Article 10. (...) Belgians are equal before the law;they alone are eligible for civil and military service,
    but for the exceptions that can be created by a law for particular cases.(...) Article 11bis.(...) The law,federate law or rule referred to inArticle 134 provides for women and men to sit on the permanent deputations of the provincial councils, the colleges of the burgomasters and aldermen,the councils and permanent committees of the public centres
    for social welfare and on the executives of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal,
    inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body.
    The preceding paragraph does not apply when the law, federate law or rule referred
    to in Article 134 provides for the direct election of the members of the permanent
    deputations of the provincial councils, of aldermen, of the members of the councils and
    permanent committees of the social welfare centres or of the members of the executives
    of any other inter-provincial, supra-municipal, inter-municipal or intra-municipal territorial body Article 12. The freedom of the individual is guaranteed.
    No one can be prosecuted except in the cases provided for by the law, and in the
    form prescribed by the law Article 15. One’s home is inviolable no house search may take place except in the cases provided for by the law and in the form prescribed by the law. Article 16. No one can be deprived of his property except in the case of expropriation for a public purpose, in the cases and manner established by the law and in return for fair
    compensation paid beforehand. Article 21. A civil wedding should always precede the blessing of the marriage, apart from the exceptions to be established by the law if needed.
    Article 22. Everyone has the right to the respect of his private and family life, except in the cases and conditions determined by the law. Article 29. The confidentiality of letters is inviolable.
    The law determines which officials may violate the confidentiality of letters entrusted
    to the postal service. Article 31. No authorisation is necessary prior to taking legal action against civil
    servants for offences resulting from their administration, except with regard to what
    has been ruled on concerning ministers and members of the Community and Regional
    Government Article 32. Everyone has the right to consult any administrative document and to obtain a
    copy, except in the cases and conditions stipulated by the laws, federate laws or rules
    referred to in Article 134. Article 117. Members of the Community and Regional Parliaments are elected for a period of five years. The Community and Regional Parliaments are re-elected as a whole every fi e years.
    Elections for the Community and Regional Parliaments take place on the same day
    and coincide with elections for the European Parliament.
    In execution of a law as described in Article 118, § 2, fourth sub-paragraph, a federate
    law or a rule referred to in Article 134, passed in accordance with Article 118, § 2,
    fourth sub-paragraph, may derogate from the first and second paragraphs.”. Article 170 § 2.Taxes to the benefit of a Community or Region can only be introduced by a federate law or a rule as described in Article 134.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. § 3.A charge or tax can only be introduced by a province or a supra-municipal collectivity
    by the decision of its council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes described in the first paragraph, the
    exceptions that are proved to be necessary.
    The law can abolish, either totally or partially, the taxes referred to in the first
    sub-paragraph.
    § 4. A charge or tax can only be introduced by the metropolitan districts, federations
    of municipalities or by the municipalities by a decision of their council.
    The law determines, with respect to the taxes referred to in the first sub-paragraph,
    the exceptions that are proved to be necessary. Article 172. No privileges with regard to taxes can be introduced.
    No exemption or reduction of taxes can be introduced except by a law. Article 173. Except to the benefit of the provinces, the bodies responsible for polders and for draining and flood protection, and except for the cases formally excepted by the laws, the federate laws and rules referred to in Article 134, charges can only be claimed from citizens in the form of taxes to the benefit of the State, the Community,the Region, the metropolitan district, the federation of municipalities or the municipality. Article 185. Foreign troops may only be admitted to the service of the State, or occupy or crossthe territory by virtue of a law. Article 186. Military personnel can only be deprived of rank, honours and pensions in the manner described by the law. Article 191. All foreigners on Belgian soil benefit from the protection provided to persons and property, except for those exceptions provided for by the law.

