Asile, migration et frontières

La présente note passe en revue les normes relatives aux droits de l'homme qui découlent de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme et du droit de l’Union européenne (UE) et qui régissent les recours effectifs contre les violations des droits de l'homme aux frontières, les mécanismes de plainte et les enquêtes sur les plaintes concernant des violations des droits aux frontières.

The Employers Sanctions Directive was primarily enacted to dissuade employers from recruiting migrants in an irregular situation, but it also contains provisions to protect workers. It facilitates access to justice for exploited workers and sets out workers’ rights to claim back payment of outstanding wages. The directive also contains provisions to enhance the effectiveness of labour inspections. This report describes how the 25 Member States bound by the directive have been implementing its protective provisions, focusing on the impact these provisions have on migrant workers in an irregular situation who are victims of exploitation and other labour
law violations.

The International Organization for Migration estimates that about 813 people died or went missing crossing the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe to escape war, persecution or to pursue a better life in 2021, up to 15 June. This is an average of almost five people per day. The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) collects data on NGO ships involved in search and rescue in the Mediterranean, legal proceedings against them, as well as difficulties in disembarking migrants in safe ports.

This note outlines how to help ensure a dignified stay for third-country nationals who are apprehended or intercepted at external borders. Specifically, FRA identifies twelve points for protection-sensitive and fundamental rights-compliant planning and design of initial-reception facilities at such borders. These are based on the agency’s work at external borders, including data collection and research activities.

The EU Agency for Fundamental Rights has been regularly collecting data on asylum and migration since September 2015. This report focuses on the fundamental rights situation of people arriving in Member States and EU candidate countries particularly affected by migration. It addresses fundamental rights concerns between 1 October and 31 December 2020.

In 2020 (until 15 December), the International Organization for Migration estimated that about 1,054 people have died or gone missing while crossing the Mediterranean Sea to reach Europe to escape war or persecution or to pursue a better life. This is an average of almost three people per day. In the past years, a significant number of migrants in distress at sea have been rescued by civil society vessels deployed with a humanitarian mandate to reduce fatalities and bring rescued migrants to safety. Since 2018, however, national authorities initiated some 50 administrative and criminal proceedings against crew members or vessels, also seizing the latter. In some cases, rescue vessels were blocked in harbours due to flag issues or the inability to meet maritime safety-related and other technical requirements.

La convention européenne des droits de l’homme (CEDH) et la législation de l’Union européenne
(UE) fournissent un cadre de plus en plus important pour la protection des droits
des ressortissants étrangers. La législation de l’UE relative à l’asile, aux frontières et à l’immigration
se développe rapidement. Il existe un impressionnant corpus de jurisprudence de
la Cour européenne des droits de l’homme qui porte, en particulier, sur les articles 3, 5, 8 et
13 de la CEDH. La Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (CJUE) est également de plus en
plus souvent appelée à se prononcer sur l’interprétation des dispositions de la législation de
l’UE en la matière. La troisième édition du présent manuel, mise à jour jusqu’en juillet 2020,
expose de manière accessible cette législation et la jurisprudence des deux cours européennes
dans ce domaine.