  • The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    URL:
    The Constitution of the Republic of Cyprus
    Pays:
    Cyprus

    ARTICLE 1A
    No provision of the Constitution is deemed as annulling laws adopted, deeds carried out or measures taken by the Republic which are rendered necessary as a result of the obligations of the Republic as a member state of the European Union nor does it preclude Regulations, Directives or other acts or binding measures of a legislative character adopted by the European Union or by the European Communities or by the institutions or competent bodies under the treaties setting up the European Communities or the European Union from having legal force in the Republic.
    ARTICLE 179
    1. Without prejudice to the provisions of article 1A, the Constitution is the supreme law of the Republic.
    2. No law or decision of the House of Parliament or of each Communal Chamber and no act or decision of any organ, authority or person in the Republic exercising executive power or any administrative function shall in any way be repugnant to, or inconsistent with, any of the provisions of this Constitution.

  • Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    URL:
    Tο Σύνταγμα της Κυπριακής Δημοκρατίας
    Pays:
    Cyprus

    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 1A
    Ουδεμία διάταξη του Συντάγματος θεωρείται ότι ακυρώνει νόμους που θεσπίζονται, πράξεις που διενεργούνται ή μέτρα που λαμβάνονται από τη Δημοκρατία τα οποία καθίστανται αναγκαία από τις υποχρεώσεις της ως κράτους μέλους της Ευρωπαϊκής Ένωσης ούτε εμποδίζει Κανονισμούς, Οδηγίες ή άλλες πράξεις ή δεσμευτικά μέτρα νομοθετικού χαρακτήρα που θεσπίζονται από την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση ή από τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή από τα θεσμικά τους όργανα ή από τα αρμόδιά τους σώματα στη βάση των συνθηκών που ιδρύουν τις Ευρωπαϊκές Κοινότητες ή την Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση από του να έχουν νομική ισχύ στη Δημοκρατία.
    ΑΡΘΡΟΝ 179
    1. Τηρουμένων των διατάξεων του άρθρου 1Α, το Σύνταγμα είναι ο υπέρτατος νόμος της Δημοκρατίας.
    2. Ουδείς νόμος ή απόφασις της Βουλής των Αντιπροσώπων ή εκατέρας Κοινοτικής Συνελεύσεων ως και ουδεμία πράξις ή απόφασις ιουδήποτε οργάνου, αρχής ή προσώπου εν τη Δημοκρατία ασκούντος εκτελεστικήν εξουσίαν ή οιονδήποτε διοικητικόν λειτούργημα δύναται να είναι καθ’ οιονδήποτε τρόπον αντίθετος ή ασύμφωνος προς οιανδήποτε των διατάξεων του Συντάγματος ή προς οποιαδήποτε υποχρέωση επιβάλλεται στη Δημοκρατία ως αποτέλεσμα της συμμετοχής της ως κράτους μέλους στην Ευρωπαϊκή Ένωση.

  • Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    URL:
    Ustav Republike Hrvatske
    Pays:
    Croatia

    Članak 3.
    Sloboda, jednakost, nacionalna ravnopravnost i ravnopravnost spolova, mirotvorstvo, socijalna pravda, poštivanje prava čovjeka, nepovredivost vlasništva, očuvanje prirode i čovjekova okoliša, vladavina prava i demokratski višestranački sustav najviše su vrednote ustavnog poretka Republike Hrvatske i temelj za tumačenje Ustava.

    Članak 16.
    Slobode i prava mogu se ograničiti samo zakonom da bi se zaštitila sloboda i prava drugih ljudi te pravni poredak, javni moral i zdravlje.
    Svako ograničenje slobode ili prava mora biti razmjerno naravi potrebe za ograničenjem u svakom pojedinom slučaju.

    Članak 17.
    U doba ratnog stanja ili neposredne ugroženosti neovisnosti i jedinstvenosti države, te velikih prirodnih nepogoda pojedine slobode i prava zajamčena Ustavom mogu se ograničiti. O tome odlučuje Hrvatski sabor dvotrećinskom većinom svih zastupnika, a ako se Hrvatski sabor ne može sastati, na prijedlog Vlade i uz supotpis predsjednika Vlade, Predsjednik Republike.

    Opseg ograničenja mora biti primjeren naravi pogibelji, a za posljedicu ne može imati nejednakost osoba s obzirom na rasu, boju kože, spol, jezik, vjeru, nacionalno ili socijalno podrijetlo.

    Niti u slučaju neposredne opasnosti za opstanak države ne može se ograničiti primjena odredbi Ustava o pravu na život, zabrani mučenja, surovog ili ponižavajućeg postupanja ili kažnjavanja, o pravnoj određenosti kažnjivih djela i kazni, te o slobodi misli, savjesti i vjeroispovijedi.

  • КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    URL:
    КОНСТИТУЦИЯ на Република България
    Pays:
    Bulgaria

    Чл. 57. (1) Основните права на гражданите са неотменими.
    (2) Не се допуска злоупотреба с права, както и тяхното упражняване, ако то накърнява права или законни интереси на други.
    (3) При обявяване на война, на военно или друго извънредно положение със закон може да бъде временно ограничено упражняването на отделни права на гражданите с изключение на правата, предвидени в чл. 28, 29, 31, ал. 1, 2 и 3, чл. 32, ал. 1 и чл. 37.

Droit de l'UE

5 results found

  • Regulation (EU) 2024/1083 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 April 2024 establishing a common framework for media services in the internal market and amending Directive 2010/13/EU
    URL:
    https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/1083/oj/eng

    Preamble 


    (15) This Regulation does not affect the freedom of expression and information guaranteed to individuals under the Charter. The European Court of Human Rights has observed that in such a sensitive sector as the audiovisual media sector, in addition to its negative duty of non-interference, the public powers have a positive obligation to put in place an appropriate legislative and administrative framework to guarantee effective media pluralism


    (20) In order to avoid circumvention of the protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications and guarantee adequate respect for one’s private and family life, home and communications in accordance with the Charter, safeguards should also apply to persons who, because of their regular private or professional relationship with media service providers or members of their editorial staff, are likely to have information that could identify journalistic sources or confidential communications. That should include persons living in a close relationship in a joint household and on a stable and continuous basis and persons who are or have been professionally involved in the preparation, production or dissemination of programmes or press publications and who are only targeted due to their close links with media service providers, journalists or other members of the editorial staff. The protection of journalistic sources and confidential communications should also benefit the staff of media service providers, such as the technical staff, including cybersecurity experts, who could be targeted given the important support role they provide to journalists in their daily work, which requires solutions to ensure the confidentiality of journalists’ work, and the resulting likelihood that they have access to information concerning journalistic sources or confidential communications.

    (21) Protecting journalistic sources and confidential communications is consistent with and contributes to the protection of the fundamental right enshrined in Article 11 of the Charter. It is also crucial for safeguarding the ‘public watchdog’ role of media service providers and, in particular investigative journalists in democratic societies and for upholding the rule of law. In light thereof, ensuring an adequate level of protection for journalistic sources and confidential communications requires that measures for obtaining such information be authorised by an authority that can independently and impartially assess whether it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, such as a court, a judge, a prosecutor acting in a judicial capacity, or another such authority with competence to authorise those measures in accordance with national law. It also requires that surveillance measures be subject to regular review by such an authority to ascertain whether the conditions justifying the use of the measure in question continue to be fulfilled. That requirement is also met where the purpose of the regular review is to verify whether the conditions justifying an extension of the authorisation for the use of the measure have been fulfilled.


    (26) Intrusive surveillance software should only be deployed where it is justified by an overriding reason of public interest, it is provided for in Union or national law, it is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter as interpreted by the Court of Justice and with other Union law, it has been authorised ex ante or, in exceptional and urgent cases, subsequently confirmed by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority, it occurs in investigations of offences listed in Article 2(2) of Council Framework Decision 2002/584/JHA (9) punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least three years or in investigations of other serious offences punishable in the Member State concerned by a custodial sentence or a detention order of a maximum period of at least five years, as determined by the national law of that Member State, and provided that no other less restrictive measure would be adequate and sufficient to obtain the information sought. According to the principle of proportionality, limitations can be made to an individual’s rights and freedoms only if they are necessary and genuinely meet objectives of general interest recognised by the Union. Thus, as regards specifically the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, it is necessary to ascertain whether the offence in question attains a threshold of seriousness as laid down in this Regulation, whether, following an individual assessment of all the relevant circumstances in a given case, the investigation and prosecution of that offence merit the particularly intrusive interference with fundamental rights and economic freedoms consisting in the deployment of intrusive surveillance software, whether there is sufficient evidence that the offence in question has been committed, and whether the deployment of intrusive surveillance software is relevant for the purpose of establishing the facts related to the investigation and prosecution of that offence.


    (77) This Regulation respects the fundamental rights and observes the principles recognised by the Charter, in particular Articles 7, 8, 11, 16, 47, 50 and 52 thereof. Accordingly, this Regulation should be interpreted and applied with due respect for those rights and principles. In particular, nothing in this Regulation should be interpreted as interfering with the freedom of information, editorial freedom or the freedom of the press as enshrined in national constitutional law that is consistent with the Charter or as incentivising Member States to introduce requirements for the editorial content of press publications.

    Article 4: Rights of media service providers 

    4.   By way of derogation from paragraph 3, points (a) and (b), of this Article, Member States may take a measure referred to therein, provided that it:

    (a) is provided for by Union or national law;

    (b) is in compliance with Article 52(1) of the Charter and other Union law;

    (c) is justified on a case-by-case basis by an overriding reason of public interest and is proportionate; and

    (d) is subject to prior authorisation by a judicial authority or an independent and impartial decision-making authority or, in duly justified exceptional and urgent cases, is subsequently authorised by such an authority without undue delay.

    8.   Member States shall ensure that media service providers, their editorial staff or any persons who, because of their regular or professional relationship with a media service provider or its editorial staff, might have information related to or capable of identifying journalistic sources or confidential communications have a right to effective judicial protection, in line with Article 47 of the Charter, in cases regarding breaches of paragraphs 3 to 7 of this Article.

    Article 6: Duties of media services providers

    3.   Without prejudice to national constitutional law consistent with the Charter, media service providers providing news and current affairs content shall take measures that they deem appropriate with a view to guaranteeing the independence of editorial decisions. In particular, such measures shall aim to:

    (a) guarantee that editorial decisions can be taken freely within the established editorial line of the media service provider concerned; and

    (b) ensure that any actual or potential conflicts of interest that might affect the provision of news and current affairs content are disclosed.

  • Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms
    URL:
    Directive 2014/59/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms

    (24) Where an institution does not present an adequate recovery plan, competent authorities should be empowered to require that institution to take measures necessary to redress the material deficiencies of the plan. That requirement may affect the freedom to conduct a business as guaranteed by Article 16 of the Charter. The limitation of that fundamental right is however necessary to meet the objectives of financial stability. More specifically, such a limitation is necessary in order to strengthen the business of institutions and avoid institutions growing excessively or taking excessive risks without being able to tackle setbacks and losses and to restore their capital base. The limitation is proportionate because it permits preventative action to the extent that it is necessary to address the deficiencies and therefore complies with Article 52 of the Charter.

    [...]

    (49) The limitations on the rights of shareholders and creditors should be in accordance with Article 52 of the Charter. The resolution tools should therefore be applied only to those institutions that are failing or likely to fail, and only when it is necessary to pursue the objective of financial stability in the general interest. In particular, resolution tools should be applied where the institution cannot be wound up under normal insolvency proceedings without destabilising the financial system and the measures are necessary in order to ensure the rapid transfer and continuation of systemically important functions and where there is no reasonable prospect for any alternative private solution, including any increase of capital by the existing shareholders or by any third party sufficient to restore the full viability of the institution. In addition, when applying resolutions tools and exercising resolution powers, the principle of proportionality and the particularities of the legal form of an institution should be taken into account.

    [...]

    (88) In accordance with Article 47 of the Charter, the parties concerned have a right to due process and to an effective remedy against the measures affecting them. Therefore, the decisions taken by the resolution authorities should be subject to a right of appeal.

  • Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers
    URL:
    Regulation (EU) 2021/1232 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 July 2021 on a temporary derogation from certain provisions of Directive 2002/58/EC as regards the use of technologies by providers

    Article 1

    Subject matter and scope

    1. This Regulation lays down temporary and strictly limited rules derogating from certain obligations laid down in Directive 2002/58/EC, with the sole objective of enabling providers of certain number-independent interpersonal communications services (‘providers’) to use, without prejudice to Regulation (EU) 2016/679, specific technologies for the processing of personal and other data to the extent strictly necessary to detect online child sexual abuse on their services and report it and to remove online child sexual abuse material from their services.

    2. This Regulation does not apply to the scanning of audio communications.

  • Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2022/2381 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 23 November 2022 on improving the gender balance among directors of listed companies and related measures

    Article 1

    Purpose

    This Directive aims to achieve a more balanced representation of women and men among the directors of listed companies by establishing effective measures that aim to accelerate progress towards gender balance, while allowing listed companies sufficient time to make the necessary arrangements for that purpose.

  • Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code
    URL:
    Directive (EU) 2018/1972 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 11 December 2018 establishing the European Electronic Communications Code

    (5) This Directive creates a legal framework to ensure freedom to provide electronic communications networks and services, subject only to the conditions laid down in this Directive and to any restrictions in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU), in particular measures regarding public policy, public security and public health, and consistent with Article 52(1) of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the ‘Charter’).

    (6) This Directive is without prejudice to the possibility for each Member State to take the necessary measures to ensure the protection of its essential security interests, to safeguard public policy and public security, and to permit the investigation, detection and prosecution of criminal offences, taking into account that any limitation to the exercise of the rights and freedoms recognised by the Charter, in particular in Articles 7, 8 and 11 thereof, such as limitations regarding the processing of data, are to be provided for by law, respect the essence of those rights and freedoms and be subject to the principle of proportionality, in accordance with Article 52(1) of the Charter.

Droit international

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Produits

  • Fundamental Rights Report
    10
    juin
    2025

    Fundamental Rights Report 2025

    The Fundamental Rights Report 2025 is the annual report of the European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA). It provides an overview of the state of fundamental rights in the EU and highlights selected critical developments and trends in 2024. The report covers issues such as inclusive elections, gender-based violence, and the implementation of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights. It presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, setting out the actions that the EU and Member States should take. This annual publication is a valuable resource for those seeking to stay informed about the EU’s shifting landscape of fundamental rights.
    respiro888 / Adobestock.com, 2019
  • Opinion / Position Paper
    6
    Février
    2025

    Planned return hubs in third countries: EU fundamental rights law issues

    This FRA Position Paper outlines the Agency’s position on the creation of 'return hubs' in non-EU countries for migrants who have been ordered to leave the EU. Considering the serious fundamental rights risks connected with running return hubs, this legal analysis presents the conditions that would have to be met for return hubs to respect fundamental rights and comply with EU law. These include setting up agreements with the host countries and creating independent human rights monitoring mechanisms. The position paper does not examine centres in third countries that process asylum applications.
    Bettysphotos / Adobestock, 2025
  • Handbook / Guide / Manual
    19
    septembre
    2024

    Monitoring fundamental rights during screening and the asylum border procedure – A guide on national independent mechanisms

    This publication guides EU countries on setting up independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure fundamental rights are respected during screening and asylum border procedures. These processes at borders are for people arriving from non-EU countries. Monitoring mechanisms are meant to prevent rights violations, protect victims, and support investigations into any allegations of wrongdoing by public authorities. The guidance highlights the importance of transparency and accountability, which builds trust in public authorities. New EU regulations coming into effect in 2026 will require such monitoring systems to be in place. This updates the guidance published in 2022.
    BillionPhotos.com, Adobestock.com, 2024
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    30
    juillet
    2024

    Guidance on investigating alleged ill-treatment at borders

    Fundamental rights violations on the EU’s land and sea borders often go unreported. Investigations into these violations need to be more effective. This report gathers examples of alleged rights violations of migrants and refugees between 2020 and 2023. It sets out 10 steps to promote prompt and effective national investigations into incidents of ill-treatment at borders.
    Miljan Živković / adobestock.com, 2024
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    5
    juin
    2024

    Fundamental Rights Report 2024

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2024 analyses the year’s developments in fundamental rights. It focuses on the most pressing fundamental rights concerns facing Europe in 2023: the cost-of-living crisis, rights concerns at the EU’s external borders and migration, and threats to democracy. Re-structured, this year’s new approach is a shorter and sharper analysis. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a summary of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    29
    novembre
    2023

    Online content moderation - Current challenges in detecting hate speech

    Online hate speech is a growing problem in today’s digitalised societies. Women, Black people, Jews and Roma are often targets of online hate speech. Online hate proliferates where human content moderators miss offensive content. Also, algorithms are prone to errors. They may multiply errors over time and may even end up promoting online hate. This report presents the challenges in identifying and detecting online hate. Hate of any kind should not be tolerated, regardless of whether it is online or offline. The report discusses the implications for fundamental rights to support creating a rights-compliant digital environment.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    31
    octobre
    2023

    The European Border and Coast Guard and fundamental rights

    Fundamental rights are an important consideration in European border management. Virtually all activities can have an impact on rights – from risk analysis to training, border checks and border surveillance. Safeguards in laws regulating European border management aim to protect rights. This report is a contribution to the first review of the European Border and Coast Guard Regulation (EU) 2019/1896 that offers an opportunity to reflect on how best to improve the fundamental rights situation at the external borders of the EU.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    6
    juillet
    2023

    Preventing and responding to deaths at sea: what the European Union can do

    Following yet another recent tragic shipwreck and loss of life in the Mediterranean, this short report sets out examples of actions the EU could take to meet its obligations to protect the right to life and prevent more deaths at sea. As part of the work that the EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) does on upholding fundamental rights in asylum and return procedures, this report calls for better protection for shipwreck survivors, and prompt and independent investigations. It sets out measures that EU Member States should take to improve search and rescue efforts and provide legal pathways to safety to prevent deaths at sea.
    © European Border and Coast Guard Agency (Frontex), 2023
  • Fundamental Rights Report
    8
    juin
    2023

    Fundamental Rights Report 2023

    FRA’s Fundamental Rights Report 2023 reviews major developments in the field in 2022, identifying both achievements and areas of concern. It also presents FRA’s opinions on these developments, including a synopsis of the evidence supporting these opinions.
  • Report / Paper / Summary
    22
    Février
    2023

    Underpinning victims’ rights: support services, reporting and protection

    Directive 2012/29/EU represents a milestone in the development of victims’ rights. It establishes minimum standards for the rights, support and protection of victims of crime. It defines the scope of support services, guarantees the right to effective protection against secondary victimisation and comprehensively regulates the measures required for this purpose. This report covers three core components underpinning victims’ rights: support services, crime reporting, and protection from secondary and repeat victimisation. Examples highlight the relevant legal provisions in Member States and how specific rights under the Victims’ Rights Directive work in practice.
    Rawpixel.com © adobestock.com, 2023